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Mr. Dhirendra Chauhan PGT-IP /CS/Economics Mount Abu
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V35 keys-c
Keys in databases help uniquely identify rows in tables. The main types of keys are:
1. Primary keys uniquely identify each row and cannot contain duplicate values.
2. Foreign keys link rows between tables and must match the primary key of another table.
3. Composite/compound keys combine two or more columns to uniquely identify rows, since the columns individually may not be unique.
Surrogate keys are artificial primary keys used when the table lacks a natural candidate key to uniquely identify rows. Other keys include unique keys, alternate keys, candidate keys, and super keys. Keys are important for maintaining data integrity and relationships between tables.
V34 numeric function-c
This document summarizes several numeric functions in SQL including ABS(), CEIL(), FLOOR(), MOD(), POW(), ROUND(), TRUNCATE(), SQRT(), SIGN(), RAND(), RADIANS(), DEGREES(), GREATEST(), and LEAST(). For each function, it provides the syntax, a brief description of what the function does, and an example calculation. The functions perform operations on numbers like returning the absolute value, ceiling, floor, remainder of division, a number raised to a power, rounding or truncating decimals, square root, and determining the greatest or least value in a list.
V33 date function-c
The document discusses 10 MySQL date functions - CURDATE(), NOW(), SYSDATE(), DATE(), MONTH(), YEAR(), DAYNAME(), DAYOFWEEK(), DAYOFYEAR(), and DAYOFMONTH(). For each function, it provides a brief description, syntax example, and expected output. The functions allow extracting various components like current date, time, month, year, weekday name or index from date/datetime expressions in MySQL.
V31 having
The document discusses the HAVING clause in SQL, which operates on grouped records returned by a GROUP BY clause, allowing only groups that meet the specified criteria to be returned. It notes that HAVING applies to summarized group records whereas WHERE applies to individual records, and provides an example syntax using SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING. The purpose of the HAVING clause is to restrict groupings to those meeting certain criteria, like when not wanting to perform groupings on all table data.
V30 full join(union intersect etc)
The document discusses various "Show" commands in MySQL that can retrieve database, table, and schema information. It explains that SHOW DATABASES lists databases on the server, SHOW TABLES lists tables in a database, and SHOW CREATE TABLE shows the CREATE TABLE statement for a specific table. Examples of syntax are provided for each command, including using LIKE clauses to filter results by database or table name patterns.
V29 group by-c
The GROUP BY statement in SQL groups the results of a SELECT query by one or more columns. It is often used with aggregate functions to collect and summarize data across multiple records. The syntax includes specifying the column names to GROUP BY after the FROM table in the SELECT query.
V28 view
A view is a virtual table based on the result set of an SQL statement. Views allow you to present data from one or more tables in a customized way without modifying the base tables. Views can be created using the CREATE VIEW statement by specifying the columns and tables to include. Views can also be dropped using the DROP VIEW statement or updated using the CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW command.
V27 constraint
SQL constraints are rules that limit the type of data that can be stored in database tables. There are different types of constraints including primary keys, unique constraints, not null constraints, foreign keys, check constraints, default values, and indexes. Primary keys uniquely identify each row, unique constraints ensure all column values are different, foreign keys link data between tables, and check constraints verify data meets certain conditions.
Recommended
V35 keys-c
Keys in databases help uniquely identify rows in tables. The main types of keys are:
1. Primary keys uniquely identify each row and cannot contain duplicate values.
2. Foreign keys link rows between tables and must match the primary key of another table.
3. Composite/compound keys combine two or more columns to uniquely identify rows, since the columns individually may not be unique.
Surrogate keys are artificial primary keys used when the table lacks a natural candidate key to uniquely identify rows. Other keys include unique keys, alternate keys, candidate keys, and super keys. Keys are important for maintaining data integrity and relationships between tables.
V34 numeric function-c
This document summarizes several numeric functions in SQL including ABS(), CEIL(), FLOOR(), MOD(), POW(), ROUND(), TRUNCATE(), SQRT(), SIGN(), RAND(), RADIANS(), DEGREES(), GREATEST(), and LEAST(). For each function, it provides the syntax, a brief description of what the function does, and an example calculation. The functions perform operations on numbers like returning the absolute value, ceiling, floor, remainder of division, a number raised to a power, rounding or truncating decimals, square root, and determining the greatest or least value in a list.
