The document discusses several cybersecurity challenges facing service providers as networks become more virtualized and complex. It notes that virtualization is not new but brings operational challenges from enterprise IT. Securing access to physical and virtual networks is key, and security incidents involving virtual machines have higher recovery costs. As networks use more software-defined networking and network function virtualization, security strategies must adapt to hybrid environments. The hypervisor is a critical component to protect due to the risks of attacks from rogue virtual machines. Privileged identity management is also a challenge as the boundaries between network elements blur and many more accounts exist than needed. Fraud is a major threat costing over $40 billion annually through various schemes.
This document discusses network security. It begins by defining network security and explaining the three main types: physical, technical, and administrative security controls. It then defines vulnerabilities as weaknesses that can be exploited by threats such as unauthorized access or data modification. Common network attacks are described as reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and worms/viruses. Emerging attack trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits. The document aims to help students understand vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends regarding network security.
Security has been identified as the major concern for the agent paradigm for two reasons. First, foreign code that executes on a site shares that site's services and resources with local processes and other agents. Services can include electronic commerce utilities. Resources include the file system, the GUI and the network server, as well as memory and CPU. It is difficult for a site to ensure that no agent can steal information or corrupt another agent or shared resource. The second security problem is that the agent itself can be circumvented by a malicious site which may steal or corrupt agent data or simply destroy the agent. To solve this problems we build a mini–password manager using a code in language Java. Then we incorporate the mini–password manager into the simple web server to authenticate users that would like to download documents and resources. The goal of this paper is to accentuate the positive aspects that agents bring to Internet security.
A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Computingijsrd.com
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm that shifts drastically from traditional computing architecture. Although this new computing paradigm brings many advantages like utility computing model but the design in not flawless and hence suffers from not only many known computer vulnerabilities but also introduces unique information confidentiality, integrity and availability risks as well due its inherent design paradigm. To provide secure and reliable services in cloud computing environment is an important issue. To counter a variety of attacks, especially large-scale coordinated attacks, a framework of Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is proposed. The proposed system could reduce the impact of these kinds of attacks through providing timely notifications about new intrusions to Cloud users' systems. To provide such ability, IDSs in the cloud computing regions both correlate alerts from multiple elementary detectors and exchange knowledge of interconnected Clouds with each other.
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND NODE RECOVERY USING DYNAMIC PATH ROUTINGNishanth Gandhidoss
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology. The report focuses on network intrusion detection and node recovery using dynamic path routing. It was submitted by three students - Nishanth G., Sudharshan N., and Surya Krishnan R. - to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The document includes sections on acknowledgements, abstract, contents, introduction, literature survey, system design, network topology, network intrusion detection and prevention, node recovery, source anonymity, dynamic path routing, results and discussions, and conclusions. It aims to address privacy and security issues in networks through techniques like encryption, evidence collection, risk assessment
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat. In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening) and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective. We’ll address how network automation can help minimize cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat. Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an auto-securing and self-healing network.
Go to www.esgjrconsultinginc.com
This document discusses information system security. It defines information system security as collecting activities to protect information systems and stored data. It outlines four components of an IT security policy framework: policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends in attacks. Vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses, while threats use tools and scripts to launch attacks like reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and viruses/Trojans. Common attacks trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service, man-in-the-middle, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits.
This document discusses network security. It begins by defining network security and explaining the three main types: physical, technical, and administrative security controls. It then defines vulnerabilities as weaknesses that can be exploited by threats such as unauthorized access or data modification. Common network attacks are described as reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and worms/viruses. Emerging attack trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits. The document aims to help students understand vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends regarding network security.
Security has been identified as the major concern for the agent paradigm for two reasons. First, foreign code that executes on a site shares that site's services and resources with local processes and other agents. Services can include electronic commerce utilities. Resources include the file system, the GUI and the network server, as well as memory and CPU. It is difficult for a site to ensure that no agent can steal information or corrupt another agent or shared resource. The second security problem is that the agent itself can be circumvented by a malicious site which may steal or corrupt agent data or simply destroy the agent. To solve this problems we build a mini–password manager using a code in language Java. Then we incorporate the mini–password manager into the simple web server to authenticate users that would like to download documents and resources. The goal of this paper is to accentuate the positive aspects that agents bring to Internet security.
