The document discusses several defects and diseases that can affect different sense organs. It provides information on cataracts of the eye, describing the various types and their symptoms. It also discusses conjunctivitis of the eye, explaining its causes and treatment options. For the nose, it covers nosebleeds, describing common causes like trauma, risk factors like high blood pressure, and prevention methods. It also discusses non-allergic rhinitis and its environmental triggers. Regarding the skin, it provides information on skin cancer symptoms and prevention through sun protection and avoiding indoor tanning. It also discusses acne symptoms and prevention strategies. For the ear, it covers tinnitus symptoms and potential causes, as well as symptoms and treatment

1. Defects And Diseases Of Different
Sense Organs
SAYAK
CHOWDHURY
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2. Content
 Acknowledgement ________________ Pg.-3
 Eye____________________ Pg.-4
 What Causes Cataract_______________ Pg.-5
 Symptoms & Rectification of Cataract___ Pg.-6
 Conjunctivitis ______________________ Pg.-7
 Symptoms &Rectification ofConjunctivitisPg.-8
 Nose_________________ ________ Pg.-9
 causes and symptoms of Nose Bleed___ Pg.-10
 Prevention of Nose Bleed____________ Pg.-11
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3. Content
 Causes Of Non-Allergic Rhinitis__________ Pg.-12
 Human Skin_________________________ Pg.-13
 Symptoms & Prevention of Skin Cancer_ __Pg.-14
 Symptoms and prevention Of Acne______ Pg.-15
 Human ear_________________________ Pg.16
 Symptoms & prevention of tinnitus______ Pg.-17
 Symptoms & rectification of cauliflower earPg.-18
 Tongue____________________________ Pg.-19
 Oral Cancer________________________ Pg.-20
 Hairy Tongue_______________________ Pg.-21
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4. Acknowledgement
My best regard and thanks to my teacher
Sahana ma’am
who had helped me in understanding the
topic and helping me too in other fields. Even
I am highly obliged and thankful to my home
tutor who helped in collecting some of the
information. Last but not the least I am even
grateful to my parents to make it a grand
success.
4