V33 date function-c
The document discusses 10 MySQL date functions - CURDATE(), NOW(), SYSDATE(), DATE(), MONTH(), YEAR(), DAYNAME(), DAYOFWEEK(), DAYOFYEAR(), and DAYOFMONTH(). For each function, it provides a brief description, syntax example, and expected output. The functions allow extracting various components like current date, time, month, year, weekday name or index from date/datetime expressions in MySQL.
V31 having
The document discusses the HAVING clause in SQL, which operates on grouped records returned by a GROUP BY clause, allowing only groups that meet the specified criteria to be returned. It notes that HAVING applies to summarized group records whereas WHERE applies to individual records, and provides an example syntax using SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING. The purpose of the HAVING clause is to restrict groupings to those meeting certain criteria, like when not wanting to perform groupings on all table data.
V30 full join(union intersect etc)
The document discusses various "Show" commands in MySQL that can retrieve database, table, and schema information. It explains that SHOW DATABASES lists databases on the server, SHOW TABLES lists tables in a database, and SHOW CREATE TABLE shows the CREATE TABLE statement for a specific table. Examples of syntax are provided for each command, including using LIKE clauses to filter results by database or table name patterns.
V29 group by-c
The GROUP BY statement in SQL groups the results of a SELECT query by one or more columns. It is often used with aggregate functions to collect and summarize data across multiple records. The syntax includes specifying the column names to GROUP BY after the FROM table in the SELECT query.
V28 view
A view is a virtual table based on the result set of an SQL statement. Views allow you to present data from one or more tables in a customized way without modifying the base tables. Views can be created using the CREATE VIEW statement by specifying the columns and tables to include. Views can also be dropped using the DROP VIEW statement or updated using the CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW command.
V27 constraint
SQL constraints are rules that limit the type of data that can be stored in database tables. There are different types of constraints including primary keys, unique constraints, not null constraints, foreign keys, check constraints, default values, and indexes. Primary keys uniquely identify each row, unique constraints ensure all column values are different, foreign keys link data between tables, and check constraints verify data meets certain conditions.
V26 key
The document discusses various "Show" commands in MySQL that can retrieve database, table, and schema information. It explains that SHOW DATABASES lists databases on the server, SHOW TABLES lists tables in a database, and SHOW CREATE TABLE shows the CREATE TABLE statement for a specific table. Examples of syntax are provided for each command, including using LIKE clauses to filter results by database or table name patterns.
V25 sql index
Indexes are used to retrieve data from a database more quickly for searches and queries. The document discusses how to create, show, drop, and rename indexes in MySQL using SQL statements like CREATE INDEX, SHOW INDEXES, DROP INDEX, and ALTER TABLE. It also covers advantages like speeding up SELECT queries and making rows unique, and disadvantages like additional disk space usage and slower INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE operations.
V24 cartesion product-c
The Cartesian product is a set operation that generates all possible ordered pairs from two or more sets. It is calculated by multiplying the number of rows of each table. The document provides an example of calculating the Cartesian product of an Employees table with 5 rows and a Salary table with 3 rows, which is 5 * 3 = 15 total rows. It also defines the degree of a relation as the number of attributes in its schema, and calculates the degree of the Employees and Salary tables by adding their total columns.
V23 function-2
This document describes 14 string functions in SQL: UPPER(), LOWER(), LTRIM(), RTRIM(), TRIM(), LENGTH(), LEFT(), RIGHT(), INSTR(), INITCAP(), CONCAT(), SUBSTR(), POSITION(), and CHAR(). For each function, it provides the syntax, a description of what the function does, and an example of how to use the function in a SQL query.
V22 function-1
The document discusses several aggregate functions in SQL including SUM(), MAX(), MIN(), COUNT(), AVG(). It provides the syntax and examples of using each function with and without conditions to get the total sum, largest value, smallest value, number of rows, and average value from columns in tables.
V21 in operator
The IN operator allows specifying multiple values in a WHERE clause as an alternative to multiple OR conditions. It is used in a SELECT statement to retrieve rows where the column value matches any value in the list. For example, to select all employee names from cities Kota, Jaipur, or Abu. The NOT IN operator functions the same but selects rows where the column value does not match any in the list, retrieving employees not from those cities.
V20 bet ween operator-c
The BETWEEN operator in SQL selects values within a given numeric, text, or date range and includes the begin and end values. The BETWEEN syntax is used in a WHERE clause to retrieve rows where a column value is between two values, such as retrieving employee names where salary is between $500 and $1500. The NOT BETWEEN operator does the opposite by selecting values outside of the given range.