A Collaborative Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Computingijsrd.com
Cloud computing is a computing paradigm that shifts drastically from traditional computing architecture. Although this new computing paradigm brings many advantages like utility computing model but the design in not flawless and hence suffers from not only many known computer vulnerabilities but also introduces unique information confidentiality, integrity and availability risks as well due its inherent design paradigm. To provide secure and reliable services in cloud computing environment is an important issue. To counter a variety of attacks, especially large-scale coordinated attacks, a framework of Collaborative Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is proposed. The proposed system could reduce the impact of these kinds of attacks through providing timely notifications about new intrusions to Cloud users' systems. To provide such ability, IDSs in the cloud computing regions both correlate alerts from multiple elementary detectors and exchange knowledge of interconnected Clouds with each other.
The Next Generation Cognitive Security Operations Center: Network Flow Forens...Konstantinos Demertzis
A Security Operations Center (SOC) can be defined as an organized and highly skilled team that uses advanced computer forensics tools to prevent, detect and respond to cybersecurity incidents of an organization. The fundamental aspects of an effective SOC is related to the ability to examine and analyze the vast number of data flows and to correlate several other types of events from a cybersecurity perception. The supervision and categorization of network flow is an essential process not only for the scheduling, management, and regulation of the network’s services, but also for attacks identification and for the consequent forensics’ investigations. A serious potential disadvantage of the traditional software solutions used today for computer network monitoring, and specifically for the instances of effective categorization of the encrypted or obfuscated network flow, which enforces the rebuilding of messages packets in sophisticated underlying protocols, is the requirements of computational resources. In addition, an additional significant inability of these software packages is they create high false positive rates because they are deprived of accurate predicting mechanisms.
For all the reasons above, in most cases, the traditional software fails completely to recognize unidentified vulnerabilities and zero-day exploitations. This paper proposes a novel intelligence driven Network Flow Forensics Framework (NF3) which uses low utilization of computing power and resources, for the Next Generation Cognitive Computing SOC (NGC2SOC) that rely solely on advanced fully automated intelligence methods. It is an effective and accurate Ensemble Machine Learning forensics tool to Network Traffic Analysis, Demystification of Malware Traffic and Encrypted Traffic Identification.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND NODE RECOVERY USING DYNAMIC PATH ROUTINGNishanth Gandhidoss
This document describes a project report submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology. The report focuses on network intrusion detection and node recovery using dynamic path routing. It was submitted by three students - Nishanth G., Sudharshan N., and Surya Krishnan R. - to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering in partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The document includes sections on acknowledgements, abstract, contents, introduction, literature survey, system design, network topology, network intrusion detection and prevention, node recovery, source anonymity, dynamic path routing, results and discussions, and conclusions. It aims to address privacy and security issues in networks through techniques like encryption, evidence collection, risk assessment
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat. In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening) and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective. We’ll address how network automation can help minimize cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat. Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an auto-securing and self-healing network.
Go to www.esgjrconsultinginc.com
This document discusses information system security. It defines information system security as collecting activities to protect information systems and stored data. It outlines four components of an IT security policy framework: policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends in attacks. Vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses, while threats use tools and scripts to launch attacks like reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and viruses/Trojans. Common attacks trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service, man-in-the-middle, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
1. Cyber Ethics and Cyber Crime
2. Security in Social Media & Risk of Child Internet
3. Social media in Schools and photo privacy
4. Risk of OSNs and Security, Privacy of Facebook
5. Risk and Security of Social Networking site Facebook and Twitter
6. Risk analysis of Government and Online Transaction
Comparative Study on Intrusion Detection Systems for Smartphonesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses several cybersecurity threats facing the public sector, including data loss, insider threats, cyber espionage, phishing, and ransomware. It provides statistics on data breaches and security incidents affecting the public sector in areas like personal data compromised, compliance issues, and responsibility for incidents. The top 5 threats are identified as ransomware, insider threats, distributed denial of service attacks, cyber espionage, and phishing. Solutions from Seqrite that can help mitigate these threats include endpoint security, unified threat management, mobile device management, and data loss prevention.
