Lossless compression removes redundant data to reduce file size while exactly preserving all original data. It is used when losing any information would be unacceptable, as in text, medical, and satellite images. Lossy compression tolerates some data loss, allowing greater compression for media like audio and video where perfect reconstruction is unnecessary so long as quality remains high. Compression performance is measured by ratio, distortion, rate, fidelity, and information content, with the goal of maximizing compression while minimizing loss of quality.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
5. Lossless Compression
In lossless data compression, the integrity of the data is preserved.
The original data and the data after compression and decompression are exactly the same because,
in these methods, the compression and decompression algorithms are exact inverses of each other:
no part of the data is lost in the process.
Redundant data is removed in compression and added during decompression. Lossless
compression methods are normally used when we cannot afford to lose any data.
6. Lossless Compression: Examples
• Text Compression
• It is very important that the reconstruction is identical to the text
original, as very small differences can result in statements with very
different meanings.
Consider the sentences “Do not send money” and
“Do now send money.”
7. Lossless Compression: Examples
suppose we compressed a radiological image in a lossy fashion, and the
difference between the reconstruction and the original was visually
undetectable.
If this image was later enhanced, the previously undetectable differences
may cause the appearance of artifacts that could seriously mislead the
radiologist
8. Lossless Compression: Examples
• Data obtained from satellites often are processed later to obtain
different numerical indicators of vegetation, deforestation, and so on.
• If the reconstructed data are not identical to the original data,
processing may result in “enhancement” of the differences.
• It may not be possible to go back and obtain the same data over
again
9. Lossy Compression
• Lossy compression techniques involve some loss of information, and data
that have been compressed using lossy techniques generally cannot be
recovered or reconstructed exactly.
• In many applications, this lack of exact reconstruction is not a problem.
• For example, when storing or transmitting speech, the exact value of each
sample of speech is not necessary.
• Similarly, when viewing a reconstruction of a video sequence, the fact that
the reconstruction is different from the original is generally not important
as long as the differences do not result in annoying artifacts.
• Thus, video is generally compressed using lossy compression.
10.
11. Performance of data compression technique
• (i) Compression ratio
• (ii) Distortion
• (iii) Compression rate
• (iv) Fidelity and Quality
• (v) Self Information
12. Compression ratio:
• The ratio of the number of bits required to represent the data before
compression to the number of bits required to represent the data
after compression.
• Ex. Suppose storing n image requires 65536 bytes, this image is
compressed and the compressed version requires 16384 bytes.
• Compression Ratio=Bits required before compression / Bits required after compression
= 65536/16384 = 4
• So the compression ratio is 4:1.
• It can be also represented in terms of reduction in the amount of data
required as a percentage i.e 75%
• ie =( (4-1)/4)*100= 75
13. Distortion
• The difference between the original and the
reconstruction is called as ‘Distortion’.
• Lossy techniques are generally used for the compression
of data that originate as analog signals, such as speech
and video.
• Absolute difference measure
d(x,y)= | x-y |
Squared error measure
d(x,y)=(x-y)2
14.
15. Compression rate
•
• It is the average number of bits required to represent a
single sample
• Ex. In the case of the compressed image if we assume 8
bits per byte (or pixel) the average number of bits per
pixel in the compressed representation is 2.
• Thus we would say that the compression rate is 2 bits/
pixel
16.
17. Fidelity and Quality:
• The difference between the reconstruction and the
are fidelity and quality.
• When we say that the fidelity or quality of a
is high, we mean that the difference between the
reconstruction and the original is small.
• Whether the difference is a mathematical or a perceptual
difference should be evident from the context
18.
19. Ex. The barking of a dog during a burglary is a high probability event and therefore does
not contain too much information theory. However if the dog did not bark furring a
burglary, this is a low-probability event and contains a lot of information.
26. If we were to transmit or store the binary representations of these numbers, we would need to use 5 bits per
sample. The structure in the data can be characterized by an equation
CASE 1
27. • The difference between the data and the model. The difference (or residual) is given by
the
• 010 −1 1 −101 −1 −111
• The residual sequence consists of only three numbers −1 0 1.
• Assign a code of 00 to −1,
• a code of 01 to 0,
• and a code of 10 to 1,
• 01 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 00 00 10 10
• so need to use 2 bits to represent each element of the residual sequence.
• Therefore, compression can be obtained by transmitting or storing the parameters of the
model and the residual sequence
28.
29. • The sequence does not seem to follow a simple law as in the previous case.
• Each value is close to the previous value.
• Suppose we send the first value, then in place of subsequent values we send
the difference between it and the previous value.
CASE 2
30. The sequence of transmitted values would be
• The number of distinct values has been reduced.
• Fewer bits are required to represent each number and compression is achieved.
• The decoder adds each received value to the previous decoded value to obtain the
reconstruction corresponding to the received value.
• Techniques that use the past values of a sequence to predict the current value and then encode
the error in prediction, or residual, are called predictive coding schemes