Simultaneous Electrochemical Measurement using Paper Fluidic Channel on CMOS ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper described the new system of biosensing using CMOS chip. The system was expected
to be used in various circumstances because it was suitable for miniaturization compared to the
conventional system. To conduct electrochemical measurements, the new system used paper fluidic
channel set on the CMOS chip to transport solution to the on-chip electrodes. The materials of paper fluidic
channel were only paper and silicone resin, and these were biocompatible. In experiment, we carried out
simultaneous detection of glucose and ethanol in liquid sample solutions on the 5mm square CMOS chip
and paper fluidic channel. Furthermore, this system can detect various target molecules in addition to
glucose and ethanol, and increase number of simultaneous measurement by adding some more process
to the paper and CMOS chip.
Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of...ijperSS
ABSTRACT
A series of novel (Z)-3-(2-(4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl) thiazol-2-yl-)hydrazono)indolin-2-one (8a-8d, 9) were synthesized with various substituted indole derivatives. Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and API-ES Mass spectral data. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the complexes measurement against the human cancer T-lymphocyte cell lines. In vitro evaluation of these title complexes revealed cytotoxicity from 6.8-18µg/mL against CEM, 9.2-21µg/mL against L1210, 10-19µg/mL against Molt4/C8, 8-12µg/mL against HL60 and 8-16µg/mL against BEL7402. Coumarin derivatives 8c and 8d showed that quite significant anticancer activities. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated by DPPH scavenging method. Compounds 8c, 8d and 9 showed significant antioxidant activity compared with that of standard drug, ascorbic acid.
Key words: Coumarin, DPPH, Cytotoxic activity.
In this study, a new Shimadzu electrolytic suppressor was used as part of a Shimadzu modular IC system to determine inorganic anions according to methods EPA 300.
Simultaneous Electrochemical Measurement using Paper Fluidic Channel on CMOS ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper described the new system of biosensing using CMOS chip. The system was expected
to be used in various circumstances because it was suitable for miniaturization compared to the
conventional system. To conduct electrochemical measurements, the new system used paper fluidic
channel set on the CMOS chip to transport solution to the on-chip electrodes. The materials of paper fluidic
channel were only paper and silicone resin, and these were biocompatible. In experiment, we carried out
simultaneous detection of glucose and ethanol in liquid sample solutions on the 5mm square CMOS chip
and paper fluidic channel. Furthermore, this system can detect various target molecules in addition to
glucose and ethanol, and increase number of simultaneous measurement by adding some more process
to the paper and CMOS chip.
Synthesis, characterization, in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of...ijperSS
ABSTRACT
A series of novel (Z)-3-(2-(4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl) thiazol-2-yl-)hydrazono)indolin-2-one (8a-8d, 9) were synthesized with various substituted indole derivatives. Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and API-ES Mass spectral data. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the complexes measurement against the human cancer T-lymphocyte cell lines. In vitro evaluation of these title complexes revealed cytotoxicity from 6.8-18µg/mL against CEM, 9.2-21µg/mL against L1210, 10-19µg/mL against Molt4/C8, 8-12µg/mL against HL60 and 8-16µg/mL against BEL7402. Coumarin derivatives 8c and 8d showed that quite significant anticancer activities. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated by DPPH scavenging method. Compounds 8c, 8d and 9 showed significant antioxidant activity compared with that of standard drug, ascorbic acid.
Key words: Coumarin, DPPH, Cytotoxic activity.
In this study, a new Shimadzu electrolytic suppressor was used as part of a Shimadzu modular IC system to determine inorganic anions according to methods EPA 300.
Sensitive and selective detection of chemical residues in hops is necessary to ensure protection of consumers and the environment. Methods using LC-MS provide efficient and effective detection of chemical residues in a complex sample matrix such as hops. Presented here is an LC-MS method for detection of over 150 analytes in hops and a market survey of over 50 different hops pellets samples.
LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of carbinoxamine in human plasmaIOSR Journals
A simple, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for determination of carbinoxamine in human plasma using pargeverine HCl as an internal standard. The procedure involves a simple protein precipitation technique using BDS HYPERSIL C8 (100 x 4.6mm) column. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile: buffer (25mm ammonium formate solution) (80:20). Precipitation was done using acetonitrile and detection was done in MRM mode, using an Electro Spray positive ionization. The ion transition monitored was (m/z) carbinoxamine (Q1 Mass: 291.2; Q3 Mass: 167.1), Internal standard (Q1 Mass: 338.1; Q3 Mass; 167.0). The retention time of carbinoxamine and internal Standard were 1.61 and 1.75 respectively. Method was evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, sensitivity. The simple extraction procedure and short chromatographic runtime make the method suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring studies.
Haemolysis effect of Mefenamic Acid 250 mg Capsule in Bio analysis by liquid ...IOSR Journals
A rapid, simple and specific method for estimation of Mefenamic acid in human plasma was validated using Indomethacin as internal standard. The analyte and internal standard were extracted from plasma using simple solid phase extraction. The compound were separated on a reverse-phase column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 2 mM Ammonium Acetate in Water and acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) and detected by tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. The ion transition recorded in multiple reaction monitoring mode were m/z 240.1 196.0 for Mefenamic acid and m/z 356.1312.0 for internal standard. Linearity in plasma was observed over the concentration range 35.000 – 7000.000 ng/mL for Mefenamic acid. The cv of the assay was 4.89 % to 5.98 % and accuracy was 99.36 to 102.20 % Intra and Interday respectively at LLOQ level. The validated method was applied to bioequivalence study of 250 mg Mefenamic acid in 28 healthy human volunteers. Total 50 samples from individual volunteers identified as Haemolyzed which were analyze initial and repeat again to cross check the method reproducibity for Haeamolysis effect and compared which found acceptable range
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
the presentation contain ways used to estimate proteins, this presentation prepared by TONNYBITE, a student from KILIMANJARO CHRISTIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TANZANIA
Integrated hemolysis monitoring for bottom-up protein bioanalysisAnne Kleinnijenhuis
Triskelion developed an LC-MS method module to quantify hemolysis. Analyte protein and hemoglobin are analyzed simultaneously, which saves time and costs and requires no additional sample volume.
Quantitative Analysis of Oligonucleotides in Human Muscle Tissue Using Liquid...Covance
APA 2019 -- Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive severe muscle wasting and weakness. DMD is ultimately fatal, with patients typically dying from respiratory or cardiac complications in their mid- to late-20s. Exon skipping by phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) is considered a promising, disease-modifying approach to treat the underlying cause of DMD. PMO was conjugated to a proprietary peptide to enhance tissue uptake, providing a PPMO. This poster describes the development and validation of a sensitive, selective and high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem high resolution-accurate mass (LC/HR-AM) method for the quantitation of the PPMO in human muscle tissue using an analogue as the internal standard (ISTD). A key modification to the PMO is the addition of a proprietary peptide that provides specificity to binding and due to the metabolism of the peptide several entities of the PMO will be present in the muscle tissue, in order to quantitate the total amount of the PPMO in the muscle. The extraction undergoes a peptide digestion step to form an end product of PMO-A prior to the analysis.
Sensitive and selective detection of chemical residues in hops is necessary to ensure protection of consumers and the environment. Methods using LC-MS provide efficient and effective detection of chemical residues in a complex sample matrix such as hops. Presented here is an LC-MS method for detection of over 150 analytes in hops and a market survey of over 50 different hops pellets samples.
LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of carbinoxamine in human plasmaIOSR Journals
A simple, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for determination of carbinoxamine in human plasma using pargeverine HCl as an internal standard. The procedure involves a simple protein precipitation technique using BDS HYPERSIL C8 (100 x 4.6mm) column. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile: buffer (25mm ammonium formate solution) (80:20). Precipitation was done using acetonitrile and detection was done in MRM mode, using an Electro Spray positive ionization. The ion transition monitored was (m/z) carbinoxamine (Q1 Mass: 291.2; Q3 Mass: 167.1), Internal standard (Q1 Mass: 338.1; Q3 Mass; 167.0). The retention time of carbinoxamine and internal Standard were 1.61 and 1.75 respectively. Method was evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, sensitivity. The simple extraction procedure and short chromatographic runtime make the method suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring studies.
