Session I - FAST Update The WOAH/FAO FMD Laboratory Network (https://www.foot-and-mouth.org/) was established in 2004 as a forum to exchange laboratory and epidemiology data for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as well as to harmonise and improve the quality of diagnostic testing carried out by international and national FMD laboratories. A key role of the Network is to monitor the spread of viral lineages that are maintained in the seven endemic pools distributed across the world, and continuously review the risks to livestock industries in countries that are free of FMD (with, or without vaccination). In addition to circulation of the pool-specific viruses, long-distance trans-pool movement of FMD viral lineages has been a common theme of recent reports generated by laboratories within the Network.

1. Headline events from global FMD
surveillance activities (2020-2022)
Donald King
FMD Reference Laboratory
Acknowledgements: Valerie Mioulet, Nick Knowles, Anna Ludi, Britta Wood,
Ginette Wilsden, Krupali Parekh, Andrew Shaw, Antonello Di Nardo, Jemma Wadsworth,
Clare Browning, Mark Henstock, Hayley Hicks, David Paton, Dexter Wiseman,
Jozhel Baguisi, Harry Bull, Amy McCarron, Beth Johns, Julie Maryan, Sarah Belgrave

2. Network
Members and
affiliates:
Core activities:
• Test improvement
and harmonization
• Collation and
exchange of data
• Review of FMD risks
• Support to GF-TADs
regional RoadMaps
Network “virtual format” with >70 participants – Dec 2020 and Dec 2021
WOAH/FAO FMD Laboratory Network
1st January 2016 - 31st December 2016
1.3 Collated input from
Figure 1-1: Participating laboratories
OIE Reference Laboratory for Foot and
Mouth Disease, Dirección de Laboratorio
Animal
SENASA, Argentina
OIE collaborating centre for validation,
quality assessment and quality control of
diagnostic assays and vaccine testing for
vesicular diseases in Europe, and FAO
Reference Centre for vesicular Diseases
CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
OIE Regional Reference Laboratory for
Sub-Saharan Africa (RRLSSA)
BVI, Gabarone, Botswana
Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa
(PANAFTOSA) and OIE Reference
Laboratory for FMD
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
FAO FMD Reference Laboratory OIE and China National FMD Reference
Laboratory
Core laboratories
Affiliates
Senegal
Australia
www.foot-and-mouth.org
OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network meeting 2020
New member: Wageningen
Bioveterinary Research (WBVR),
The Netherlands as FAO
Reference Centre for FMD

3. • Impact of COVID-19
on FMD surveillance
• ~30-50% samples are
untyped or NVD
• Data used to define
relative importance
of different FMD virus
lineages in each Pool
• Do sampling biases
impact upon the
interpretation of
these data?
Samples tested by
the WOAH/FAO FMD
Laboratory Network
Samples
tested
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
Year
Pool 7
Pool 6
Pool 5
Pool 4
Pool 3
Pool 2
Pool 1

4. Pool 3: O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10
• 2021-22: new clade causing widespread
outbreaks in Eastern Mediterranean countries
(Jordan, Palestine and Israel)
• Supplanted the O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2QOM-15
lineage that was previously dominant
• Most closely related to viruses from Pakistan
(2021) and UAE (2021)
• Vaccine matching for this specific clade:
• Field trials in Jordan and Israel are underway
to evaluate FMD vaccines against this lineage
BI BI MSD BG BI BI
O-Manisa O-3039 O-TUR-5/09 O-Campos O-Campos O-Panasia-2
Matched 5 9 9 7 8
Not-matched 4 2 9 1

5. Cattle density map Robinson et al., 2007
Long-distance (trans-pool) movements of FMDV
since 2015
Why do trans-pool movements matter?
• Impact/change regional FMD risks including FMD free countries
• Selection of vaccines to control outbreaks
New events 2021/22

6. Pool 1: Increasing dominance of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e
Data for 2022: this was the only FMDV lineage detected in samples submitted from
Mongolia (2022) and Thailand (2022) – as well as sequences from Malaysia (2022)
2021
(n=34)
2020
(n=26)
2019
(n=50)
2018
(n=97)
2017
(n=33)
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e
O/ME-SA/PanAsia
O/SEA/Mya-98
O/CATHAY
• Origins in SEA reviewed in Bachenek-Bankowska et al., 2018
• Multiple introductions from Pool 2 – events started in 2015-17
• Serotype O data for SEACFMD countries (WRLFMD data):

