This document provides an overview of contemporary globalization and its key aspects, including:
- Economic globalization and the increasing interconnectedness of economies through trade organizations like NAFTA and the WTO.
- Technological globalization driven by advances in communication technologies.
- Cultural globalization and the spread of Western culture through multinational corporations.
- Political globalization represented by institutions like the United Nations.
- Military globalization and the role of global alliances.
It also discusses theories of globalization's effects from scholars like Friedman and potential consequences such as environmental damage, labor exploitation, and the erosion of traditional cultures.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
globalization is undermining nation states. First, it is that it is empowering corporations at the expense of the nation state, and secondly, that the international institutions such
It does not make sense to talk of a world of 6 billion people becoming a monoculture. The spread of globalization will undoubtedly bring changes to the countries it reaches, but change is an essential part of life. It does not mean the abolition of traditional values.
As the WTO and World Bank are not democratic…. There is an issue of sheer size.
It is noted that many corporations are larger than nation states – more than half the 100 largest economies in the world are corporations.
Integration in the world economy contributes to environmental improvements by promoting growth, increasing incomes, improving property rights and the allowing the efficient use of resources.
The private sector can use its enormous influence and resources for transforming conflicts through socio-economic development. We need to move away from grant models creating dependency to social business models and liberate human beings. The presentation stretches your imagination for compassionate capitalism to forge business enterprises around complex social problems through revolutionary ideas, emerging trends, innovative financing and linkages to sustainable development goals.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGYAGENDAS FOR THETWENTY-FIR.docxpbilly1
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIOLOGY:
AGENDAS FOR THE
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
JOE R, FEAGIN
University of Florida
The world's peoples face daunting challenges in the
twenty-first century. While apologists herald the globaliza-
tion of capitalism, many people on our planet experience
recurring economic exploitation, immiseration, and envi-
ronmental crises linked to capitalism's spread. Across the
globe social movements continue to raise the issues of
social justice and democracy. Given the new century's
serious challenges, sociologists need to rediscover their
roots in a sociology committed to social justice, to cultivate and extend the long-
standing "countersystem" approach to research, to encourage greater self-reflection
in sociological analysis, and to re-emphasize the importance ofthe teaching of soci-
ology. Finally, more sociologists should examine the big social questions of this
century, including the issues of economic exploitation, social oppression, and the
looming environmental crises. And, clearly, more sociologists should engage in the
study of alternative social futures, including those of more just and egalitarian soci-
eties. Sociologists need to think deeply and imaginatively about sustainable social
futures and to aid in building better human societies.
WE STAND today at the beginning ofa challenging new century. Like
ASA Presidents before me, I am conscious
of the honor and the responsibility that this
address carries with it, and I feel a special
obligation to speak about the role of sociol-
ogy and sociologists in the twenty-first cen-
tury. As we look forward, let me quote W. E.
B. Du Bois, a pathbreaking U.S. sociologist.
In his last autobiographical statement, Du
Bois (1968) wrote:
Direct correspondence to Joe R. Feagin, De-
partment of Sociology, Box 117330, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, (feagin®
ufl.edu). I would like to thank the numerous col-
leagues who made helpful comments on various
drafts of this presidential address. Among these
were Hernan Vera, Sidney Willhelm, Bernice
McNair Barnett, Gideon Sjoherg, Anne Rawls,
Mary Jo Deegan, Michael R. Hill, Patricia
Lengermann, Jill Niebrugge-Brantley, Tony
Orum, William A. Smith, Ben Agger, Karen
Pyke, and Leslie Houts.
[TJoday the contradictions of American civi-
lization are tremendous. Freedom of politi-
cal discussion is difficult; elections are not
free and fair. . . . The greatest power in the
land is not thought or ethics, but wealth. . . .