Haemolysis effect of Mefenamic Acid 250 mg Capsule in Bio analysis by liquid ...IOSR Journals
A rapid, simple and specific method for estimation of Mefenamic acid in human plasma was validated using Indomethacin as internal standard. The analyte and internal standard were extracted from plasma using simple solid phase extraction. The compound were separated on a reverse-phase column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 2 mM Ammonium Acetate in Water and acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) and detected by tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. The ion transition recorded in multiple reaction monitoring mode were m/z 240.1 196.0 for Mefenamic acid and m/z 356.1312.0 for internal standard. Linearity in plasma was observed over the concentration range 35.000 – 7000.000 ng/mL for Mefenamic acid. The cv of the assay was 4.89 % to 5.98 % and accuracy was 99.36 to 102.20 % Intra and Interday respectively at LLOQ level. The validated method was applied to bioequivalence study of 250 mg Mefenamic acid in 28 healthy human volunteers. Total 50 samples from individual volunteers identified as Haemolyzed which were analyze initial and repeat again to cross check the method reproducibity for Haeamolysis effect and compared which found acceptable range
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
the presentation contain ways used to estimate proteins, this presentation prepared by TONNYBITE, a student from KILIMANJARO CHRISTIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, TANZANIA
Integrated hemolysis monitoring for bottom-up protein bioanalysisAnne Kleinnijenhuis
Triskelion developed an LC-MS method module to quantify hemolysis. Analyte protein and hemoglobin are analyzed simultaneously, which saves time and costs and requires no additional sample volume.
Quantitative Analysis of Oligonucleotides in Human Muscle Tissue Using Liquid...Covance
APA 2019 -- Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive severe muscle wasting and weakness. DMD is ultimately fatal, with patients typically dying from respiratory or cardiac complications in their mid- to late-20s. Exon skipping by phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) is considered a promising, disease-modifying approach to treat the underlying cause of DMD. PMO was conjugated to a proprietary peptide to enhance tissue uptake, providing a PPMO. This poster describes the development and validation of a sensitive, selective and high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem high resolution-accurate mass (LC/HR-AM) method for the quantitation of the PPMO in human muscle tissue using an analogue as the internal standard (ISTD). A key modification to the PMO is the addition of a proprietary peptide that provides specificity to binding and due to the metabolism of the peptide several entities of the PMO will be present in the muscle tissue, in order to quantitate the total amount of the PPMO in the muscle. The extraction undergoes a peptide digestion step to form an end product of PMO-A prior to the analysis.
Massa Is Kassa 2 Gea Boekuitgave Low ResAndré Knol
‘Massa is kassa 2’ is de vernieuwde en uitgebreide editie van een in boekvorm uitgebracht onderzoek in opdracht van het Stimuleringsfonds voor de Pers.
‘Massa is kassa’ vertelt na een grondige analyse van het huidige distributie en losse verkoopmodel van tijdschriften hoe door inzet van nieuwe kanalen, een ketengerichte wijze van organisatie en inzet van technologie, oude wetmatigheden vervangen kunnen worden door nieuwe. De oude ‘Massa is kassa’ van het tijdschriftenschap krijgt er een nieuwe ‘Massa is kassa’ bij!
Het boek ‘Massa is kassa’ gaat over bestaande en nieuwe vormen van distributie en losse verkoop van fysieke tijdschriften en de factoren die bepalen welk kanaal het meest geschikt is om een tijdschrift te vermarkten.
Regular program of the Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development (MoFALD) & Local Governance and Community Development (LGCDP), Government of Nepal. This annual Western regional review and progress report meeting was held in Pokhara August 31 - Sept 1, 2015 at UDTC, Pokhara.
This presentation is the summary of the same, and progress report from LGCDP Pokhara office. ICT for Development and e-Governance in Nepal has been depicted in the work.
