Deconstruction of Literature MatrixSource 1S.docx

Deconstruction of Literature Matrix
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
APA Reference
LaMontagne, L. (2015). MarketingSherpa consumer purchase
preference survey: Demographics of customer reasons to follow
brands’ social accounts. Retrieved from
https://www.marketingsherpa.com/article/chart/demographics-
why-customer-follow-brands-social-media
Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., & Richard, M. O. (2013). To be or
not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by
social media? International Journal of Information Management,
33(1). 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.07.003
M. Onur Gulbahar, M. O. &.Fazli, Y. (2015). Marketing efforts
related to Social Media channels and mobile application usage
in Tourism: a Case study in Istanbul. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 195(3). 453-462.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.489
Purpose & Significance (Theme)
Discover why people from different ages and locations follow
product brands on social media.
The research aimed to understand the effects of Social media,
and customer loyalty regarding product brands.

The author’s research exemplified the efforts performed by
hotel management in Istanbul to market hotel services on Social
media channels, and mobile applications.
Research Question(s):
For which of the following reasons, if any, do you follow, like,
and/or connect with a brand's social media account(s)?
Is brand loyalty affected by the social media?
Which social media channel is preferred for marketing efforts in
Turkey or which channels are used by companies for CRM
based efforts?
Design and Population:
Study Design
Subjects
The population used was diverse. People from the age of 18 to
above 65 were used. They were from different genders and
occupations.
The research focused on 441 respondents. The research did not
identify the specific ages or locations of the subjects used.
The research concentrated on nineteen hotels in Istanbul.
Methodology:
Instrumentation
Procedures
Statistical Analysis
Limitations & Assumptions
Online survey. The research was carried out using different
social media platforms. This was to know the number of people
using the platforms and to know the effect that the platforms
have on them when it comes to following a brand on the social
media.
Researchers sent questionnaires through several posts on
websites, such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter along with
distribution lists. The research process and all the procedures
took place on the social media. This was to make sure that
information is only gathered from the involved parties.
In-depth questions; field survey. For the research to obtain
information that could be of help, a field survey was done. This

included visiting some hotels within Istanbul and asking
questions about the effects of social media on their marketing
strategies. Nineteen hotels were interviewed.
Results:
Key Findings:
Hypothesis Supported
The young are the most likely to follow up brands on the social
media whereas the elderly rarely follow up brands on the social
media. At the same time, the research also found out that most
of the people who follow brands on the social media differ. A
big number of women followed products on the social media
than men. The presence on the social media had an effect on the
number of people who follow brands on the social media (Hajli,
2016). However, not all people who have access to social media
had an interest in following brands on the social media.
The social media has an effect on brand trust which later leads
to brand loyalty (Onur &Fazli, 2015). The research found out
that there is a bond between the social media users and the
social media platforms. With that in mind, it would be easy to
convince a big number of people to be loyal to a brand by
making sure that the brand is available in the social media and
all the information about the brand is provided as well.
Many hotels are utilizing the social media on marketing. Only
one out of all hotels that were interviewed did not use the social
media for its marketing purposes. That is a sign that many
hotels were using the social media as a platform to market their
products. It was also realized that some of the hotels do not
only use the social media as a marketing platform but as a
channel where they get to interact with their customers or
potential customers.
Conclusions:
Are the conclusions valid based on the data and analysis?
The conclusions made were in line with the data collected. That
can be supported by the data presented in the charts and the
conclusions made by the researcher (LaMontagne, 205).
Looking at the conclusion, one would notice that the findings