Present profit is valued higher than future
need. . . . I know the United States. It is my
country and the land of my fathers. It is still
a land of magnificent possibilities. It is still
the home of noble souls and generous
people. But it is selling its birthright. It is
betraying its mighty destiny. (Pp. 418-19)
Today the social contradictions of Ameri-
can and global civilizations are still im-
mense. Many prominent voices tell us that it
is the best of times; other voices insist that it
is the worst of t.
globalization is undermining nation states. First, it is that it is empowering corporations at the expense of the nation state, and secondly, that the international institutions such
It does not make sense to talk of a world of 6 billion people becoming a monoculture. The spread of globalization will undoubtedly bring changes to the countries it reaches, but change is an essential part of life. It does not mean the abolition of traditional values.
As the WTO and World Bank are not democratic…. There is an issue of sheer size.
It is noted that many corporations are larger than nation states – more than half the 100 largest economies in the world are corporations.
Integration in the world economy contributes to environmental improvements by promoting growth, increasing incomes, improving property rights and the allowing the efficient use of resources.
The private sector can use its enormous influence and resources for transforming conflicts through socio-economic development. We need to move away from grant models creating dependency to social business models and liberate human beings. The presentation stretches your imagination for compassionate capitalism to forge business enterprises around complex social problems through revolutionary ideas, emerging trends, innovative financing and linkages to sustainable development goals.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
3. PROF. DAN LHERY SUSANO GREGORIOUS,
MAED, LPT, SMRIEDr, FMERU,FMERC
• PRINCIPAL
• RESEARCHER
• EDUCATOR
4. What is CONTEMPORARY
WORLD?
• Refers to circumstances
and ideas of the present
age, where it deals with
problems and issues
related to environment,
population, wealth,
power, tensions and
conflicts.
5. Why study CONTEMPORARY WORLD?
a. To be aware about
Contemporary World
problems and issues that all
societies must be
concerned.
b. To developed
competencies and construct
knowledge about problems
and issues and become
aware of our roles and our
responsibilities as citizen.
6. You, in the 21st century
Should you care if…?
•Brazil allows more people into the rainforest
• Russia rebuilds its military forces
•India raises the salaries of its senior IT workforce
• China buys up the industrial metals of Australia
17. What is
Globalization?
Global industrialism or
globalization is a process of
forging international political,
economic, religious, and socio-
cultural interconnections
KFC Kuwait
7-11 Beijing
18. Globalization Definition
•Variety of definitions, centering around the
world becoming “smaller” and more
interconnected in the areas of commerce,
culture, and politics
•Causes: technological advances in
communication, travel, and computational
power, expansion of trade
19. Thomas Friedman, “The Lexus and the Olive Tree”
• A globalist system has replaced the Cold War system
• The new system has unique rules, logic, pressures and incentives driven by
international capitalism
• Features integration: free flow of capital, goods, ideas more broadly, faster,
deeper than anytime in the past.
• The “Golden Straightjacket”: must abide by goals of free market principles,
efficiency. Rewarded if you do.
• New key players: The “Electronic Herd.”
• Globalization promotes cultural homogenization, the “Big Mac.”
21. Friedman: Globalization’s New Structure and
Balance of Power
• Traditional balance between states (countries), U.S. is
the paramount player
• Balance between states and global markets: states
can’t ignore the market any longer without costs
• Balance between individuals and states: people
influence governments through the market at home
and abroad (for good and evil).
• Globalization produces “super-empowered
individuals
22. Important Conclusions from Friedman’s Argument
1. Rewards. Those who participate in
globalization are rewarded, though there are
winners and losers.
2. Peace Dividend. Those engaged in
globalization have too much to lose with war.
3. Democratic Dividend. Free movement of
information with markets produces drive for
freedom and liberty—seeds of democracy.
24. The Stages of Globalization
(From Thomas Friedman in The World is Flat)
• Globalization 1.0 (from 1492 to 1800)
• Globalization 2.0 (from 1800 to 2000)
• Globalization 3.0 (from 2000 to the present)
31. 5 ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. ECONOMIC
2. TECHNOLOGICAL
3. CULTURAL
4. POLITICAL
5. MILITARY
THESE ASPECTS ARE ALL INTERCONNECTED!