Analysis of Aflatoxins in Pet Food by UHPLC Using PDA and Fluorescence DetectionPerkinElmer, Inc.
Commercially prepared pet foods are easy and economical ways to fulfill the nutritional requirements for pets. Dry pet food is produced with grains and cereal by-products rejected for human consumption. The contamination of these by-products, with toxigenic fungal metabolites called mycotoxins, pose a serious health threat to pets.
Aflatoxins, some of the most carcinogenic mycotoxins known, are classified as B1, B2, G1, and G2. Several aflatoxin outbreaks in commercial pet foods have been reported in the past few years. Symptoms from aflatoxin exposure include lethargy, anorexia, jaundice, and intravascular coagulation, the severity often varying based upon a pet’s breed, species, age, dose, length of exposure, and nutritional status. Even if affecting only a small percentage of commercial pet foods, problems with pet food safety impact the entire pet food industry due to recalls and loss of consumer loyalty. Such experiences have reaffirmed the need for commercial pet food manufacturers to devote extensive resources documenting product quality.
New RP HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of sulbactum and ceftriaxo...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Sulbactum and Ceftriaxone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of mixture of 60 volumes of 20mM Phosphate buffer pH 3.5: 40 volumes of Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) with detection of 210 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 30-70 µg /ml for Sulbactum (r2 =0.9998) and 60-140µg /ml for Ceftriaxone (r2 =0.9983) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim. The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
BILS 2015 Tosoh Bioscience
"Making the Impossible Possible – Chromatographic Solutions for Demanding Separations in Downstream Processing"
Judith Vajda, Regina Römling and Egbert Müller
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of quinapril ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Quinapril and Tolcapone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a Mixed Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 +K2HPO4): Acetonitrile 40:60, with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50 - 150 µg /ml for Quinapril (r2 =0.995) and 62.5- 187.5µg /ml for Tolcapone (r2 =0.999) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Discovery and Mechanistic Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PafA Inhibitors...
DavidFinalPoster
1. C o m b a t C a s u a l t y C a r e
P
R O T E C T
PRO
J E C T - S U S T
AIN
T
INSTITU
T E
O F S U R G I C A L R E
S
EARCH
Wavelength (nm)
200 300 400 500
Absorbance(mAb)
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Wavelength (nm)
200 300 400 500
Absorbance(mAb)
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Wavelength (nm)
200 300 400 500
Absorbance(mAb)
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Bufodienolide
Anthraniloyl- Bufodienolide
Bufalin
Cinobufagin
Resibufogenin
Time (min)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Absorbance(mAb)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.2µg
0.5µg
1.0µg
2.0µg
4.0µg
Bufalin
Cinobufagin
λ=355nm
Resibufogenin
Injected into the HPLC
µg/ml
0 2 4 6 8 10
Absorbance(355nm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Y=mx+b
m=10.9
b=10.5
R2=0.992
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
O
NH
CH3
µg/ml
0 2 4 6 8 10
Absorbance(355nm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Y=mx+b
m=13.5
b=10.3
R2=0.994
O
O
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
O
NH
CH3
µg/ml
0 2 4 6 8 10Absorbance(355nm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Y=mx+b
m=19.3
b=24.3
R2=0.996
H
OH
H
H
O
O
O
O
NH
CH3
Bufodienolides were extracted by the following
process: 1mL of plasma was spiked with 4, 2,
1, 0.5, and 0.2 µg of bufalin, cinobufagin, and
resibufogenin. 10mL of Methylene Chloride
was added and centrifuged at 2000 rpm. The
solution phase-separated, and the bottom
phase (Methylene Chloride) was removed and
air dried. This portion was then re-dissolved in
10% Acetonitrile (MeCN) and extraction
continued using a HLB OASIS Column (Waters
Inc.). The column was washed in 2ml of MeCN
and 1ml of H2O. The sample was added to the
column and washed in 1ml 10% MeCN / 2%
Formic Acid and 1ml 10% MeCN. The sample
was eluted in 3ml of MeCN and dried under air.