7. • Previously FMD free (without
vaccination) since 1990 (last outbreak
in 1986)
• 17.7 million head cattle
• FMD cases detected on 3rd May
(simultaneously on Java and Sumatra)
• By mid June, outbreaks detected in
19 Provinces (213 districts) located
on 4 main islands (Sumatra, Java,
Lombok and Kalimantan and now Bali
and Sulawesi)
• WRLFMD providing support to
demonstrate that candidate vaccines
generate heterologous responses
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e in Indonesia

8. • New serotype O lineage previously
detected in India and Sri Lanka
• Detected in UAE (2021) in small
ruminants (sheep and goats)
• Scope to spread more widely –
following pathways for O/ME-
SA/Ind-2001 (d and e)
• Vaccine matching for lineage:
• What factors influence virus
dynamics?
• learning lessons from other successful
lineages
O/ME-SA/PanAsia
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e
New genetic lineage
India (2018)
Sri Lanka (2018/19)
Pool 2/3: O/ME-SA/SA-2018: an emerging lineage?
BI BI MSD BG BI BI
O-Manisa O-3039 O-TUR-5/09 O-Campos O-Campos O-Panasia-2
Matched 4 4 4 2 2
Not-matched 2
Vaccine

9. Risk pathways into North Africa
• 1999-2013: No reported outbreaks in
Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco
• 2013-2015: O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 via Libya
• 2017: A/AFRICA/G-IV
• 2018: O/EA-3
• A/AFRICA/G-IV and O/EA-3
genetically linked to FMD cases in
West Africa
• 2022: Re-emergence of O/EA-3 in Tunisia
and Algeria
• Do recent movements reflect increased
trans-Saharan connectivity? New paved road passes through six African countries:
Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Chad
3 separate events

10. O/ZAM/9/2021 (OM260013)
O/ZAM/11/2021 (OM260014)
O/NAM13/2021* (OM260015)
O/ZAM/7/2021 (OM260012)
O/ZAM/6/2020 (OM260002)
O/ZAM/8/2020 (OM260004)
O/ZAM/9/2020 (OM260005)
O/ZAM/10/2020 (OM260006)
O/ZAM/11/2020 (OM260007)
O/ZAM/12/2020 (OM260008)
O/ZAM/3/2020 (OM260000)
O/ZAM/4/2020 (OM260001)
O/ZAM/7/2020 (OM260003)
O/ZAM/62/2019 (OM259997)
O/ZAM/16/2019 (OM259983)
O/ZAM/15/2019 (OM259982)
O/ZAM/60/2019 (OM259996)
O/ZAM/54/2019 (OM259991)
O/ZAM/16/2020 (OM260011)
O/ZAM/15/2020 (OM260010)
O/ZAM/14/2020 (OM260009)
O/ZAM/58/2019 (OM259995)
O/ZAM/28/2019 (OM259990)
O/ZAM/57/2019 (OM259994)
O/ZAM/3/2019 (MZ486067)
O/ZAM/2/2020 (OM259999)
O/ZAM/1/2020 (OM259998)
O/ZAM07/2019* (MZ486072)
O/ZAM/27/2019 (OM259989)
O/ZAM/26/2019 (OM259988)
O/ZAM/20/2019 (OM259985)
O/ZAM/21/2019 (OM259986)
O/ZAM/55/2019 (OM259992)
O/ZAM/2/2019 (MZ486066)
O/ZAM/4/2019 (MZ486068)
O/ZAM/7/2019 (MZ486069)
O/ZAM/8/2019 (MZ486070)
O/ZAM/18/2019 (OM259984)
O/ZAM/56/2019 (OM259993)
O/ZAM/24/2019 (OM259987)
O/ZAM/1/2019 (MZ486065)
O/ZAM/1/2018 (MZ486060)
O/ZAM/2/2018 (MZ486061)
O/ZAM/3/2018 (MZ486062)
O/TAN-CVL-2012-0321 (KJ947835)
O/ZAM/1/2010 (OM259979)
O/UGA/U07/11* (KF478939)
O/UGA/U24/11* (KF478941)
O/ZAM/3/2010 (OM259980)
O/ZAM/4/2010 (OM259981)
O/UGA/3/2002 (DQ165077)
O/TAN/2/2004 (KF561679)
O/KEN/5/2002 (DQ165073)
O/MAL/1/98 (DQ165074)
Pool 6: O/EA-2 is on the move!
• July 2021: FMD outbreak in cattle
located in Zambezi, Namibia
• Further detection in Malawi and
Mozambique in 2022
• Represents further spread of the
O/EA-2 topotype into southern Africa
• Together with cases in Zambia (2018-
21), this is the first detection of
serotype O in Southern Africa for ~20
years - since FMD cases in South
Africa (2000) which had Asian origin
• Impacts on FMD vaccine in Southern
Africa?
* Thanks to: Drs Frank Banda, Mokganedi Mokopasetso and Elliot Fana
2021
2018
-
2020
Banda et al., (2022) TBED

