This document discusses database systems and file-based systems. It defines key terms like data, information, knowledge, wisdom. It provides examples to illustrate database concepts like maintaining inventory and processing credit card transactions. It describes problems with traditional file-based systems when trying to cross-reference or analyze information across files. Finally, it uses a real estate example to demonstrate how a file-based system with separate departmental files worked and the role of data processing staff.
Data & Information, Drawbacks of File system, What is Database Management Systems, What is the need of DBMS, Examples of DBMS, Database Types, Applications of DBMS, Advantage of DBMS over file system, Disadvantages of DBMS, DBMS vs. File System
DBMS - Database Management System, Data and Database, DBMS meaning, Why DBMS?, Characteristics of DBMS, Types of DBMS- Hierarchical DBMS, Network DBMS, Relational DBMS, Object-oriented DBMS, Applications of DBMS, Popular DBMS Software, Advantages of DBMS, disadvantages of DBMS.
Data & Information, Drawbacks of File system, What is Database Management Systems, What is the need of DBMS, Examples of DBMS, Database Types, Applications of DBMS, Advantage of DBMS over file system, Disadvantages of DBMS, DBMS vs. File System
DBMS - Database Management System, Data and Database, DBMS meaning, Why DBMS?, Characteristics of DBMS, Types of DBMS- Hierarchical DBMS, Network DBMS, Relational DBMS, Object-oriented DBMS, Applications of DBMS, Popular DBMS Software, Advantages of DBMS, disadvantages of DBMS.
Who is DBA??
What is DBA
Role of DBA
Policy Formulation and Implementation
Planning for Disaster
Archives
Data Dictionary Management
Additional responsibilities of DBA
Salary of DBA
An Introduction to Architecture of Object Oriented Database Management System and how it differs from RDBMS means Relational Database Management System
Who is DBA??
What is DBA
Role of DBA
Policy Formulation and Implementation
Planning for Disaster
Archives
Data Dictionary Management
Additional responsibilities of DBA
Salary of DBA
An Introduction to Architecture of Object Oriented Database Management System and how it differs from RDBMS means Relational Database Management System
Cel 2 Data Management (Form 3) dated 4.8.14John James Yap
Form 3 students MUST read this in order to be able to answer questions in the coming lesson. You can also refer to you textbook from pages 109 through 116.
Data Mining is defined as extracting information from huge sets of data. In other words, we can say that data mining is the procedure of mining knowledge from data.
According to Inmon, a data warehouse is a subject oriented,
integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data. He defined the terms
in the sentence as follows:
E-Business and E- Business Type and Transaction Process SystemRashed Barakzai
Transaction Process System,
Transaction Process Cycle,
Group Decision Support System (GDSS),
Group Decision Support System (GDSS) and it's Software tools
4th edition mechanics of materials by beer johnston (solution manual)Faizan Shabbir
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Determining the mechanical power of turbineFaizan Shabbir
Determining the mechanical power of turbine
o Objective :
To determine the mechanical power produced by turbine
o Theory background :
• Hydraulic machines :
Hydraulic machines are machinery and tools that use liquid fluid power to do simple work.
• Types of hydraulic machines :
Impulse turbines (e.g. Pelton wheel)
Reaction turbines (e.g. Francis turbine)
• Tachometer :
This instrument is used to find RPM . Usually 3 values of RPM are taken and then their average is used.
Head losses
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Definition • Dimensional Analysis • Types • Darcy Weisbech Equation • Major Losses • Minor Losses • Causes Head Losses
3. • Head loss is loss of energy per unit weight. • Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight • Head losses can be – Kinetic Head – Potential Head – Pressure Head 6/10/2015 4Danial Gondal Head Loss
4. • Kinetic Head – K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g • Potential Head – P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z • Pressure Head – P.H = P/ ρ g 6/10/2015 5
5. • (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant • (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant • (L) + (L) + (L) = constant • As L represent height so it is dimensionally L. 6/10/2015 6 Dimensional Analysis
6. • However the equation (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we are studying viscous flow so (P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1) (P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2) 6/10/2015 7 Head Loss
7. • For Inviscid Flow EGL1 - EGL2= 0 • For Viscous Flow EGL1 - EGL2= Hf 6/10/2015 8 Head Loss
8. MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES
9. •Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the pipe. • Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" •In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces. •This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ) between the fluid and pipe surface. 6/10/2015 10 Friction Loss
10. •The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. •For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness of the surface. •In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent. 6/10/2015 11 Friction Loss
11. Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the pipe walls. The general equation for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow velocity.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Objectives
• Some common uses of database systems.
• Characteristics of file-based systems.
• Problems with file-based approach.
• Meaning of the term database.