Report: Study and Implementation of Advance Intrusion Detection and Preventio...Deepak Mishra
This document discusses building an intrusion detection system that combines network-based and log-based detection. It proposes using the Security Onion distribution and its included tools like Snort, Sguil, Squert and OSSEC. It describes configuring Security Onion sensors to monitor network traffic and logs, storing alerts in databases, and using the management consoles to analyze alerts. The goal is to create a comprehensive security monitoring platform through centralized log management and correlation of network and host-based events.
Banking and Modern Payments System Security AnalysisCSCJournals
Cyber-criminals have benefited from on-line banking (OB), regardless of the extensive research on financial cyber-security. To better be prepared for what the future might bring, we try to predict how hacking tools might evolve. We briefly survey the state-of-the-art tools developed by black- hat hackers and conclude that they could be automated dramatically. To demonstrate the feasibility of our predictions and prove that many two-factor authentication schemes can be bypassed, we have analyzed banking and modern payments system security.
In this research we will review different payment protocols and security methods that are being used to run banking systems. We will survey some of the popular systems that are being used today, with a deeper focus on the Chips, cards, NFC, authentication etc. In addition, we will also discuss the weaknesses in the systems that can compromise the customer's trust.
IRJET- Cyber Attacks and its different TypesIRJET Journal
This document discusses different types of cyber attacks. It begins by providing context on how technology has increased connectivity but also vulnerabilities. The main types of cyber attacks discussed include:
1) Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks which overload systems to disrupt service.
2) Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks where a third party intercepts communications between two others.
3) Phishing attacks which use fraudulent emails or websites to steal personal or credential information from users.
4) Drive-by download attacks where visiting an infected website automatically downloads malware without user interaction.
Countermeasures to these attacks include firewall
Network Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems: Attack Classificati...researchinventy
Complex and common security attackshave become a common issue nowadays. Success rate of detecting these attacks through existing tools seems to be decreasing due to simple rule-bases Some attacks are too complex to identify for today’s firewall systems.This paper highlights various security attacks classification techniques pertaining to TCP/IP protocol stack, it also covers an existingintrusion detection techniques used for intrusion detection , and features of various open source and commercial Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDPS) tools. Finally paper concludes with comparison and evaluation of an open source and commercial IDPS tools and techniques which are used to detect and prevent the security attacks.
The spread of information networks in communities and organizations have led to a daily huge volume of information exchange between different networks which, of course, has resulted in new threats to the national organizations. It can be said that information security has become today one of the most challenging areas. In other words, defects and disadvantages of computer network security address irreparable damage for enterprises. Therefore, identification of security threats and ways of dealing with them is essential. But the question raised in this regard is that what are the strategies and policies to deal with security threats that must be taken to ensure the security of computer networks? In this context, the present study intends to do a review of the literature by using earlier researches and library approach, to provide security solutions in the face of threats to their computer networks. The results of this research can lead to more understanding of security threats and ways to deal with them and help to implement a secure information platform.
This document discusses cyber security in the era of networking. It covers several topics including types of cyber attacks like denial of service attacks and spoofing; threats like criminals, spies, and terrorists; vulnerabilities from insiders and supply chains; risks existing everywhere networked systems are used; and approaches to cyber crisis planning, mobile security, threat intelligence, next generation firewalls, access controls, surveillance, security awareness, and conclusions. Research areas discussed include scalable trustworthy systems, malware combating, and privacy-aware security.
Analytical survey of active intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc n...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Survey of apt and other attacks with reliable security schemes in manetijctet
This document summarizes security threats and challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses advanced persistent threats (APTs) which aim to stealthily infiltrate networks to steal data. APTs use techniques like spear phishing and malware to infect systems. Malware types discussed include viruses, worms, trojans, and bots. The document also outlines requirements for securing MANETs against APTs, such as protecting devices and browsers from exploitation. Finally, it analyzes security issues in routing for MANETs and categorizes common routing protocols.