*********************
After this lecture, can you give 1 example of each of the
above?
33. • Economic globalization refers to the widespread international
movement of goods, capital, services, technology and information. It
is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of
national, regional, and local economies across the world through an
intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services,
technologies and capital.
• Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of
production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes,
institutions, corporations, and people
34. 1. Economic Globalization
TODAY:
Economies Are Increasingly Linked Together
EXS: NAFTA (MX, CA, US), The EU, WTO (World Trade
Organization)
WTO
• Only global international organization dealing with the
rules of trade between nations
• Goal: help producers of goods and services, exporters,
and importers conduct their business
35. 1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
MULTI-NATIONAL
CORPORATIONS
• OLD: Dutch East India
Company?
• 1602 company of Dutch
merchants & independent
trading companies
• Spice trade monopoly in East
Asia
• Power to colonize territories &
enslave indigenous people
• Indonesia & South Africa
36. 1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• NEW: Nike, Wal-Mart, Royal/Dutch Shell
• Top 100 multinationals are all US-owned companies!
• Royal/Dutch Shell: global group of energy and
petrochemical companies, operating in more than 140
countries and territories, employing more than
112,000 people
38. 2. TECHNOLOGICAL
GLOBALIZATION
• “World Wide Web” has exploded in last 10 years
• Computers can move money around world = “finance capital”
• Silicon Valley is 9th largest economy in world!
Africa
• Number of telephones is decreasing
• More computers in Manhattan than all of Africa!
• Post-colonial infrastructures don’t support technology
40. 3. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
• Cultural Imperialism = Dominance of one culture over others
• Hollywood movies, MacDonald’s, Disneyland, Starbucks
• Dominance of the English language and invasion of other languages
• Do people all over the world have the same taste?
Africa
• “Culture Industry” = opportunities for Africans to sell their culture in the
“global market” that values traditional culture
43. 4. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
The United Nations: Global assoc. of govts. facilitating
cooperation in international law, security, economic
development, and social equity
• Whose interests does the UN represent?
• The US and the UK were the only nations in support of
going to war in Iraq
• Can a global politics with social values exist?
• Alternative political gatherings: Annual World Social
Forums since 2001, The Piece Process @ Gav!
44. 4. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
South Africa
• In 2001, US pharmaceutical corporations sued South African
companies for infringing on AIDS medication patent laws
• In 2003, President George W. Bush announced the Emergency
Plan in 2003 - the largest international health initiative in history
by one nation to address a single disease
•HIV/AIDS Situation in 2004
HIV Infected: 5.3 million
AIDS Deaths: 370,000
AIDS Orphans: 1.1 million
47. 5. MILITARY GLOBALIZATION
• Global alliances become clear during war time
• Ex: Today’s US alliance with Britain in wars against
Afghanistan and Iraq
• What will happen with North Korea and nuclear weapons?
Africa
• “Trade in Arms” = US sold $227 million in arms to AF in
1990s
• US train and provide weapons for African armies on both
sides of their civil wars (ex. Mobutu civil war in Congo)
• US is the #1 exporter of weapons globally
• US is the last on the list of exporters of non-military aid to
the developing world
52. Globalization Consequences/Effects
•Consequences cited by various scholars and
activists (cont.):
•Mixing of cultures:
•Dominant Western culture eroding traditional
cultures
•Backlash from those who want to maintain
traditional cultures
• “Lexus and the Olive Tree” (Friedman)
• “McWorld vs. Jihad” (Barber)
53. Globalization Consequences/Effects
•Consequences cited by various scholars and
activists (cont.):
•Diseases spread more rapidly
•Economic crises spread more rapidly
•Increased trafficking of humans and drugs
•Terrorism/asymmetric warfare made easier
54. Globalization Consequences/Effects
Global Culture: Homogenization
Technology (Internet, TV, cell phones etc.) is sweeping away cultural
boundaries creating the possibility and even the likelihood of a global
culture.
Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions, values, and
dreams of people, everywhere.
This spread of values, norms, and
culture tends to promote Western ideals
of capitalism and consumerism.
Resulting in the disappearance of local
cultures, traditions, and identities
replaced by a single commodity/ single
identity world – the Westernization of
culture
Ladies only line Saudi Arabia
55. Coca-colonization: Coke, McDonald’s, Levi’s, MTV, Disney, computer games,
American (or American style) TV shows, look-alike shopping malls with look-
alike goods
the meaning of good, appropriate, success changes
Globalization Consequences/Effects
Asymmetry in Power Relations and Flows
Banana Republicanization
Move from the dominant to the weaker
like to teach the world to sing
Big Bird does China
57. increases economic
prosperity and opportunity
higher degrees of political
and economic freedom in the
form of democracy
Improved standard of living
– reduction in poverty
Improved gender relations
Increased life-span
Pros
58. Cons Increased environmental damage
increased poverty, inequality, injustice
erosion of traditional culture
Corporations are motivated by profit
and have little concern for people
economic globalization developments
feed into ethnic, religious, and factional
tensions that lead to wars and help
breed terrorism
Terrorists now globally interconnected
and empowered with knowledge, create
a whole new category of warfare based,
in part, on the disruption of the
interconnections which are both created
by and necessary for globalization
Corporations shape political policy of
countries e.g. over fishing
60. Role of Trade with Globalization
•A key element of economic globalization
•Dramatic increases in trade over the past 200 years
•Technological advances (most notably the steam engine)
powered expansion of trade in 19th and early 20th centuries
•After setback of Great Depression and World War II, trade
grew again, accelerating with collapse of communist bloc
and advances in information technologies
•Institutions such as GATT (later WTO) have facilitated trade
globally
•Growth of regional free trade blocs
61. Economic Approaches to Trade
•Approaches to trade
•Mercantilist/autarkic practices
•Liberal, “free trade” policies
•A mix of the two extremes (protecting certain
domestic industries, etc.)
62. Effects of Trade
•Differences in countries’ exports (primary
products vs. high-tech manufactured goods) can
lead to dependency relationships and inhibit
development of poorer countries
•“Free trade” vs. “fair trade”
•Comparative and absolute advantage (see
lecture #10)
63. Free Trade Controversy
•Free trade and barriers to trade
•WTO (previously GATT)
•Most favored nation and reciprocity principles
•Efforts to reduce tariffs, subsidies, quotas, and
other barriers to free trade (and ongoing disputes,
such as agricultural subsidies by wealthy countries)
•Regional free trade agreements (e.g., NAFTA)
•Conflict with WTO goals
64. Summary of GATT Rounds
Round N of
Countries
Subjects and
Modalities
Main Outcomes Value of Trade
Covered
Average
Tariff Cut
Average Post
Round Tariffs
Geneva
1947
23 Tariffs;
Item-by-Item
Negotiation
Concessions on
45,000 tariff lines
$ 10 billion 35%
Annecy
1949
33 Tariffs;
Item-by-Item
Negotiation
Modest tariff
reductions
37%
Torquay
1950
34 Tariffs;
Item-by-Item
Negotiation
8,700 tariff
concessions
26%
Geneva
1956
26 Tariffs;
Item-by-Item
Negotiation
Modest tariff
reductions
$2.5 billion 15%
Dillon
1960-1961
26 Tariffs;
Item-by-Item
Negotiation
Tariff adjustments
following creation of
EEC
$4.9 billion 20% 17%
Kennedy
1962-1967
62 Tariffs;
Linear cuts
30,000 tariff lines
bound
$40 billion 35% 8.7%
Tokyo
1973-1979
102 Tariffs; NTBs;
Linear cuts;
Codes
$155 billion 34% 6.3%
Uruguay
1986-1994
103 start,
128 end
Tariffs; NTBs;
Item-by-Item and
Linear;
WTO
WTO
Dispute Resolution
$3.7 trillion 39% 4.0%
66. Regional Trade Agreements
• Besides economic organizations, regional trade agreements
form a key part of the institutional structure of the world
economy
• Regional trade agreements have proliferated around the
world since the beginning of the 1990s
67. Five Types of Regional Trade Agreements
•1. Partial trade agreement – two or more
countries liberalize trade in a selected group of
product categories
•2. Free trade area (FTA) – trade in goods and
services fully liberalized between two or more
countries
•North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
68. Slide 2-68
Five Types of Regional Trade Agreements
(cont.)
