NEUROENDOCRINE DISORDERS

1. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC
DISORDERS
PRESENTED BY
M.VELVEENA
MSC NURSING 1ST YEAR

2. OBJECTIVES
• What is neuropsychiatry
• Causes of neuropsychiatric disorders
• What are the neuropsychiatric disorders
• Signs and symptoms of the
neuropsychiatric disorders
• Conclusion

3. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC
DISORDER
• Neuropsychiatry is the branch of science that
deals with the study of the behavioural
disorders associated with neural disorders .

4. Neuropsychiatric disorder cont…
• Neurology focuses on motor and sensory functions,
while psychiatry is all about behaviour, mood, thought
and affect. Moving through the centre,
neuropsychiatry deals with perception, memory,
alertness and attention, language and speech,
intelligence, cognition, and motivation (apathy).

5. CAUSES OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC
DISORDER
• it is important to note that every disorder
has a specific reason and the example
included here covers broad and generic
causes that might lead to such disorders

6. Contd..
• defective dopamine transporter
• Childhood trauma
• damaged myelin sheath
• toxin oxidation
• Genetic mutation
• Formation of amyloid plaques

7. NEUROPSYCHIATRIC
DISORDER
1) Anxiety
2) Hyperactivity disorder
3) Dementia
4) Delirium
5) Chronic fatigue syndrome
6) Cognitive impairments

8. Contd…
7) Schizophrenia
8) Tourette syndrome
9) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
10)BPD (borderline personality disorders)
11)Parkinson’s disease
12)Huntington syndrome
13)Progeria.

9. ANXIETY
• An emotion characterized by feelings of tension,
worried thoughts, and physical changes like
increased blood pressure.”
- AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

10. Contd..
• Response to real or perceived threats
• Cognitive ,physical ,behavioural changes
• Physical symptoms, such as increased blood
pressure and nausea, may also develop

11. Contd..
Real or
perceived
danger
Rush of
adrenaline
Hormone and
chemical
messenger
Triggers
anxiety
reactions

12. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

13. TYPES OF ANXIETY DISORDERS
• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Social anxiety disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Panic disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (a type of
trauma and stressor-related disorder)
• Other anxiety disorders (separation anxiety
specific phobias, agoraphobia selective mutism)

18. HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by
an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-
impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

19. Contd…
• Inattention means a person may have difficulty
staying on task
• Hyperactivity means a person may seem to move
about constantly
• Impulsivity means a person may act without thinking
or have difficulty with self-control

20. SIGNS AND SYMTOMS

22. DEMENTIA
• Dementia is a general term that represents a group of diseases
and illnesses that affect your thinking, memory, reasoning,
personality, mood and behaviour.
• The decline in mental function interferes with your daily life and
activities.
• It’s estimated that about 50% of people age 85 and older have
dementia.

24. TYPES OF DEMENTIA
Dementia
Alzhiemer’s
Fronto-temporal
dementia
Lewy bodies dementia
Vascular dementia
Mixed dementia

26. DELIRIUM
• Delirium is a serious change in mental
abilities.
• It results in confused thinking and a lack of
awareness of someone's surroundings.
• The disorder usually comes on fast within
hours or a few days.

27. CAUSES
Several factors may include
• a severe or long illness
• imbalance in the body, such as low sodium.
• certain medicines
• Infection
• surgery
• alcohol or drug use or withdrawal.

28. TYPES OF DELIRIUM

29. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Reduced
awareness
of
surroundings
Poor thinking
skills
Behavioural
and
emotional
changes

31. CHRONIC FATIQUE SYNDROME
• Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
(ME/CFS) is a complicated disorder.
• It causes extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six
months.
• Symptoms worsen with physical or mental activity
but don't fully improve with rest.

32. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

33. COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
• Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the stage
between the expected decline in memory and
thinking that happens with age and the more serious
decline of dementia.
• MCI may include problems with memory, language
or judgment.

34. Contd..
The person may experience:
- Depression
- Anxiety
- A short temper and aggression
- A lack of interest

35. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

36. SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which
people interpret reality abnormally.
• Schizophrenia may result in some combination of
hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered
thinking and behaviour that impairs daily functioning,
and can be disabling.
• People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment

37. TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Paranoid Disorganised Catatonic
Residual
Undifferentia
ted

39. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

40. First rank symptoms

41. TOURETTE SYNDROME
• Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by
repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and
vocalizations called tics.
• The disorder is named for Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette,
the pioneering French neurologist who in 1885 first described
the condition in an 86-year-old French noblewoman.

42. Contd..
• The early symptoms of Tourette Syndrome are
typically noticed first in childhood, with the
average onset between the ages of 3 and 9
years.

43. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

44. Contd..

45. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE
DISORDER
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic
and long-lasting disorder in which a person has
uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and
behaviours (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to
repeat over and over.

47. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

48. BORDERLINE PERSONALIY
• With borderline personality disorder, an intense fear of
abandonment or instability, and may have difficulty
tolerating being alone.
• Yet inappropriate anger, impulsiveness and frequent mood
swings may push others away, even though you want to
have loving and lasting relationships.
• Borderline personality disorder usually begins by early
adulthood

49. TYPES

53. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
• Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder that affects
the nervous system and the parts of the body controlled
by the nerves.
• Symptoms start slowly.
• The first symptom may be a barely noticeable tremor in
just one hand. It may also cause stiffness or slowing of
movement.

54. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

55. Intermittent use of wheelchair in Parkinson's disease patients during the 'off' period (3A-
B). This is in contrast to persistent use of wheelchair by a patient with atypical
parkinsonian disorder (3C-D).

57. HUNGTINGTON’S DISEASE
• Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes
the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in
the brain.
• Huntington's disease has a wide impact on a person's
functional abilities and usually results in movement,
thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders.

58. Contd..
• Huntington's disease symptoms can develop at
any time, but they often first appear when people
are in their 30s or 40s.
• If the condition develops before age 20, it's called
juvenile Huntington's disease.

59. Contd..
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Movement disorders
Psychiatric disorders
Cognitive disorders

60. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

61. PROGERIA
• Progeria, also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria
syndrome, is an extremely rare, progressive genetic
disorder.
• It causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two
years of life.

62. Contd..
• Children with progeria generally appear healthy at
birth. During the first year, symptoms such as slowed
growth, loss of fat tissue and hair loss begin to
appear.
• There's no cure for progeria

63. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

65. CONCLUSION
• These disorders, by definition, have profound effects on an
individual's expression of personality – negatively affecting
comfort and willingness to engage in social interactions,
attitudes about the self, mood, and disposition.
Historically, individual differences have been seen as
reflecting variability around categorical distinctions.

66. JOURNAL REFERENCE
Annual Research Review: The promise of stem cell research for
neuropsychiatric disorders
Abstract
The study of the developing brain has begun to shed light on the
underpinnings of both early and adult onset neuropsychiatric
disorders. Neuroimaging of the human brain across developmental
time points and the use of model animal systems have combined
to reveal brain systems and gene products that may play a role in
autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
obsessive compulsive disorder and many other
neurodevelopmental conditions..

67. Contd..
However, precisely how genes may function in human
brain development and how they interact with each
other leading to psychiatric disorders is unknown.
Because of an increasing understanding of neural stem
cells and how the nervous system subsequently
develops from these cells, we have now the ability to
study disorders of the nervous system in a new way –
by rewinding and reviewing the development of human
neural cells.

68. Contd..
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), developed
from mature somatic cells, have allowed the
development of specific cells in patients to be
observed in real time. Moreover, they have allowed
some neuronal-specific abnormalities to be corrected
with pharmacological intervention in tissue culture