AN ISP BASED NOTIFICATION AND DETECTION SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF CLIE...IJNSA Journal
End users are increasingly vulnerable to attacks directed at web browsers which make the most of popularity of today’s web services. While organizations deploy several layers of security to protect their systems and data against unauthorised access, surveys reveal that a large fraction of end users do not utilize and/or are not familiar with any security tools. End users’ hesitation and unfamiliarity with security products contribute vastly to the number of online DDoS attacks, malware and Spam distribution. This work on progress paper proposes a design focused on the notion of increased participation of internet service providers in protecting end users. The proposed design takes advantage of three different detection tools to identify the maliciousness of a website content and alerts users through utilising Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) by an In-Browser cross-platform messaging system. The system also incorporates the users’ online behaviour analysis to minimize the scanning intervals of malicious websites database by client honeypots. Findings from our proof of concept design and other research indicate that such a design can provide a reliable hybrid detection mechanism while introducing low delay time into user browsing experience.
The document discusses authentication, authorization, and accounting (the three As) as a leading model for access control. It describes authentication as identifying users, usually with a username and password. Authorization gives users access to resources based on their identity. Accounting (also called auditing) tracks user activity like time spent and services accessed. The document provides details on different authentication methods like passwords, PINs, smart cards, and digital certificates. It emphasizes the importance of strong passwords and changing them regularly.
AGILIS: an on-line map reduce environment for collaborative securityRoberto Baldoni
The document discusses using a collaborative approach and distributed event processing platform called Agilis to detect stealthy port scans across multiple organizations. It describes how a stealthy scan works and how collaborating organizations can share network traffic data in a "semantic room" to identify scanners that target only a small number of ports at each location. The Agilis platform is able to process large amounts of real-time data in parallel to detect such attacks with low latency even when the workload varies over time. A demonstration of the system detected a stealthy scan within 700 seconds using traffic from 8 machines simulated to represent different collaborators.
Detection of Distributed Denial of Service Attacksijdmtaiir
Denial-of-Service attacks, a type of attack on
a network that is designed to bring the network to its knees by
flooding it with useless traffic. Many Dos attacks, such as
the Ping of Death ,Teardrop attacks etc., exploit the limitations
in the TCP/IP protocols. like viruses, new Dos attacks are
constantly being dreamed up by hackers.So the users have to
take own effort of a large number of protected system such as
Firewall or up-to-date antivirus software. . If the system or
links are affected from an attack then the legitimate clients may
not be able to connect it.. This detection system is the next
level of the security to protect the server from major problems
occurs such as Dos attacks, Flood IP attacks, and also the
Proxy Surfer. So these kinds of anonymous activities barred
out by using this Concept
Intrusion Detection System (IDS): Anomaly Detection using Outlier Detection A...Drjabez
This document describes a proposed approach for anomaly detection in intrusion detection systems using outlier detection. It begins with background on intrusion detection systems and issues with existing approaches. It then presents the proposed two-stage approach using outlier detection: 1) Training with large normal datasets in a distributed storage environment, and 2) Testing intrusion datasets to compute an error value compared to the trained model. If the error value exceeds a threshold, the test data is flagged as anomalous. Experimental results on network packet datasets demonstrate the approach can effectively identify anomalies.
1) The retail sector has been hit by a series of cyber attacks over the past few years that have compromised customer data at large companies like Target and Neiman Marcus.
2) Current cybersecurity approaches are too slow and reactive, focusing on malware after attacks occur rather than proactively detecting threats.
3) Behavioral cyber defense monitoring could have detected the abnormal behaviors of attackers on Target and Neiman Marcus' networks before data breaches occurred.
