Democracy
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The document discusses democracy in South Africa and Pakistan. It notes that South Africa is a parliamentary representative democratic republic where the president is elected by the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the elected government while legislative and judicial powers are separate. South Africa has a multi-party system including the African National Congress, Democratic Alliance, and Congress of the People. Pakistan was established as a democratic nation but democracy failed quickly and was replaced by military rule on multiple occasions, undermining democratic development.
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- Nigeria has a federal presidential representative democratic republic with an executive president, bicameral legislature, and independent judiciary. It was influenced by British rule.
- Russia transitioned from a monarchy to Soviet socialist republic
1956 constitution of pakistan
The 1956 Constitution of Pakistan established the country as an Islamic Republic with a federal parliamentary system and unicameral legislature. It included provisions for fundamental rights, an independent judiciary, and recognition of both Urdu and Bengali as national languages. However, it faced drawbacks as well, such as diminished representation of Bengalis and constraints on provincial autonomy. The constitution was eventually abolished in 1958 when martial law was imposed.
Politics of Tajikistan
Tajikistan has a presidential republic political system dominated by President Emomalii Rahmon and his party, the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan. Rahmon has been president since 1994 and wields significant power, having eliminated political opponents. Legislative power is shared between the executive branch and the Supreme Assembly, which is also dominated by Rahmon's party. Local government has representative and executive branches. While elections occur, they are not considered free and fair by observers due to state interference.
The Government system of Ethiopia
I talk about the government system of Ethiopia from executive to legislative and how elections work in a country that was once run by a great African monarchy.
Constitutional design
In this chapter we ask some basic questions about the constitutional design of a democracy. Why do we need a constitution? How are the constitutions drawn up? Who designs them and in what way? What are the values that shape the constitutions in democratic states? Once a constitution is accepted, can we make changes later as required by the changing conditions?
One recent instance of designing constitution for a democratic state is that of the South Africa. We begin this chapter by looking at what happened there and how the South Africans went about this task of designing their constitution. Then we turn to how the Indian Constitution was made, what its foundational values are, and how it provides a good framework for the conduct of citizens’ life and that of the government.
Why constitution is so important
The Constitution of South Africa was passed in 1996 and is the highest law in the country. It protects citizens' rights, defines the institutions of government and their powers, and can only be changed through a difficult amendment process. The Constitution establishes a constitutional democracy with separation of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches. It also creates a system of cooperative government with national, provincial and local spheres that have distinct lawmaking and executive powers and responsibilities. The Bill of Rights guarantees both political and socio-economic rights for all people in South Africa.
Politics of Pakistan
The document provides an overview of the politics of Pakistan. It discusses the country's federal parliamentary republic system of government and lists the current major leaders. It also outlines the structure of the Senate and National Assembly, lists political parties, and describes the 2013 and 2008 general elections. Key figures like the President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the National Assembly are also summarized.
Constitution
The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Indian constitution and government. It discusses how the constitution establishes India as a sovereign democratic republic and guarantees fundamental rights and directive principles. It also summarizes India's adoption of a parliamentary system of government with a federal structure consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories.
Government as a social institution camille
The document summarizes the key aspects of government as a social institution. It defines government as the institution that solves public conflicts and enables people to live together in an organized society. It then outlines the three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial - and provides examples of positions and bodies within each branch at the national and local levels. The document also briefly defines and describes several forms of government including monarchy, democracy, totalitarianism, dictatorship, theocracy, and anarchy.
Constitution of 1956
The 1956 Constitution of Pakistan:
- Established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and required the president to be Muslim.
- Provided for a parliamentary system of government led by a prime minister responsible to the National Assembly.
- Divided governing powers between the federal and provincial governments using lists of responsibilities.
- Guaranteed fundamental rights for citizens but emphasized Islamic principles and sharia law.
- Was opposed by Bengali autonomy groups and never fully implemented before being abrogated in 1958 under martial law.
Democracy and Dictatorship in Pakistan
This document provides an overview of democracy and dictatorship in Pakistan. It discusses the forms and history of democracy in Pakistan, including periods of democratic and dictatorial rule. It outlines the basic principles and merits of democracy, as well as drawbacks such as corruption. Periods of dictatorship in Pakistan under various military leaders are also summarized. The document concludes by suggesting that education is key to strengthening democracy in Pakistan.
fundamental features of constitutionof1973.pptx
The document summarizes the key features of Pakistan's 1973 constitution. It established Pakistan as an Islamic republic with Islam as the state religion. It introduced a parliamentary system of government with a bicameral legislature consisting of the National Assembly and Senate. It established the office of the President as the ceremonial head of state and Prime Minister as the head of government. It outlined fundamental rights and distributed legislative powers between the federal and provincial governments.
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Democracy
- 1. By: Arjot Singh Rai
- 2. Democracy is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
- 3. The Republic of South Africa is a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The President of South Africa, serves both as head of state and as head of government - in the same manner as prime ministers of other nations, the President is elected by the National Assembly (the lower house of the South African Parliament) and must enjoy the confidence of the Assembly in order to remain in office. South Africans also elect provincial legislatures which govern each of the country's nine provinces.
- 4. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the Council of Provinces and the National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Government is three- tiered, with representatives elected at the national, provincial and local levels.
- 5. Following the 1994 elections, South Africa was governed under an interim constitution. This constitution required the Constituent Assembly (CA) to draft and approve a permanent constitution by 9 May 1996.
- 6. African National Congress-: Leader- Jacob Zuma Democratic Alliance-: Leader- Helen Zille Congress of the People-: Leader- Mosiuoa Lekota
- 7. Equality before the law and prohibitions against discrimination. The right to life, privacy, property, and freedom and security of the person. Prohibition against slavery and forced labour; and freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and association. The legal rights of criminal suspects also are enumerated. It also includes wide guarantees of access of food, water, education, health care, and social security.
- 8. Democracy is one of the founding ideologies and systems upon which Pakistan was established in 1947 as a nation-state, as envisaged by the founding father of the nation, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Pakistan is today a democratic parliamentary republic with its political system based on an elected form of governance. As of current status, Pakistan is also the fifth largest democracy in the world.
- 9. However democracy failed exceptionally quickly after independence and has since become a facade for military and bureaucratic
- 10. Since its independence, Pakistan's democratic system has fluctuated at various times throughout its political history, mainly due tofeudalism, elitist bureaucracy, political corruption, and the periodic coup d'états by the military establishment against weak civilian governments, resulting in the enforcement of martial law across the country (occurring in 1958, 1977 and 1999, and led by chief martial law administrator- generals Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq and Pervez Musharraf respectively).
- 11. Some of the Islamisation policies introduced during Zia- ul-Haq's martial era also controversially undermined local democratic and secularist movements.
- 12. There are many democratic countries. But there are still a lot of non-democratic countries. Each democratic country has a different account on how they became democratic.