•3. Customs union (CU) – an FTA plus a common
external tariff (CET)
•European Union in the 1970s and 1980s
•MERCOSUR in South America
•4. Common market – a CU plus free mobility of
factors of production
•European Union in the 1990s
69. Five Types of Regional Trade Agreements
(cont.)
•5. Economic Union – common market with
coordination of macroeconomic policies
(including common currency, harmonization
of standards and regulations)
•United States
•Canada
•European Union
72. International Institutions
• The three global organizations playing a major role in
international economic relations are:
• The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The World Bank
• The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Let’s take a closer look at the functions
of these organizations…
74. The IMF
• Founded by the Bretton Woods meetings between the Allies in July
1944
• Each of the 184 members charged a quota
• 25% in SDRs or convertible currencies
• US quota is SDR 37,149.3 million (largest)
• Palau quota is SDR 3.1 million (smallest)
• The size of the quota determines the member’s voting power
• 250 basic votes + 1 voter/SDR 100,000 quota
• US has 371,743 votes (17.11%) Palau 281 votes.
75. The IMF
• The IMF was established to:
•Promote international monetary cooperation;
•Promote exchange stability and orderly exchange
arrangements
•To foster growth and high levels of employment,
and
•to provide temporary financial assistance to
countries to help ease balance of payments
adjustment
76. The IMF
•Fundamental disequilibrium and exchange crisis
•Crisis occurs when a country runs out of
foreign exchange reserves – a major currency
or gold that can be used to pay for imports
and international borrowings
•IMF conditionality – requirement for the
borrowing member to carry out economic
reforms in exchange for a loan
78. The World Bank
•Also founded at the Bretton Woods
Conference
•Founded as the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
•World Bank has 184 members
79. The World Bank
•Main functions: development lending
•Today, IBRD is one of the five subgroups making up the World
Bank Group
•IDA (International Development Assn.),
•IFC (International Finance Corp.),
•MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency),
•ICSID (Int’l Cent. For Settlement of Investment Disp.)
81. From GATT to WTO
•Uruguay Round Agreement signed in 1994
•The round established the WTO:
•144 members as of 1 January 2002
•reaches beyond GATT to new trade issues;
•has a more effective dispute settlement
mechanism; and
•monitors national trade practices more
consistently
82. The WTO
•Main Tasks of the WTO
•Administering WTO trade agreements
•Forum for trade negotiations
•Handling trade disputes
•Monitoring national trade policies
•Technical assistance and training for LDCs
•Cooperation with other international agencies
83. The WTO
Interdependence Norms
Liberalization – negotiations to reduce protection.
Nondiscrimination – enshrined in the concept of most
favored national status (MFN): every WTO member must
treat each of its trading partners as it treats its most
favored partner
National treatment – imports must be given a similar
treatment on the domestic market as domestically
produced goods
84. The WTO
•Sovereignty Norms
•Reciprocity – negotiations proceed in
terms of exchange of “concessions” of
substantially equivalent value.
•Safeguards – right of government to
preserve economic stability through
(nondiscriminatory) protection
recognized.