Designing Security Assessment of Client Server System using Attack Tree Modelingijtsrd
Information security has grown as a prominent issue in our digital life. The network security is becoming more significant as the volume of data being exchanged over net increases day by day. Attack trees AT technique play an important role to investigate the threat analysis problem to known cyber attacks for risk assessment. The technique is especially effective in assessing and managing the risks from hostile, intelligent adversaries. It is useful for analyzing threats against assets ranging from information systems to physical infrastructure. By using attack tree modeling analysis an organization can understand the ways in which they will be attacked, determine the likelihood and impact damage of these attacks and decide what action to take where the risks are unacceptable. This paper describes the attack tree model for organization based on Client Server Network. It provides the ways for defending and preventing sensitive information from attackers. Attack tree modeling provides for effective security solutions, cost effective security solutions and defensible risk mitigation decisions. Sandar Pa Pa Thein | Phyu Phyu | Thin Thin Swe "Designing Security Assessment of Client- Server System using Attack Tree Modeling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/26727/designing-security-assessment-of-client--server-system-using-attack-tree-modeling/sandar-pa-pa-thein
The Cyber Kill Chain. 7 Stages of Cyber Kill Chain Supplementary ReadingMuhammad FAHAD
The “cyber kill chain” is a sequence of stages required for an
attacker to successfully infiltrate a network and exfiltrate data
from it. Each stage demonstrates a specific goal along the attacker’s
path. Designing your monitoring and response plan around the cyber kill chain model is an effective method because it focuses on
how actual attacks happen.
Toward Continuous Cybersecurity With Network AutomationKen Flott
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as
fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are
basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad
guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John
Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there
are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and
those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question
for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but
how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat.
In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective
cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening)
and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective.
We’ll address how network automation can help minimize
cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can
improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat.
Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to
explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an
auto-securing and self-healing network.
An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System IDS and Data Set Overview A Compr...ijtsrd
Millions of people worldwide have Internet access today. Intrusion detection technology is a modern wave of information technology monitoring devices to deter malicious activities. Malware development malicious software is a vital problem when it comes to designing intrusion detection systems IDS . The key challenge is to recognize unknown and hidden malware, because malware writers use various evasion techniques to mask information to avoid IDS detection. Malicious attacks have become more sophisticated and Furthermore, threats to security have increased, including a zero day attack on internet users. Through the use of IT in our daily lives, computer security has become critical. Cyber threats are becoming more complex and pose growing challenges when it comes to successful intrusion detection. Failure to prevent invading information, such as data privacy, integrity and availability can undermine the credibility of security services. Specific intrusion detection approaches were proposed in the literature to combat computer security threats. This paper consists of a literature survey of the IDS that uses program algorithms to use specific data collection and forensic techniques in real time. Data mining techniques for cyber research are introduced in support of intrusion detection. Mohammed I. Alghamdi "An Assessment of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Data-Set Overview: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Works" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35730.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/35730/an-assessment-of-intrusion-detection-system-ids-and-dataset-overview-a-comprehensive-review-of-recent-works/mohammed-i-alghamdi
1. Cyber Ethics and Cyber Crime
2. Security in Social Media & Risk of Child Internet
3. Social media in Schools and photo privacy
4. Risk of OSNs and Security, Privacy of Facebook
5. Risk and Security of Social Networking site Facebook and Twitter
6. Risk analysis of Government and Online Transaction
Comparative Study on Intrusion Detection Systems for Smartphonesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses several cybersecurity threats facing the public sector, including data loss, insider threats, cyber espionage, phishing, and ransomware. It provides statistics on data breaches and security incidents affecting the public sector in areas like personal data compromised, compliance issues, and responsibility for incidents. The top 5 threats are identified as ransomware, insider threats, distributed denial of service attacks, cyber espionage, and phishing. Solutions from Seqrite that can help mitigate these threats include endpoint security, unified threat management, mobile device management, and data loss prevention.
Report: Study and Implementation of Advance Intrusion Detection and Preventio...Deepak Mishra
This document discusses building an intrusion detection system that combines network-based and log-based detection. It proposes using the Security Onion distribution and its included tools like Snort, Sguil, Squert and OSSEC. It describes configuring Security Onion sensors to monitor network traffic and logs, storing alerts in databases, and using the management consoles to analyze alerts. The goal is to create a comprehensive security monitoring platform through centralized log management and correlation of network and host-based events.