5. EyeThe human eye is an organ that
Reacts to light and has several
purposes.As a conscious sense organ,
the mammalian eye allows vision .
The retina allow conscious light
perception and vision including color
differentiation and the perception of
depth. The human eye can
distinguish about 10 million colors.
Our eyes are very sensitive so we should take good care of it,after all , eyes are
the mirror of the soul.
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6. What Causes Cataracts?
Cataracts occur when there is a buildup of protein
in the lens that makes it cloudy. This prevents light
from passing clearly through the lens, causing
some loss of vision. Since new lens cells form on
the outside of the lens, all the older cells are
compacted into the center of the lens resulting in
the cataract.
Types of cataracts include:
i) Age-related cataracts- As the name suggests,
this type of cataract develops as a result of aging.
ii) Congenital cataracts- Babies are sometimes
born with cataracts as a result of an infection,
injury, or poor development before they were
born, or they may develop during childhood.
iii) Secondary cataracts- These develop as a result
of other medical conditions, like diabetes, or
exposure to toxic substances, certain drugs (such
as corticosteroids or diuretics), ultraviolet light, or
radiation.
iv) Traumatic cataracts- These form after injury to
the eye.
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7. Symptoms & Rectification of Cataract
Cataracts usually form slowly and cause few symptoms until they noticeably block light.
When symptoms are present, they can include:
 Vision that is cloudy, blurry, foggy, or filmy.
 Progressive nearsightedness in older people often called "second sight" because they may
no longer need reading glasses.
 Changes in the way you see color because the discolored lens acts as a filter.
 Problems driving at night such as glare from oncoming headlights.
 Problems with glare during the day.
 Double vision (like a superimposed image).
 Sudden changes in glasses prescription.
There is no proven way to prevent cataracts. But certain lifestyle habits may help slow
cataract development. These include:
 Not smoking.
 Wearing a hat or sunglasses when you are in the sun.
 Avoiding sunlamps and tanning booths.
 Eating healthy foods.
 Avoiding the use of steroid medicines when possible (some people need them).
 Keeping diabetes under control.
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8. Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye, is an
inflammation of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is
the thin clear tissue that lies over the white part of
the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid.
What Causes Pinkeye?
Pinkeye has a number of different causes, including:
 Viruses.
 Bacteria (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia).
 Irritants such as shampoos, dirt, smoke, and pool
chlorine.
 Allergies, like dust, pollen, or a special type of
allergy that affects some contact lens wearers.
Pinkeye caused by some bacteria and viruses can
spread easily from person to person, but is not a
serious health risk if diagnosed promptly. Pinkeye in
newborn babies, however, should be reported to a
doctor immediately, as it could be a vision-
threatening infection.
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9. Symptoms & Rectification of Conjunctivitis
What Are the Symptoms of Pinkeye?
The symptoms of pinkeye differ based on the cause of the inflammation, but may include:
Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid
Increased amount of tears
Thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, especially after sleep
Green or white discharge from the eye
Itchy eyes
Burning eyes
Blurred vision
Increased sensitivity to light.
How Is Pinkeye Treated?
The treatment for pinkeye depends on the cause.
Bacteria. Pinkeye caused by bacteria, including those related to STDs, is treated with antibiotics, in the form
of eye drops, ointments, or pills. Eye drops or ointments may need to be applied to the inside of the eyelid
three to four times a day for five to seven days. Pills may need to be taken for several days. The infection
should improve within a week. Take or use the drugs as instructed by your doctor, even if the symptoms go
away.
Viruses. This type of pinkeye often results from the viruses that cause a common cold. Just as a cold must run
its course, so must this form of pinkeye, which usually lasts from four to seven days. Viral conjunctivitis can be
highly contagious. Avoid contact with others and wash your hands frequently. If you wear contact lenses, you
should throw away contacts worn while you have pinkeye and wear glasses. Same for makeup.
Irritants. For pinkeye caused by an irritating substance, use water to wash the substance from the eye for five
minutes. Your eyes should begin to improve within four hours. If the conjunctivitis is caused by acid or alkaline
material such as bleach, immediately rinse the eyes with lots of water and call your doctor immediately.
Allergies. Allergy-associated conjunctivitis should improve once the allergy is treated and the allergen removed. See your
doctor if you have conjunctivitis that is linked to an allergy.
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10. Nose
Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in
vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares,
which admit and expel air for respiration in
conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are
the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the
nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the
digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In
humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most
other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout.
Anterior nosebleeds make up more than 90% of all nosebleeds. The
bleeding usually comes from a blood vessel at the very front part of the
nose. Anterior nosebleeds are usually easy to control, either by measures
that can be performed at home or by a doctor.
Posterior nosebleeds are much less common than anterior nosebleeds.
They tend to occur more often in elderly people. The bleeding usually
comes from an artery in the back part of the nose. 10

11. causes and symptoms of Nose Bleed
Most commonly, trauma to the nose triggers a nosebleed. Trauma to the outside of the nose,
such as a blow to the face, or trauma inside the nose, such as nose picking or repeated irritation
from a cold, can cause a nosebleed.
Less commonly, an underlying disease process, such as an inability of the blood to clot, may
contribute to the bleeding. Inability of the blood to clot is most often due to blood-thinning drugs
such as warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin. Liver disease can also interfere with blood clotting.
Abnormal blood vessels or cancers in the nose are rare causes of nosebleeds. High blood pressure
may contribute to bleeding but is almost never the only reason for a nosebleed.
Bleeding usually occurs from only one nostril. If the bleeding is heavy enough, the blood can fill
up the nostril on the affected side and overflow within the nasopharynx (the area inside the nose
where the two nostrils merge), spilling into the other nostril to cause bleeding from both sides.
Blood can also drip back into the throat or down into the stomach, causing a person to spit or
even vomit blood.
Signs of excessive blood loss include dizziness, light-headedness, confusion, and fainting.
Excessive blood loss from nosebleeds does not often occur.
Additional bleeding from other parts of the body, such as in the urine or bowels, or easy bruising
may indicate an inability of the blood to clot. Additional bleeding or easy bruising is a sign of a
more significant medical problem. 11