V19 join method-c
Joins are used to combine data from multiple tables and come in several types. The main types are inner joins, left joins, right joins, full joins, and self joins. Inner joins return rows where there are matches in both tables, left joins return all rows from the left table even if no match exists in the right table, and right joins are the opposite of left joins. Full joins are not directly supported in MySQL and require a combination of joins and unions. Self joins match a table to itself.
V18 alias-c
Aliases in SQL are temporary names given to tables or columns to make them more readable in a query. An alias only exists for the duration of the query. Syntax examples show how to alias a table using a nickname after the table name in a SELECT statement. Column aliases can also be specified by aliasing the table and then referencing columns. Aliases are commonly used in join queries to distinguish columns from different tables that may have the same name.
V17 show command-c
The document discusses various "Show" commands in MySQL that can retrieve database, table, and schema information. It explains that SHOW DATABASES lists databases on the server, SHOW TABLES lists tables in a database, and SHOW CREATE TABLE shows the CREATE TABLE statement for a specific table. Examples of syntax are provided for each command, including using LIKE clauses to filter results by database or table name patterns.
V16 sql comments-c
SQL comments are used to explain sections of code or prevent execution. There are two types of comments - single line comments that start with -- and multi-line comments that start with /* and end with */. Single line comments ignore everything after -- on a line, while multi-line comments ignore everything between /* and */.
V15 like operator-c
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column using wildcard characters. It uses two wildcards - the percent sign (%) to match any substring and the underscore (_) to match a single character. The percent sign can match any substring, while the underscore matches any single character. Examples show how the LIKE operator with wildcards can be used to search for names starting with "a" or containing "s_ _ _" in a table.
V3 employment-unemployment
This document discusses different types of workers and unemployment. It defines a worker as someone who earns a living through employment and contributes to the production of goods and services. There are four main types of workers: self-employed workers who own their own business, hired workers who work for others, casual workers who are daily wage earners without benefits, and regular workers with permanent employment and benefits. The document also discusses unemployment, defining it as when a person wants and is able to work but cannot find a job. It outlines several types of unemployment, including structural unemployment due to industry changes, regional unemployment in local areas, classical unemployment when wages are too high, frictional unemployment during job transitions, and voluntary unemployment when people choose not to
V2 infrastructure
Infrastructure is broadly categorized into economic infrastructure and social infrastructure. Economic infrastructure includes roads, transportation, electricity, and telecommunications to promote economic activity. Social infrastructure supports social services like healthcare, education, housing, and transportation. India has made significant investments in social infrastructure through programs and policies focused on education, health, transportation, power, housing, irrigation, and other social services. However, India still faces challenges in fully achieving goals like universal education and literacy, access to healthcare, and adequate housing and transportation infrastructure to support its growing population. Further collective efforts are needed from the public and government sectors to improve social conditions.
V1 povery
The document discusses poverty in India, including its causes, types, and government programs to address it. It defines poverty and notes that many Indians still live below the poverty line despite economic growth. The main causes of poverty discussed are lack of good jobs, education, conflict, lack of infrastructure, healthcare access, and overpopulation. The types of poverty described are absolute, relative, situational, generational, rural, and urban. The document also outlines several major Indian government programs aimed at reducing poverty, employment generation, and increasing access to resources for poor communities.
National income value added method
There are 3 methods of measuring national income:
1) Value added method or product method which measures domestic income by estimating the contribution of each producing enterprise in the domestic territory.
2) Income method
3) Expenditure method
The value added method involves classifying production units, estimating the gross value added of each unit as the difference between output value and intermediate consumption, and measuring output value as sales plus change in stock. National income is then calculated by adjusting GDP for net factor income from abroad, depreciation, and net indirect taxes.
National income problem of double counting
There are two methods to avoid double counting when measuring national income: the final product method and the value added method. The final product method only considers the value of final goods and services, while the value added method sums the total value added by each firm in the production process. For example, in the production of bread, the farmer adds Rs. 300 in value, the mill adds Rs. 500, and the baker adds Rs. 500, for a total value added of Rs. 1300 using the value added method, compared to Rs. 1500 using the final product method.