were factored in. At the same time, the findings were made in
consideration of the data collected. The data clearly showed that
young people are the ones likely to follow brands on the social
media. The same case is given on the conclusions
The conclusions made in the research were made in line with
the findings and with the data collected. Looking at the
conclusions and looking at the findings one would notice a
similarity; the conclusions were made by the findings. It was
found out that if an organization is interested in promoting
brand loyalty, then the social media might not be a bad platform
(Raji, 2014). The reason was that people who are on social
media are looking for recognition and recognizing them is
winning their attention, and that leads to them loving a product,
trusting it and later being loyal to the company and the product.
The conclusions made were based on data collected. Looking at
the findings, one would realize that most hotels in Istanbul have
been using the social media as a platform to market their
products (Laroche et al. 2013). With this in mind, it is obvious
that the research made sure that every finding was factored in
conclusion.
Topics for Further Research
Impact of social media on marketing
The social media and its effects on the marketing industry.
The effects of social media on marketing
© 2011. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction:
Likert scale, rating system, used in questionnaires, that is
designed to measure people’s attitudes, opinions, or
perceptions. Subjects choose from a range of possible responses
to a specific question or statement; responses typically include
“strongly agree,” “agree,” “neutral,” “disagree,” and “strongly
disagree.” Often, the categories of response are coded
numerically, in which case the numerical values must be defined

for that specific study, such as 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree,
and so on. The Likert scale is named for American social
scientist Rensis Likert, who devised the approach in 1932.
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Categories of response
Generally, a Likert scale presents the respondent with a
statement and asks the respondent to rate the extent to which he
or she agrees with it. Variations include presenting the subject
with a question rather than a statement. The categories of
response are mutually exclusive and usually cover the full range
of opinion. Some researchers include a “don’t know” option, to
distinguish between respondents who do not feel sufficiently
informed to give an opinion and those who are “neutral” on the
topic.
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Running head: DECONSTRUCTION OF LITERATURE
1
DECONSTRUCTION OF LITERATURE
9
Deconstruction of Literature
Essay: Source One
Research was conducted by the editorial manager of
MarketSherpa, known as Dr. Liva LaMontagne. The title of the
research was “MarketSherpa consumer purchase preferences
survey: Demographics of customers’ reasons to follow brand’s
social accounts.” The purpose of the research focused into
matters related to consumers following brands on the social
media (LaMontagne, 2015). The research sought to
fundamentally understand reasons why consumers preferred
following brands on social media, the age group who is more
likely to do so, and the type of products people mostly look for
on social media. The research question is, “Why do people
follow brands on the social media? The statement of the
problem was to know why people are shifting to social media to
follow up brands (LaMontagne, 2015).
Methodology
The author comprised the information from an online survey.
Consumer study individuals were United States citizens. In an
effort to provide credible results, and represent people from all
age groups, researchers used individuals, ages eighteen to sixty-
five years of age. Customers selected for this specific research
study were male and female participants. Consumers were

chosen from different parts of the country, and in the findings;
the results were filed according to where the subjects came
from. The researcher applied other strategic methods to
understand the reason why consumers follow products on social
media.
The authored examined motivating factors based on the paradox
of human instinct. The practice shapes information of inquiry to
consumer’s reference source of social media websites, and
distinct motivating reasons. Data collection occurred
systematically to ensure the best possible results. Study
participants were provided the same questions, which eliminated
biases, and provided a premise of research data concerning
exact products individuals seek on social media. Participants
were provided freedom to verbalize their views on any subject
matter directly related to the research question, and the
opportunity to choose other alternative means used to research
product brands.
Results
The results of the findings examined how individuals who
follow brands and products on social media are young
consumers compared to mature consumers. However, there were
individuals from different genders, and geographical regions.
The research stated seventy-four percent of consumers in the
age bracket of fifty-five to sixty-four use social media. Seventy-
one percent of participants sixty-five years and older indicated
their use social media. An overwhelming ninety-five percent of
individuals ages eighteen to forty-four use social media, and
eighty-five percent of participants forty-five to fifty-four
explained their access of social media. However, when it comes
to individuals who follow brands on social media, the numbers
were intrinsic, and fundamentally different, because according
to LaMontagne (2015), only thirty-five of people aged from 54
years and above followed brands on social media.

