Delirium
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This document discusses delirium, an acute organic brain or mental disorder characterized by confusion. It affects 20-40% of geriatric patients and 10-20% of surgical patients. Delirium can be caused by factors like infection, metabolic imbalances, toxins, and head injuries. Symptoms include disorientation, memory issues, emotional and behavioral changes, impaired consciousness, and disturbed sleep patterns. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as well as providing symptomatic relief using benzodiazepines. Nursing interventions focus on ensuring patient safety, alleviating fear and anxiety, meeting physical needs, and facilitating orientation.
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ALZHEIMERS DISEASE.pptx
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
Organic Mental Disorders
This document provides an overview of organic brain disorders including the definition, clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Organic brain disorders are caused by primary brain pathology or secondary brain dysfunction due to systemic disease. Common causes include neurodegenerative disorders, vascular disorders, infections, tumors, and toxic/metabolic disorders.
- Delirium is characterized by acute onset of confusion and impaired consciousness. Dementia is a chronic disorder characterized by cognitive decline over months to years. Organic amnestic syndrome specifically involves memory impairment.
- Evaluation involves medical history, physical/neuro exam, and lab/imaging tests to identify underlying causes. Treatment focuses on correcting any reversible causes as
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Delirium
- 1. Delirium By shakti Singh (63)
- 2. What is it? An acute organic brain or mental disorder. ( confusion) How to characterized it? With delirium can patient die?
- 3. How it affects? 20 to 40 % affect geriatric patients. 10 to 20 % affect surgical patients. What’s RAS? Whats the link of acetylcholine and epinephrine with it?
- 4. Factor causes Vascular – arteriosclerosis, internal hemorrhage Infection – meningitis, encephalitis Endocrine and metabolic – D. C, hyperthyroidism Metals – lead, mercury. Head injury, high fever, epilepsy Anoxia- Anemia, cardiac failure Pulmonary infection Can vitamin deficiency cause?
- 5. What we observe in patients? Disorientation, confusion Memory disturbance, violent behavior Emotional disturbance, restless Consciousness impaired, psychomotor disturbance (hypo and hyper activity) Aimless ,insomnia . Startle reaction we see. ( Paranoid behavior) Daytime drowsiness Nocturnal worsening of symptoms Disturbance of dreams
- 6. How to cure it? Identification of underlying cause then provide treatment. 50 mg of 50% of dextrose IV for hypoglycemia. 100 mg of B1 IV for thiamine . IV fluid for fluid and electrolytes imbalance. Symptomatic – benzaodiazepine (50 mg diazepam or 2mg lorazopam IV) What’s are other important drugs? What’s first line treatment? What’s primarily goal of treatment?
- 7. Nursing intervention Provide safe environment. Alleviation patients fear and anxiety. Meeting physical need of the patient. Facillitate orientation
- 8. “Sometimes I’m afraid to go to sleep because Of what am I leaving behind” Thank you