Natioanl income c
National income is defined as the total factor income earned by normal residents of a country during a year. It includes domestic factor income plus net income from abroad. GDP measures the total value of final goods and services produced domestically during a year. Factor income includes incomes like wages and profits paid to productive factors. Transfer incomes like gifts and pensions are excluded. National income accounting also considers concepts like depreciation, investment, indirect taxes, subsidies, factor costs and market prices. Various economic aggregates are related through adjustments for depreciation, taxes and net income from abroad.
html-css
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML. CSS saves lots of work as formatting elements only need to be applied to one CSS file rather than individually formatting every HTML page. CSS rules consist of selectors that point to the HTML element to style paired with a declaration block containing CSS properties and values to determine how that element will look. Common CSS properties include those to control text formatting, background effects, borders, lists, links and positioning.
html-table
The document discusses HTML tables and their structure and attributes. It explains that HTML tables allow arranging data into rows and columns using <table>, <tr>, and <td> tags. It then describes various table attributes like border, width, height, bgcolor, background, frame, align, valign, and rules that can customize a table's appearance and layout.
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V26 key
The document discusses various "Show" commands in MySQL that can retrieve database, table, and schema information. It explains that SHOW DATABASES lists databases on the server, SHOW TABLES lists tables in a database, and SHOW CREATE TABLE shows the CREATE TABLE statement for a specific table. Examples of syntax are provided for each command, including using LIKE clauses to filter results by database or table name patterns.
V25 sql index
Indexes are used to retrieve data from a database more quickly for searches and queries. The document discusses how to create, show, drop, and rename indexes in MySQL using SQL statements like CREATE INDEX, SHOW INDEXES, DROP INDEX, and ALTER TABLE. It also covers advantages like speeding up SELECT queries and making rows unique, and disadvantages like additional disk space usage and slower INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE operations.
V24 cartesion product-c
The Cartesian product is a set operation that generates all possible ordered pairs from two or more sets. It is calculated by multiplying the number of rows of each table. The document provides an example of calculating the Cartesian product of an Employees table with 5 rows and a Salary table with 3 rows, which is 5 * 3 = 15 total rows. It also defines the degree of a relation as the number of attributes in its schema, and calculates the degree of the Employees and Salary tables by adding their total columns.
V23 function-2
This document describes 14 string functions in SQL: UPPER(), LOWER(), LTRIM(), RTRIM(), TRIM(), LENGTH(), LEFT(), RIGHT(), INSTR(), INITCAP(), CONCAT(), SUBSTR(), POSITION(), and CHAR(). For each function, it provides the syntax, a description of what the function does, and an example of how to use the function in a SQL query.
V22 function-1
The document discusses several aggregate functions in SQL including SUM(), MAX(), MIN(), COUNT(), AVG(). It provides the syntax and examples of using each function with and without conditions to get the total sum, largest value, smallest value, number of rows, and average value from columns in tables.
V21 in operator
The IN operator allows specifying multiple values in a WHERE clause as an alternative to multiple OR conditions. It is used in a SELECT statement to retrieve rows where the column value matches any value in the list. For example, to select all employee names from cities Kota, Jaipur, or Abu. The NOT IN operator functions the same but selects rows where the column value does not match any in the list, retrieving employees not from those cities.
V20 bet ween operator-c
The BETWEEN operator in SQL selects values within a given numeric, text, or date range and includes the begin and end values. The BETWEEN syntax is used in a WHERE clause to retrieve rows where a column value is between two values, such as retrieving employee names where salary is between $500 and $1500. The NOT BETWEEN operator does the opposite by selecting values outside of the given range.
V19 join method-c
Joins are used to combine data from multiple tables and come in several types. The main types are inner joins, left joins, right joins, full joins, and self joins. Inner joins return rows where there are matches in both tables, left joins return all rows from the left table even if no match exists in the right table, and right joins are the opposite of left joins. Full joins are not directly supported in MySQL and require a combination of joins and unions. Self joins match a table to itself.
V18 alias-c
Aliases in SQL are temporary names given to tables or columns to make them more readable in a query. An alias only exists for the duration of the query. Syntax examples show how to alias a table using a nickname after the table name in a SELECT statement. Column aliases can also be specified by aliasing the table and then referencing columns. Aliases are commonly used in join queries to distinguish columns from different tables that may have the same name.
V17 show command-c
The document discusses various "Show" commands in MySQL that can retrieve database, table, and schema information. It explains that SHOW DATABASES lists databases on the server, SHOW TABLES lists tables in a database, and SHOW CREATE TABLE shows the CREATE TABLE statement for a specific table. Examples of syntax are provided for each command, including using LIKE clauses to filter results by database or table name patterns.
