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Looking behind the curtain: categories, status and the burden of proof in organizational fields
- 1. Outside
- 2. Inside
- 4. Did institutions matter in producing these outcomes?
- 5. Looking behind the curtain Categories, status and the burden of proof in organizational fields Giuseppe Delmestri & Beth Goodrick WU Vienna & Florida Atlantic University
- 6. Historical Analysis • 2 cases in 2 countries: beginning 1900s & 1960s – Italy: • parliamentary debates • pharmacy history books • Interviews with pharmacy historians – USA: • Court rulings • Pharmacy history books • Newspapers, pharmacy journals,
- 7. Research question How do background assumptions affect the dynamics of categories and their associated logics within and between organizational fields?
- 8. Case 1: Chain stores (beg. 1900s) Retail business category Health care category ? Corporate vs. Professional logic
- 9. Case 1: USA (beg. 1928) Retail business category Health care Pharmacists’ attempt to protect category by moving it towards the health care category
- 10. Case 1: Chain stores (beg. 1900s) ‘[Limiting ownership to pharmacists] creates an unreasonable and unnecessary restriction upon private business [and] is a clear and arbitrary invasion of the appellant’s property rights. … [M]ere stock ownership in a corporation, owning and operating a drug store, can have no real or substantial relation to the public health’ (Ruling of U.S. Supreme Court, 1928).
- 11. Case 1: Italy (1913) Retail business category Health care category State protects pharmacy by emphasizing its professional character
- 12. Case 1: Chain stores (beg. 1928) ‘No legislation, unless imposing high punishments, is able to abolish greed for profit, which is natural and incoercible.” … “[F]ree trade has only one advantage: that of reducing prices. But are we sure in such a vital issue like public health, the possibility to save a couple of cents should be the basis on which we should choose which system to establish? Human life is worth more than two or three cents saved thanks to competition.’ (Italian Parliamentary Debates, 1913).
- 13. Case 1: Chain stores (beg. 1900s) Retail business organization Health care organization Corporate vs. Professional logic Background institutions place the BURDEN OF PROOF and adjudicate visible ‘duel’
- 14. Case 2: Mass-manufacturing of medications (1960s) – Risks transforming community pharmacists into shop keepers – Pharmacists attempt to re-professionalize – US: conflict professional vs. market logics – Italy: conflict professional vs. state logics
- 15. Case 2: USA (1960s) Retail business category Health care category Pharmacists’ remained a special occupational category in retail, but lost organizational category status
- 16. Case 2: Italy (1968) Retail business category Health care category State protects pharmacy again by emphasizing its professional character
- 17. Contributions • To institutional logics perspective Role of background in adjudicating foreground conflicts Role of nestedness: field, national and global • Category research Organizational fields as industry categories Class membership of categories societally specific
- 18. Comments, suggestions? Thank you for your attention
Editor's Notes
- Let‘s us give you first an impression of how pharmacy is now in Italy and the US. Outside of the pharmcy you can see names of corporations in the US and the name of a profession in Italy. Brands versus ‘no logo’ You also see ‘customers’ in the US and you don’t see it in Italy (patients and citizens of the welfare state) 4 big chains in the US (pharmacists as employees); about 18.000 in Italy (one pharmacist one pharmacy)
- You see the pharmacy being just a service within a retail store in the US The pharmacist as the central player in the store in Italy
- Even the packaging is different: Marketing practices appear on packages in the US Very lean and clinical the packaging in Italy SUMMARY: corporate and market logics central in the US; professional and state logics central in Italy
- YES THEY DID! And we explain how
- The visible conflict
- The visible conflict
- The visible conflict
- BURDEN OF PROOF is the form assumed by the CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
- (elimination of compounding by post WW II scientific advances). Technological shift: Compounding is substituted by dispensers only
- The visible conflict US developed under free enterprise system- As early as 1880, it was the professional functions of pharmacists that distinguished him from a mere merchant“.
- The visible conflict
- IL: Categories: so far research has highlighted the issue of membership of organizations in categories; we that of categories in classes. Institutional logics in society contribute to define status extension of categories in assigned classes.