11. • Published reports of FMD cases in Egypt due to serotype O and A
(during 2022)
• Sequence are authentic and characterised within the O/EURO-SA,
A/EURO-SA topotypes with highest nt identity to FMDV sequences
from South America (sequences shared with PANAFTOSA, Brazil)
• If these viruses circulate, they will pose a new exotic threats to
other countries in the region
New risks posed by FMD viruses from South America?
• Soltan et al., (2022) Emergence of foot and mouth disease virus, serotype O, Europe-South America topotype in
Egypt, 2022. TBED doi: 10.1111/tbed.14612
• Hagag et al., (2022). Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic analysis of Newly Emerging FMDV Type A, Lineage
EURO-SA in Egypt in 2022. Virus Res. 2022 Oct 6:198960. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198960.

12. A summary of global headline events: 2021/22
South Africa
-New SAT 2 outbreaks in
provinces of KwaZulu-
Natal and Free State
-New SAT 3 outbreaks in
Free-state, Gauteng,
Mpumalanga, and
North-West Provinces
Tunisia/Algeria
Jan 2022
O/EA-3
Eastern Mediterranean
Dec 2021 – on-going
O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10
Namibia/Zambia/
Malawi Mozambique
2021-2022
O/EA-2
Botswana
August 2022
SAT 2
In FMD-free zone
UAE
Samples from 2021
O/ME-SA/SA-2018
WOAH Map – Sept 2022
Mongolia / Kazakhstan and
Russia
Dec 21 -Jan 2022
O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e
Indonesia
May 2022
O/ME-SA/Ind-200e
Egypt
Serotypes O and A

13. Obvious gaps and challenges:
1. The quality and performance of FMDV vaccines cannot be easily assessed
through direct testing
2. Homologous/monovalent QA/QC (OIE Manual) vs heterologous vaccine
performance in the field with multivalent products
Proposed testing by FMD Reference Laboratories:
• Increased focus on measurement of heterologous responses
• Using final formulated product supplied to customers
• Use common/standardized FMDV viruses (Antigen Panels) representative
of the antigenic threats in a region – proposal for reference antigens for
East Africa (https://www.wrlfmd.org/node/2096/)
• Adopt standardized protocols for post-vaccination testing (numbers of
animals and sampling time points [including booster doses])
• Work still required to define and validate serological cut-offs
Vaccine selection for endemic pools
Twining project 2019-2022

14. • eLearning training course
covering FMD diagnostics
o Selecting appropriate diagnostic
tests and interpretation of results
o characterization of FMD viruses
including genomic sequencing and
vaccine matching tests
o Quality assurance and biosafety
• Content provided in English
and French
• 14 hours of learning content
over 4 weeks
• Certificate provided on
successful course completion
• To register:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQ
LSc2p2YEXx_20Ry3qVK6kgLKHl0MMzD1Bd
ezpMERi4m4iSjR_g/viewform
Training

15. • FMD reports and lab testing
(https://www.wrlfmd.org/ref-
lab-reports)
• Genotyping reports, Vaccine
matching and Serotyping reports
• Other data sources:
• Quarterly WRLFMD/EuFMD
report
(https://www.wrlfmd.org/ref-
lab-reports)
• Annual report of the OIE/FAO
FMD Laboratory Network
(http://foot-and-mouth.org/)
Additional information
Annual Report 2020

16. Acknowledgements
• Support for the WRLFMD
and research projects
• Collaborating FMD
Reference Laboratories
and field teams
• Partners within the
WOAH/FAO FMD Lab
Network