The essence and evaluation of gender results were quite
different. Eighty-seven percent of women used social media, but
only sixty-one percent followed product brands on social media.
Whereas, eighty-two percent of male participants accessed
social media, and only fifty-five percent followed product
brands on social media.
Looking at the results, one realizes there are distinctive
differences between access to social media, and following
product brands on social media. At the same time, ages, and
genders matter when it comes to following product brands on
social media outlets.
Conclusion
Social media is a platform used by consumers as a socialization
mechanism, and business forum. The research provided an
indicative balance of the effects of social media on different
users. Researchers provided credible details that answer
research questions, and assist with understanding why, and who
uses social media to follow product brands. The findings project
factual evidence related to knowledge that mature age groups in
society may not use social media outlets as routine as younger
consumers, and women are better suited as leading users of
social media.
Essay- Source Two
Research was conducted by Michel Laroche, Mohammad Reza
Habibi, and Marie-Odile Richard. The title of the research is
“To be or not to be in social media: How Brand loyalty is
affected by social media?”, and the purpose of the research
evaluated how social media has an effect on brand loyalty. The
research has focused on the availability of individuals on social
media platforms (Laroche et al, 2013). Researchers elicited
different social media platforms. The key concepts discussed in
the research were if social media has the capability of

influencing brand trust, if social media is a suitable platform for
brand promotion, and the effects social media has on
relationships of customers, brands, and organizations.
Methodology
The research did not provide specifics on the demographics of
the participants. However, the number of individuals questioned
was four hundred and forty-one. Participants were located using
social media, and researchers used different ways to solicit
potential subjects. Social media provides numerous platforms
users utilize to communicate, and inform one another, and the
researchers used those platforms to ideally provide answers to
research problems. Researchers concluded Facebook,
Wikipedia, YouTube, Twitter, and Second Life are widely used
platforms, which provided a large number of potential subjects.
Marketing of goods on social media is exercised by many
organizations in the modern day. Researchers took advantage of
such strategies, and asked about their performance (Laroche et
al, 2013). This lesson taught researchers the psychological
effects social media has in society. Research identified that
social media is used by many who seek a sense of belonging.
Therefore, realization demonstrated infectiously by
organizations that use social media are more likely to have
consumers who feel connected to the organization or brand,
which establishes a sense of belonging. By learning, and
understanding social media trends, researchers succinctly
established how the relationship between the users, the brand,
and organizational marketing is affected.
Results
The researchers evaluated how the availability of a brand on
social media has an effect on the relations of the brand, the
users, and the organization. Research discovered that most of
the modern generation is salient to social media based on
socialization purposes. With this in mind, an organization that
uses the same platform attracts a large number of users.

According to the study, the interactions that take place on social
media have an effect on the users. There are cases of
individuals who met on social media, and ended up being long
time close friends, and even soul mates. Offering insight if an
organization would use this opportunity, they gain the
capability of attracting users to their product brands.
Social media is not only a place where people meet, and
socialize, but also an informative platform. A good example is
Wikipedia, where users search for information needed. If an
organization posts information on social media, they can attract
a large number of users (Laroche et al, 2013). When users are
attracted to a brand, it is the responsibility of the organization
to provide consumers with information about the product brand,
and provide a continuous chain of communication. This is a
tactful organization approach to attract social media users,
influence brand trust, which leads to brand loyalty.
Conclusion
The researchers provided exemplary and credible results based
on factual evidence of study. Realization of results announced
the effect social media has on modern society. Modern day
organizations solicit products on social media, and to some
effect have over-populated the platform.
Social media platform has an effect on brand loyalty, leading
one to inquire, “If social media did not have an influence on
brand loyalty, then why are more organizations marketing their
products on social media? Well, if social media was not bearing
any fruit, it is more likely no organization would be interested
in marketing goods on the social media platform.
Essay- Source Three
Research was conducted by M. Onur Gulbahar, and Yildirim
Fazli. The topic of the research was “Marketing Efforts Related