V16 sql comments-c
SQL comments are used to explain sections of code or prevent execution. There are two types of comments - single line comments that start with -- and multi-line comments that start with /* and end with */. Single line comments ignore everything after -- on a line, while multi-line comments ignore everything between /* and */.
V15 like operator-c
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column using wildcard characters. It uses two wildcards - the percent sign (%) to match any substring and the underscore (_) to match a single character. The percent sign can match any substring, while the underscore matches any single character. Examples show how the LIKE operator with wildcards can be used to search for names starting with "a" or containing "s_ _ _" in a table.
V3 employment-unemployment
This document discusses different types of workers and unemployment. It defines a worker as someone who earns a living through employment and contributes to the production of goods and services. There are four main types of workers: self-employed workers who own their own business, hired workers who work for others, casual workers who are daily wage earners without benefits, and regular workers with permanent employment and benefits. The document also discusses unemployment, defining it as when a person wants and is able to work but cannot find a job. It outlines several types of unemployment, including structural unemployment due to industry changes, regional unemployment in local areas, classical unemployment when wages are too high, frictional unemployment during job transitions, and voluntary unemployment when people choose not to
V2 infrastructure
Infrastructure is broadly categorized into economic infrastructure and social infrastructure. Economic infrastructure includes roads, transportation, electricity, and telecommunications to promote economic activity. Social infrastructure supports social services like healthcare, education, housing, and transportation. India has made significant investments in social infrastructure through programs and policies focused on education, health, transportation, power, housing, irrigation, and other social services. However, India still faces challenges in fully achieving goals like universal education and literacy, access to healthcare, and adequate housing and transportation infrastructure to support its growing population. Further collective efforts are needed from the public and government sectors to improve social conditions.
V1 povery
The document discusses poverty in India, including its causes, types, and government programs to address it. It defines poverty and notes that many Indians still live below the poverty line despite economic growth. The main causes of poverty discussed are lack of good jobs, education, conflict, lack of infrastructure, healthcare access, and overpopulation. The types of poverty described are absolute, relative, situational, generational, rural, and urban. The document also outlines several major Indian government programs aimed at reducing poverty, employment generation, and increasing access to resources for poor communities.
National income value added method
There are 3 methods of measuring national income:
1) Value added method or product method which measures domestic income by estimating the contribution of each producing enterprise in the domestic territory.
2) Income method
3) Expenditure method
The value added method involves classifying production units, estimating the gross value added of each unit as the difference between output value and intermediate consumption, and measuring output value as sales plus change in stock. National income is then calculated by adjusting GDP for net factor income from abroad, depreciation, and net indirect taxes.
National income problem of double counting
There are two methods to avoid double counting when measuring national income: the final product method and the value added method. The final product method only considers the value of final goods and services, while the value added method sums the total value added by each firm in the production process. For example, in the production of bread, the farmer adds Rs. 300 in value, the mill adds Rs. 500, and the baker adds Rs. 500, for a total value added of Rs. 1300 using the value added method, compared to Rs. 1500 using the final product method.
Natioanl income c
National income is defined as the total factor income earned by normal residents of a country during a year. It includes domestic factor income plus net income from abroad. GDP measures the total value of final goods and services produced domestically during a year. Factor income includes incomes like wages and profits paid to productive factors. Transfer incomes like gifts and pensions are excluded. National income accounting also considers concepts like depreciation, investment, indirect taxes, subsidies, factor costs and market prices. Various economic aggregates are related through adjustments for depreciation, taxes and net income from abroad.
html-css
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML. CSS saves lots of work as formatting elements only need to be applied to one CSS file rather than individually formatting every HTML page. CSS rules consist of selectors that point to the HTML element to style paired with a declaration block containing CSS properties and values to determine how that element will look. Common CSS properties include those to control text formatting, background effects, borders, lists, links and positioning.
html-table
The document discusses HTML tables and their structure and attributes. It explains that HTML tables allow arranging data into rows and columns using <table>, <tr>, and <td> tags. It then describes various table attributes like border, width, height, bgcolor, background, frame, align, valign, and rules that can customize a table's appearance and layout.
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diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Delete Command
- 1. By : Dhirendra Chauhan
- 2. Delete Command “The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.” Delete perform two types task. 1. Delete all Record 2. Delete selected Record
- 3. Delete All Record Delete command delete all record at a time Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name; Example DELETE FROM Student3;
- 5. Delete Selected Record Delete command delete selected record With Conadition Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name Where Condition; Example DELETE FROM Student3 Where T_Marks<300
- 7. THANK YOU