12. Prevention of Nose Bleed
 Most nosebleeds occur during the winter in cold, dry climates. If
one is prone to nosebleeds, should use a humidifier in his home.
We should use petroleum jelly (Vaseline), over the counter nasal
lubricant spray,or a saline nasal spray to keep nasal passages
moist.
 Avoid picking nose or blowing nose too vigorously.
 If the nosebleed is related to another medical condition, such as
liver disease or achronic sinus condition, follow doctor’s
instructions to keep that problem under control.
 Stop smoking. Smoking contributes to nasal dryness and
irritation.
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13. Causes Of
Non-Allergic Rhinitis
Often, what causes nonallergic rhinitis is unknown. And the condition is often
confirmed only after other conditions such as allergic rhinitis or infection are ruled out.
Environmental irritants are common triggers of nonallergic rhinitis. Some are found in
the home and others are more common in the workplace.
Examples of what can trigger symptoms include:
 Car exhaust
 Chlorine
 Cigarette smoke
 Cleaning solutions
 Glues
 Hair spray
 Latex
 Laundry detergents
 Metal salts
 Perfume
 Smog
 Wood dust
When such triggers cause nonallergic rhinitis, they also often cause asthma.
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14. Prevention Of
Non-allergic rhitinus
Nonallergic rhinitis can't be cured.
But it can be controlled by:
 Avoiding rhinitis triggers
 Using home remedies such as
nasal irrigation
 Taking over-the-counter and
prescription medications.
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15. Human Skin
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about
20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the
elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the
sensations of touch, heat, and cold.
Skin has three layers:
 The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a
waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
 The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective
tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
 The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat
and connective tissue.
The skin’s colour is created by special cells called melanocytes,
which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in
the epidermis.
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16. Symptoms & Prevention of Skin Cancer
 A mole on the skin that is growing, changing shape, or changing color
 A mole that looks scaly, oozes, or bleeds
 New dark spot on the skin that looks like a mole, but grows quickly
 Pain, itch, or bleeding in a new spot on the skin
 Streak (usually brown or black) underneath a fingernail or toenail
 Bruise on the foot that does not heal
Sunscreen is effective and thus recommended to prevent melanoma[19] and squamous
cell carcinoma.[20] There is little evidence that it is effective in preventing basal cell
carcinoma.[21] Other advice to reduce rates of skin cancer includes: avoiding
sunburning, wearing protective clothing, sunglasses and hats, and attempting to avoid
sun exposure or periods of peak exposure.[22] The U.S. Preventive Services Task
Force recommends that people between 9 and 25 years of age be advised to avoid
ultraviolet light.[23]
The risk of developing skin cancer can be reduced through a number of measures
including: decreasing indoor tanning and mid day sun exposure, increasing the use
ofsunscreen,[24] and avoiding the use of tobacco products.
There is insufficient evidence either for or against screening for skin
cancers.[25] Vitamin supplements and antioxidant supplements have not been found
to have an effect in prevention.[26] Evidence for a benefit from dietary measures is
tentative.
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17. Symptoms and prevention Of Acne
Typical features of acne include: seborrhea (increased oil sebum secretion),
comedones, papules, pustules,
nodules (large papules), and possibly scarring.The appearance of acne varies with
skin colour.It may result in psychological and social problems.
Some of the large nodules were previously called "cysts" and the
term nodulocystic has been used to describe severe cases of inflammatory
acne.The "cysts", or boils that accompany cystic acne, can appear on the
buttocks, groin, and armpit area, and anywhere else where sweat collects in hair
follicles and perspiration ducts.Cystic acne affects deeper skin tissue than does
common acne.
 Keep face clean.
 Moisturize face regularly.
 Try an over-the-counter acne product.
 Use makeup sparingly.
 Watch what to put on hair.
 Keep hands off the face.
 Stay out of the sun.
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18. Human ear
The ear is the organ that detects sound. It not only receives sound,