Banking and Modern Payments System Security AnalysisCSCJournals
Cyber-criminals have benefited from on-line banking (OB), regardless of the extensive research on financial cyber-security. To better be prepared for what the future might bring, we try to predict how hacking tools might evolve. We briefly survey the state-of-the-art tools developed by black- hat hackers and conclude that they could be automated dramatically. To demonstrate the feasibility of our predictions and prove that many two-factor authentication schemes can be bypassed, we have analyzed banking and modern payments system security.
In this research we will review different payment protocols and security methods that are being used to run banking systems. We will survey some of the popular systems that are being used today, with a deeper focus on the Chips, cards, NFC, authentication etc. In addition, we will also discuss the weaknesses in the systems that can compromise the customer's trust.
IRJET- Cyber Attacks and its different TypesIRJET Journal
This document discusses different types of cyber attacks. It begins by providing context on how technology has increased connectivity but also vulnerabilities. The main types of cyber attacks discussed include:
1) Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks which overload systems to disrupt service.
2) Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks where a third party intercepts communications between two others.
3) Phishing attacks which use fraudulent emails or websites to steal personal or credential information from users.
4) Drive-by download attacks where visiting an infected website automatically downloads malware without user interaction.
Countermeasures to these attacks include firewall
Network Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems: Attack Classificati...researchinventy
Complex and common security attackshave become a common issue nowadays. Success rate of detecting these attacks through existing tools seems to be decreasing due to simple rule-bases Some attacks are too complex to identify for today’s firewall systems.This paper highlights various security attacks classification techniques pertaining to TCP/IP protocol stack, it also covers an existingintrusion detection techniques used for intrusion detection , and features of various open source and commercial Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDPS) tools. Finally paper concludes with comparison and evaluation of an open source and commercial IDPS tools and techniques which are used to detect and prevent the security attacks.
The spread of information networks in communities and organizations have led to a daily huge volume of information exchange between different networks which, of course, has resulted in new threats to the national organizations. It can be said that information security has become today one of the most challenging areas. In other words, defects and disadvantages of computer network security address irreparable damage for enterprises. Therefore, identification of security threats and ways of dealing with them is essential. But the question raised in this regard is that what are the strategies and policies to deal with security threats that must be taken to ensure the security of computer networks? In this context, the present study intends to do a review of the literature by using earlier researches and library approach, to provide security solutions in the face of threats to their computer networks. The results of this research can lead to more understanding of security threats and ways to deal with them and help to implement a secure information platform.
This document discusses cyber security in the era of networking. It covers several topics including types of cyber attacks like denial of service attacks and spoofing; threats like criminals, spies, and terrorists; vulnerabilities from insiders and supply chains; risks existing everywhere networked systems are used; and approaches to cyber crisis planning, mobile security, threat intelligence, next generation firewalls, access controls, surveillance, security awareness, and conclusions. Research areas discussed include scalable trustworthy systems, malware combating, and privacy-aware security.
Analytical survey of active intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc n...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Survey of apt and other attacks with reliable security schemes in manetijctet
This document summarizes security threats and challenges in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses advanced persistent threats (APTs) which aim to stealthily infiltrate networks to steal data. APTs use techniques like spear phishing and malware to infect systems. Malware types discussed include viruses, worms, trojans, and bots. The document also outlines requirements for securing MANETs against APTs, such as protecting devices and browsers from exploitation. Finally, it analyzes security issues in routing for MANETs and categorizes common routing protocols.
AN ISP BASED NOTIFICATION AND DETECTION SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENCY OF CLIE...IJNSA Journal
End users are increasingly vulnerable to attacks directed at web browsers which make the most of popularity of today’s web services. While organizations deploy several layers of security to protect their systems and data against unauthorised access, surveys reveal that a large fraction of end users do not utilize and/or are not familiar with any security tools. End users’ hesitation and unfamiliarity with security products contribute vastly to the number of online DDoS attacks, malware and Spam distribution. This work on progress paper proposes a design focused on the notion of increased participation of internet service providers in protecting end users. The proposed design takes advantage of three different detection tools to identify the maliciousness of a website content and alerts users through utilising Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) by an In-Browser cross-platform messaging system. The system also incorporates the users’ online behaviour analysis to minimize the scanning intervals of malicious websites database by client honeypots. Findings from our proof of concept design and other research indicate that such a design can provide a reliable hybrid detection mechanism while introducing low delay time into user browsing experience.