• Meaning of the term Database Management System
(DBMS)
• Typical functions of a DBMS.
• Major components of the DBMS environment.
• Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
• History of the development of DBMS
• Advantages and disadvantages of DBMS
2. About Data
• The axiom "better data means better
decisions" is more true today than ever.
• No matter what business you're in, the
success of your organization depends on
accurate and timely information
3. First Thing First
• What is data?
• Why: you need data?
• Where: is data reside?
• Who: data belongs to?
• How: is it a worthwhile data?
4. Information Hierarchy
• Data: The raw Material of Information
• Information: Data organized and presented in
a particular manner.
• Knowledge: Justified True belief. Information
that can be acted upon.
• Wisdom: Integrated knowledge. High level
understanding
5. Some examples
• Purchases from a supermarket
• Bar code reader to scan each purchase.
• Bar code reader is linked to an application program
that uses the bar code to find out the price of the
item from a product database.
• This program reduces the number of such items in
stock and displays the price on the cash register.
• If the reorder level falls below a specified threshold,
the database system may automatically place an
order to obtain more stocks of that item.
6. Credit Card Example
• Purchases using your credit card
• Assistant normally checks you have sufficient credit left to
make the purchase. This can be done on the telephone or
may be done automatically by a card reader linked to a
computer system.
• There is a database somewhere that contains information
about the purchases you have made on your credit card.
• To check your credit there is a database application
program that uses your credit card number to check that
the price of the goods you wish to buy together with the
sum of the purchases you have already made this billing
period is within your credit limit.
7. Credit Card Example (conti..)
• After confirmation of the purchase the details of
the purchase are added to this database.
• The application program also accesses the
database to check that the credit card is not on a
list of stolen credit cards before authorizing the
purchase.
• There are other application programs to send
out monthly statements to each credit card
holder and to credit accounts when payment is
received
8. Traditional File-Based Systems
• The file-based system is the predecessor of the
database system.
• This approach is mostly obsolete but:
• understanding the problems inherent in file
based systems may prevent us from repeating
these problems in our database systems,
• understanding how the file system works is
extremely useful when converting a file-based
system to a database system.
9. File-Based Approach
• DEFN: The File-based system is a collection of
application programs that perform services for the
end-users such as the production of reports. Each
program defines and manages its own data.
• These were an early attempt to computerize the
manual filing system that most of us are familiar with.
• Really only works well when the number of items to be
stored is small.
• It works adequately when there are large numbers and
we have only to store and retrieve them
10. Terminology used in file-based
systems
• A file is simply a collection of records, which
contain logically related data.
• Each record contains a logically connected set
of one or more fields,
• where each field represents some
characteristics of the real-world object that is
being modeled.
11. When does the manual filing system
break down?
• The manual filing system breaks down when
we have to cross-reference or process
information in the files.
• Example: A typical real estate agent’s office
might have a separate file for each property
for sale or rent, each potential buyer and
renter, and each member of staff.
12. Real Estate Example ctd…
• How easy would it be to answer these questions using
this set up?
• What flats do you have for rent within three kilometres
of the city centre?
• What is the average rent for a two-bedroom flat?
• What is the total annual salary bill for staff?
• How does last month’s turnover compare with the
projected figure for this month?
• What is the expected monthly turnover for next
financial year?
13. University Management System
• Typically, a university might have different
departments:
• Admission Department
• Entry test, student enrolment, fee collection,
course registration etc.
• Examination Department
• Exams announcements, student results etc
• Employees Management Department.
• Course allocation, salaries etc.
14. University Management System ctd…
• Which students taking the course of IDS which
is allocated to ‘Uzair Muhammad’?
• How many students passed the prerequisite
subject OOP taking course IDS.
• Which students eligible for scholarship
according to University criteria?
15. Data Processing Staff (DP)
• The file-based system was developed in
response to the needs of industry for more
efficient data access. A decentralized
approach was taken, where each
department, with the assistance of Data
Processing (DP) staff, stored and controlled
its own data.
• We will illustrate this using an example
16. Example Real Estate ctd..
• The Sales Department is
responsible for selling and
renting property.
• The form that landlord has
to fill out before property
is marketed for rent is
shown;
• This gives details of rental
property as well as owner
(landlord) details.
18. • With assistance of Data
Processing (DP)
Department, Sales
Department creates an
information system to
handle renting the
property
• This consists of three
files containing
property, owner and
client details
19. • Contracts Department is
responsible for rental
agreements.
• Wheneveraclientagreesto
rentapropertyaformisfille
doutbyoneoftheSalesstaff
whichispassedtotheContr
actsDepartmentwhichallo
catesaleaenumberandco
mpletesthepaymentandre
ntalperioddetails.