but also aids in balance and body position. The ear is part of the
auditory system.
Ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium. The human ear consists of
outer, middle, and inner parts. The outer ear is the visible portion; it
includes the skin-covered flap of cartilage known as the auricle, or
pinna, and the opening (auditory canal) leading to the eardrum
(tympanic membrane).
Often the entire organ is considered the ear, though it may also be
considered just the visible portion. In most mammals, the visible ear is
a flap of tissue that is also called the pinna (or auricle in humans) and
is the first of many steps in hearing. Vertebrates have a pair of ears
placed somewhat symmetrically on opposite sides of the head. This
arrangement aids in the ability to localize sound sources.
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19. Symptoms & prevention of tinnitus
The most common cause of tinnitus is hearing loss that occurs with aging
(presbycusis), but it can also be caused by living or working around loud noises
(acoustic trauma). Tinnitus can occur with all types of hearing loss and may be a
symptom of almost any ear disorder. Other possible causes of tinnitus include:
 A buildup of earwax.
 Medicines, especially antibiotics or large amounts of aspirin.
 Drinking an excessive amount of alcohol or caffeinated beverages.
 Ear infections or eardrum rupture.
 Injuries, such as whiplash or a direct blow to the ear or head.
 Injury to the inner ear following surgery or radiation therapy to the head or neck.
 Severe weight loss from malnutrition or excessive dieting.
Most tinnitus that comes and goes does not require medical treatment. We may need
to see our doctor if tinnitus occurs with other symptoms, does not get better or go
away, or is in only one ear. There may not be a cure for tinnitus, but our doctor can
help us learn how to live with the problem and make sure a more serious problem is
not causing our symptoms.
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20. Symptoms & rectification of cauliflower ear
The initial symptoms of the types of injuries that lead to cauliflower ear are similar to the
symptoms one might experience from blunt trauma elsewhere in the body. You may have
swelling, and the area may be red or bruised. So it's important not to shrug off such
symptoms if you have received a blow, or multiple blows, to the ear. Prompt treatment
can prevent the development of cauliflower ear. But it must be performed before the
tissue is compromised by lack of blood flow.
The most important thing you can do to prevent cauliflower ear is to wear the
appropriate head gear when engaging in activities that increase your risk for ear trauma,
such as wrestling, boxing, rugby, and other close-contact sports. It's crucial to get a
proper fit for protective head gear. A helmet that's too loose can slip out of place, leaving
you vulnerable to injury. One that's too tight may itself be damaging to the ears,
especially as you repeatedly rub it against your ears putting it on and taking it off.
Athletes should remember to use protective gear during practices. And those thinking
about high ear piercings may want to talk with their doctor first.
Another important step in the prevention of cauliflower ear is to be aware of the risks
and to have a doctor evaluate any trauma to the ear, even if it seems superficial.
Treatment can help prevent the unsightly, often permanent, cosmetic effects of
cauliflower ear. But it has to be done very soon after the injury occurs to be effective.20

21. TONGUE
The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the
floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which
manipulate food for mastication.It is the
primary organ of taste,as much of the upper
surface of the tongue is covered in taste
buds.It is sensitive and kept moist b saliva and
is richly supplied with nerves and blood
vessels.In humans the tongue also serves as a
natural means of cleaning ones teeth.
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22. Oral Cancer
Symptoms of oral cancer:-
 Unexpected bleeding in the mouth.
 Ear pain.
 Dramatic weight loss.
 Change in voice.
Prevention:-
 No smocking.
 Less consumption of alcohol.
 Less sun exposure.
Family history of cancer is also a very reason to
oral cancer.
22

23. Hairy Tongue
Symptoms:-
Other than the appearance,most people with hairy tongue
don’t have any symptom.
Sometimes there is a burning sensation on tongue,called
glossopyrosis.Sometimes even tickling feeling called nausea.
Causes:-
 Poor oral hygiene.
 Smocking tobacco.
 Drinking a lot of tea or coffee.
 Being hydrated.
Rectification:-
 Quit smocking.
 Adding more roughage to diet. 23

24. Thank You
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