The document discusses authentication, authorization, and accounting (the three As) as a leading model for access control. It describes authentication as identifying users, usually with a username and password. Authorization gives users access to resources based on their identity. Accounting (also called auditing) tracks user activity like time spent and services accessed. The document provides details on different authentication methods like passwords, PINs, smart cards, and digital certificates. It emphasizes the importance of strong passwords and changing them regularly.
AGILIS: an on-line map reduce environment for collaborative securityRoberto Baldoni
The document discusses using a collaborative approach and distributed event processing platform called Agilis to detect stealthy port scans across multiple organizations. It describes how a stealthy scan works and how collaborating organizations can share network traffic data in a "semantic room" to identify scanners that target only a small number of ports at each location. The Agilis platform is able to process large amounts of real-time data in parallel to detect such attacks with low latency even when the workload varies over time. A demonstration of the system detected a stealthy scan within 700 seconds using traffic from 8 machines simulated to represent different collaborators.
Detection of Distributed Denial of Service Attacksijdmtaiir
Denial-of-Service attacks, a type of attack on
a network that is designed to bring the network to its knees by
flooding it with useless traffic. Many Dos attacks, such as
the Ping of Death ,Teardrop attacks etc., exploit the limitations
in the TCP/IP protocols. like viruses, new Dos attacks are
constantly being dreamed up by hackers.So the users have to
take own effort of a large number of protected system such as
Firewall or up-to-date antivirus software. . If the system or
links are affected from an attack then the legitimate clients may
not be able to connect it.. This detection system is the next
level of the security to protect the server from major problems
occurs such as Dos attacks, Flood IP attacks, and also the
Proxy Surfer. So these kinds of anonymous activities barred
out by using this Concept
Intrusion Detection System (IDS): Anomaly Detection using Outlier Detection A...Drjabez
This document describes a proposed approach for anomaly detection in intrusion detection systems using outlier detection. It begins with background on intrusion detection systems and issues with existing approaches. It then presents the proposed two-stage approach using outlier detection: 1) Training with large normal datasets in a distributed storage environment, and 2) Testing intrusion datasets to compute an error value compared to the trained model. If the error value exceeds a threshold, the test data is flagged as anomalous. Experimental results on network packet datasets demonstrate the approach can effectively identify anomalies.
1) The retail sector has been hit by a series of cyber attacks over the past few years that have compromised customer data at large companies like Target and Neiman Marcus.
2) Current cybersecurity approaches are too slow and reactive, focusing on malware after attacks occur rather than proactively detecting threats.
3) Behavioral cyber defense monitoring could have detected the abnormal behaviors of attackers on Target and Neiman Marcus' networks before data breaches occurred.
Designing Security Assessment of Client Server System using Attack Tree Modelingijtsrd
Information security has grown as a prominent issue in our digital life. The network security is becoming more significant as the volume of data being exchanged over net increases day by day. Attack trees AT technique play an important role to investigate the threat analysis problem to known cyber attacks for risk assessment. The technique is especially effective in assessing and managing the risks from hostile, intelligent adversaries. It is useful for analyzing threats against assets ranging from information systems to physical infrastructure. By using attack tree modeling analysis an organization can understand the ways in which they will be attacked, determine the likelihood and impact damage of these attacks and decide what action to take where the risks are unacceptable. This paper describes the attack tree model for organization based on Client Server Network. It provides the ways for defending and preventing sensitive information from attackers. Attack tree modeling provides for effective security solutions, cost effective security solutions and defensible risk mitigation decisions. Sandar Pa Pa Thein | Phyu Phyu | Thin Thin Swe "Designing Security Assessment of Client- Server System using Attack Tree Modeling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26727.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/26727/designing-security-assessment-of-client--server-system-using-attack-tree-modeling/sandar-pa-pa-thein
The Cyber Kill Chain. 7 Stages of Cyber Kill Chain Supplementary ReadingMuhammad FAHAD
The “cyber kill chain” is a sequence of stages required for an
attacker to successfully infiltrate a network and exfiltrate data
from it. Each stage demonstrates a specific goal along the attacker’s
path. Designing your monitoring and response plan around the cyber kill chain model is an effective method because it focuses on
how actual attacks happen.