to Social Media Channels and Mobile Application Usage in
Tourism: Case Study in Istanbul." Research looked into way
social media has affected the tourism sector. Organizations use
social media to market goods and services, the study expounded
on the most used social media platforms, and the research
concentrated on hotels in Istanbul, and Turkey (Gulgahar &
Fazli, 2015). The research question was “Which social media
channel is preferred for marketing efforts in Turkey or which
channels are used by companies for CRM based efforts?”, and
the research problem identified the most used social media
platforms, and understanding how organizations use such
platforms.
Methodology
The research focused on the tourism sector, and briefly touched
on the hotel situation in those locations. To obtain credible
information, researchers used nineteen different hotels. There
were questions which developed, primarily the same, which
ensured the gathered results would properly assist researchers.
Researchers made sure each hotel questioned identified social
media platforms used to market services. Social media
platforms included in the research were Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter, LinkedIn, Foursquare, Google+, Pinterest, and
websites. The researchers looked at the effectiveness of using
different platforms in the hotel, and looked at the challenges
faced by the hotels using the platforms.
To avoid biases, researchers not evaluated hotels that use social
media platforms; they also included hotels that do not use social
media platforms. The selection model used was random
sampling. This method ensured researchers did not have
information about the subjects, made certain the process
remained ethical, and met research requirements, and standards.
The research focused on social media platforms accessed on a
computer system, and mobile applications. This assisted with
understanding if the availability of technology devices can

hinder the entire process.
Results
Research results suggests out of the nineteen hotels evaluated,
only one hotel did not have a social media marketing
mechanism in place. However, though they did not have a social
media marketing arrangement, they did have three social media
platforms in place; Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.
Information revealed there are different factors that affect
social media marketing strategy, and customer age is one of
them (Raji, 2014). Some hotels receive clients from specific age
groups who do not access social media regularly. The group
preference angled towards watching news coverage or reading
newspapers. Therefore, attempting to attract this age group
through social media outlets would not provide a fruitful
financial bottom line.
Hotel location played a important role in the study. Locations
near airports are in advantageous position, and benefit from
social media marketing. They are easier to locate through social
media, and easy to access the hotels once consumers land in
specific destinations.
Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are social media platforms
used in the study by the hotels. In most cases, the hotels posted
promotions, and advertisements for clients. Some hotels
consulted with visitors to obtain feedback, and provide
information concerning advertisements or services provided.
Some limitations were realized in using social media to
advertise hotel products, and many did not have a department
that dealt with social media marketing.
Conclusion
The authors provided an exorable research related to the subject
matter. The research did not concentrate on one aspect, but

sought a deeper research approach to social media and
marketing (Gulbahar & Fazli, 2015). In the modern day,
locating information on social media about hotels is a signature
process, and depicted in the research. Researchers provided
information on issues concerning challenges faced by the hotels
that use social media as a marketing platform. The methodology
and findings note many hotels benefit from social media
platforms.
References
LaMontagne, L. (2015). MarketingSherpa consumer purchase
preference survey: Demographics
of customer reasons to follow brands’ social accounts.
Retrieved from
why-customer-follow
brands-social-media
not to be in social media: How
brand loyalty is affected by social media? International Journal
of Information
Management, 33(1). 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.07.003
Gulbahar, M. O. &.Fazli, Y. (2015). Marketing efforts related to
Social Media channels and
mobile application usage in tourism: Case study in Istanbul.
Procedia Social and
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.489
Raji, S. (2014). Online Social Media and Networks: Impact on
Marketing Practice. Retrieved
from https://www.ama.org/publications/e-
publications/pages/ama-journal-reader-july-14
social-media.aspx

APA Reference
LaMontagne, L.(2015). MarketingSherpa consumer purchase
preference survey: Demographics of customer reasons to follow
brands’ social accounts. Retrieved from
why-customer-follow-brands-social-media
Kiráľová. A. & Pavlíčeka, A. (2014). Development of Social
Media strategies in tourism destination. Procedia- Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 175. 358–366.
doi.10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1211
Sharda, H. & Motwani, B. (2015). Discriminant model for
online viral marketing influencing consumers behavioural
intention. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social
Sciences, 1(1). 49–56.
doi:10.1016/j.psrb.2015.12.002Erdogmus, I. E. & Cicek, M.
(2012). The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty.
Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58. 1353-1360.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1119
Tong, B. & Tung-lung, C. S. (2014). Finding disseminators via
electronic word of mouth message for effective marketing
communications. Decision Support Systems, 67. 21–29.
doi:10.1016/j.dss.2014.07.006
Researchers provided gradations to establish population
characteristics of following social accounts of brands.
The epistemology aimed to establish how tourist destination
collaborates with tourists or customers online via social
networks, and the effect it has on product sales.
Didactic research succinct how individuals leverage viral
marketing, whereby messages are sent to millions of people on
social profiles within a short period of time.
Researchers presented an examination aimed at identifying the
effects social media marketing has imposed on brand loyalty.