Bufodienolides were conjugated to a
fluorescent probe: 400ul of N-methylisatoic
anhydride (NMIA) solution was added to the
sample and incubated at 90°C for 24 hours.
The NMIA solution contained 0.50 ml of 0.1M
NMIA, dimethyl aminopyridine, 4-pyrrolidino
pyridine, and 3.85ml MeCN. The NMIA
chemically combined with the bufodienolides to
create an anthraniloyl conjugate (Figure 1).
The purpose of this study is to develop a
method to measure plasma levels
bufodienolides in hemorrhagic shock. . The
method will begin by extracting the
bufodienolides out of plasma, conjugating the
bufodienolides to a fluorescent probe, and then
measuring the bufodienolide-fluorescent
conjugate on High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC).
1) Bufalin, Cinobufagin, and Resibufogenin
were successfully extracted from pig
plasma.
2) We were also able to successfully
conjugate NMIA to these bufodienolides
(Figure 2).
3) The bufodienolide-conjugates were then
separated and measured on HPLC (Figure
3).
4) Varying concentrations of the
bufodienolides led to a dose-dependent
rise in the peak height on the HPLC
(Figure 3).
5) Standard curves were generated for
bufalin, cinobufagin, and resibufogenin
that fit a straight line with a R2
= 0.99
(Figures 4 – 6).
1) We have now developed a method that can
extract and measure bufodienolides in
plasma.
2) This method can be extended to measure
bufodienolides in plasma of patients with
hemorrhagic or other forms of shock.
.
The anthraniloyl conjugates were measured
on HPLC: A Beckman Coulter HPLC with
fluorescent and UV-Visible Multi-array
detectors was used. The HPLC gradient was
set at 85-100% MeCN over five minutes. The
conjugates were separated and peak heights
were measured at λ = 355 nm (UV) and
fluorescence (la = 355 nm, le = 435 nm)
(Figure 3).
The use of Army medical and/or other Army records in the preparation of this material is acknowledged, but is not to be construed as implying official Department of the Army approval of the conclusions presented.
NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING ANTHRANILOYL-BUFODIENOLIDES IN
PLASMA BY HPLC
David A. Ocon, Cassandra Moreno and Daniel N. Darlington, PhD
The Pittsburg Tissue Engineering Institute and
United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315
Results
Introduction
Objectives
Methods
Conclusions
References
A critical issue for both the military and civilian
population is hemorrhagic shock. About 85% of
potentially survivable deaths in the war in Iraq
were due to hemorrhage (1). Recent studies
show that normal restoration of plasma volume
fails after inhibition of Na/K ATPase and turn a
normally non-lethal hemorrhage into a lethal
one. Bufodienolides, a large family of powerful
Na/K ATPase inhibitors, originally isolated from
amphibia, have recently been found in human,
mouse, and rat plasma (2-4).
Figure 1.
Conjugation of NMIA to the Bufodienolides
Figure 4.
Bufalin-Conjugate Standard Curve
Figure 5.
Cinobufagin-conjugate standard curve
Figure 3.
Dose-dependent changes in peak height
Figure 6.
Resibufogenin-conjugate standard curve
Figure 2.
Spectral Shift after conjugation
1) Kelly, J.F., et al. Injury Severity and Causes of Death
From Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring
Freedom: 2003-2004 Versus 2006. J Trauma. 2008;64:S21-
S27.
2) Bagrov, A. Y., R. I. Dmitrieva, et al. "Endogenous
marinobufagenin-like immunoreactive substance. A possible
endogenous Na, K-ATPase inhibitor with vasoconstrictor
activity." Am J Hypertens 1996:9(10 Pt 1): 982-90.
3) Bagrov, A. Y., O. V. Fedorova, et al. "Endogenous
marinobufagenin-like immunoreactive factor and Na+, K+
ATPase inhibition during voluntary hypoventilation."
Hypertension 1995:26(5): 781-8.
4) Butler, V. P., Jr., J. F. Morris, et al. "Heterogeneity and
lability of endogenous digitalis-like substances in the plasma
of the toad, Bufo marinus." Am J Physiol 1996:271(2 Pt 2):
R325-32.