The research established whether online customer reviews on
friends social networks lead to growth in sales.
For which of the following reasons, if any, do you follow, like,
and/or connect with a brand's social media account(s)?
The participants were asked to send profiles for a virtual tour of
Cape Town’s least explored areas, amongst other questions
Multiple questions on questionnaires.
Questions presented tested loyalty, and why consumers stick to
brands on social media, and different categories.
As a consumer, do you like to talk to your friends about certain
products?
Methodology:
Online Survey
Theoretical background study of social media sites and practical
observations
Questionnaires
Administration of structured questionnaires
Survey Questionnaire
Source 6
Source 7
Source 8
Source 9
Source 10
APA Reference
Hajli, N. M. (2014). A study of the impact of social media on
consumers. International Journal of Market Research, 56(3).
387-404. doi:10.2501/UMR-2014-02

Hudson, S., Roth, M. S., Madden, T. J., & Hudson, R. (2014).
The effects of social media on emotions, brand relationship
quality, and word of mouth: An empirical study of music
festival attendees. Tourism Management, 47. 68-76.
doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.0911
not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by
social media? International Journal of Information Management,
33(1). 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.07.003M. Onur
Gulbahar, M. O. &.Fazli, Y. (2015). Marketing efforts related
to Social Media channels and mobile application usage in
tourism: Case study in Istanbul. Procedia - Social and
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.489
Nicholls, J. (2012). Everyday, everywhere: Alcohol marketing
and Social Media—Current trends. School of Humanities and
Cultural Industries, 47(4). 486-493. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/ags043
The study produced analytical details explaining how consumers
of various brands interconnect using the Internet, and Social
media.
Researchers focused on the effects of Social media on
relationships of customers on product brands.
The research aimed to understand the effects of Social media,
and customer loyalty regarding product brands.
The author’s research exemplified the efforts performed by
hotel management in Istanbul to market hotel services on Social
media channels, and mobile applications.
Nicholls research illustrates the effects of Social media, and
marketing of alcohol brands in the United Kingdom.
Do social media in social networking sites affect the user’s
trust?
Do PU and trust affect the user’s intention to buy?

Which factors (PU or trust?) are more important in determining
the user’s intention to buy?
To what extent does social media interaction affect consumers'
emotional attachment with festival brands?
Do stronger brand relationships, cultivated through social media
interaction, enhance the willingness to recommend the brand?
The research provided an interesting questionnaire.
Which social media channel is preferred for marketing efforts in
Turkey or which channels are used by companies for CRM
based efforts?
Which of our reds is your favorite?
If you were a Blossom Hill wine, which would you be?
Methodology:
PLS-SEM
Surveys were administered online
Researchers sent questionnaires through several posts on
websites, such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter along with
distribution lists.
In-depth questions; field survey
The researchers used Standard screen capture technology to take
snapshots of complete Twitter timelines, and Facebook walls
with the brands.
© 2011. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Running head: EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING ON
MARKETING 1
3
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING ON MARKETING

Effects of Social Networking on Marketing
Consumer purchase intentions
Social networking has changed the relationship between
marketing of brands, and consumer purchase behaviors. Nearly
all brands and products are available for customers on the social
media stage. This twenty-first century technology provides
purchasing options for consumers, because it allows them to
control how they purchase goods and services from “brick and
mortar” corporations.
Through the social media platform companies create strategies
to analyze, and understand their target market. Studies
conducted by DEI Worldwide (2008), reveal “seventy percent of
customers refer to social media sites to obtain information, and
forty nine percent of consumers make purchase decisions based
on information obtained from social media sites.” The same
study suggests sixty percent of consumers use social media to
transfer information to other individuals, and forty five percent
who searched for information on social media sites are involved
in oral advertisements. Social media has therefore transferred
power from firms to individuals, and can greatly have an effect
on the popularity of a commercial brand (Kim & Kou, 2012).
The majority of consumers obtain information about the
products, goods, and services they use on social media.
Therefore, firms must identify consumer purchase intentions,
and the influence of social media. As a result of the significant
influence social media has on the purchase of goods,
organizations who discount social media’s strategic marking
prominence are not reaching a growing consumer nugget.
Factors which influence consumer purchase intentions include,
product purchase value, communication rate of the product on
social media, and product brand (Wei & Wang, 2012). Each
factor is studied independently with relation to purchase
intention, because of the distinct influences it has on consumer

purchase intentions.
References
DEI Worldwide (2008). The impact of social media on
purchasing behavior. Engaging
Consumers Online, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.deiworldwide.com/files/DEIStudy-
Kim, A. J., & Ko, E. (2012). Do social media marketing
activities enhance customer equity? An
empirical study of luxury fashion brand. Journal of Business
Research, 65(10), 1480-
1486.
Wang, X., Yu, C., & Wei, Y. (2012). Social media, peer
communication, and impacts on
purchase intentions: A consumer socialization framework.
Journal of Interactive
Marketing, 26(4), 198-208.
Effects of Social Networking
1
Unsatisfactory
0.00%
2
Less than Satisfactory
75.00%
3
Satisfactory
79.00%
4
Good
87.00%
5
Excellent
100.00%
70.0 %Content

60.0 %Discussion of how social networking has affected
successful marketing of products and services
Discussion of how social networking has affected successful
marketing of products and services is either not present or not
evident to the reader.
marketing of products and services is present but incomplete
marketing of products and services but discussion is cursory and
lacking depth.
marketing of products and services is clearly presented.
Arguments support claims and are convincing. Claims
demonstrate a grasp of course material.
marketing of products and services is clearly presented.
Arguments support claims and are convincing and insightful.
Claims demonstrate a thorough grasp of course material.
10.0 %Synthesis and Argument
No synthesis of source information is evident. Statement of
purpose is not followed to a justifiable conclusion. The
conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is
incoherent and uses non-credible sources.
Synthesis of source information is attempted, but is not
successful. Sufficient justification of claims is lacking.
Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the
logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.
Synthesis of source information is present, but pedantic.
Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The
argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument
logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources
used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the
thesis.
Synthesis of source information is present and meaningful.

Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of
argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of
claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are
authoritative.
Synthesis of source information is present and scholarly.
Argument is clear and convincing presenting a persuasive claim
in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are
authoritative. The synthesis and argument in the paper are of
publication caliber.
20.0 %ORganization and Effectiveness
20.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.
Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or
vague; purpose is not clear.
Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to
purpose.
Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development
of the paper. They are descriptive and reflective of the
arguments and appropriate to the purpose.
Thesis and/or main claim are clear and comprehensive; the
essence of the paper is contained within the thesis. The
development indicated by the thesis and/or main claim is
acceptable for publication.
10.0 %Format
5.0 %Mechanics of Writing
Mechanical errors are pervasive enough that they impede
communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or
sentence construction are used.
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader.
Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence
structure, and/or word choice are present.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly

distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and
audience-appropriate language are used.
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may
be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective
figures of speech are used.
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic
English.
5.0 %APA Format
Required format is rarely followed correctly. An appropriate
number of topic-related scholarly research sources and related
in-text citations is not present. No reference page is included.
No citations are used.
Required format is attempted, but some elements are missing or
mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent. Some
included sources are not scholarly research or topic-related.
Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used.
Required format is used correctly, although some minor errors
may be present. Scholarly research sources are present and
topic-related, but the source and quality of some references is
questionable. Reference page is included and lists sources used
in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although
some errors may be present.
Required format is fully used. There are virtually no errors in
formatting style. Scholarly research accounts for the majority of
sources presented and is topic-related and obtained from
reputable professional sources. Reference page is present and
fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is
appropriate and citation style is usually correct.
The document is correctly formatted to publication standards.
All research presented is scholarly, topic-related, and obtained
from highly respected, professional, original sources. In-text
citations and a reference page are complete and correct. The
documentation of cited sources is free of error. The paper could
readily be accepted for publication.

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