Toward Continuous Cybersecurity With Network AutomationKen Flott
Network security is a dynamic art, with dangers appearing as
fast as black hats can exploit vulnerabilities. While there are
basic “golden rules” which can make life difficult for the bad
guys, it remains a challenge to keep networks secure. John
Chambers, Executive Chairman of Cisco, famously said “there
are two types of companies: those that have been hacked, and
those who don’t know they have been hacked”. The question
for most organizations isn’t if they’re going to be breached, but
how quickly they can isolate and mitigate the threat.
In this paper, we’ll examine best practices for effective
cybersecurity – from both a proactive (access hardening)
and reactive (threat isolation and mitigation) perspective.
We’ll address how network automation can help minimize
cyberattacks by closing vulnerability gaps and how it can
improve incident response times in the event of a cyberthreat.
Finally, we’ll lay a vision for continuous network security, to
explore how machine-to-machine automation may deliver an
auto-securing and self-healing network.
- Financial institutions and digital security providers are increasingly taking a military approach to defending against cyber attacks through layered defenses. This involves implementing multiple defensive layers throughout the network like firewalls, routers, intrusion detection, and antivirus software.
- In virtualized and cloud environments, security managers can filter and police traffic at each virtual server to separate and isolate traffic by customer and type. This prevents attacks from impacting host systems and improves efficiency.
- The use of threat intelligence databases that identify dangers on the internet in real-time combined with defensive filtering and blocking at the server level provides an additional layer of security against cyber attacks.
best usage and for seminar purpose and best quality and every points included..best designed backgroud according to the subject and can use any higher classes like 11 and 12 and stricty not usage for any lower classes because it contains more detailed points and lower classes will cannot able to understand it very clearly...
What makes the next-generation firewall better than the traditional firewalls in protecting your data from hackers? Know more information from Netmagic!
MIST Effective Masquerade Attack Detection in the CloudKumar Goud
Abstract: Cloud computing promises to significantly change the way we use computers and access and store our personal and business information. With these new computing and communications paradigms arise new data security challenges. Existing data protection mechanisms such as encryption have failed in preventing data theft attacks, especially those perpetrated by an insider to the cloud provider. We propose a different approach for securing data in the cloud using offensive decoy technology. We monitor data access in the cloud and detect abnormal data access patterns. When unauthorized access is suspected and then verified using challenge questions, we launch a disinformation attack by returning large amounts of decoy information to the attacker. This protects against the misuse of the user’s real data. Experiments conducted in a local file setting provide evidence that this approach may provide unprecedented levels of user data security in a Cloud environment.
Keywords: Mist, Insider data stealing, Bait information, Lure Files, Validating user
Internal & External Attacks in cloud computing Environment from confidentiali...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses security threats in cloud computing environments from the perspectives of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It identifies internal and external attacks that can threaten cloud systems. Internally, malicious insiders like users, providers, or third parties can access data. Externally, remote software or hardware attacks are possible from external attackers. Specific threats are organized by their impact on confidentiality like data leakage; integrity like incorrect resource segregation; and availability like denial of service attacks. The document concludes that security efforts should focus on both prevention of threats and detection of security issues.
Digitalization has transformed the way business’s function. With the evolution of technologies, attackers are also evolving. They are finding innovative and more invasive ways to attack organizations. Due to this, the organization's security operations center (SOC) is expected to be
more agile and dynamic in detecting and responding to attacks. Most organizations' security operations and incident response teams are overworked due to high volumes of security threats and alerts that they need to manage every day.
Risks to Cloud based critical infrastructure -- DHS bulletinDavid Sweigert
Critical infrastructure organizations that use cloud services face both common and unique security risks. Cloud services are vulnerable to denial of service attacks like traditional IT systems, but also risks specific to virtual environments such as hyperjacking, where a malicious actor gains control of virtual machines. When security incidents do occur, cloud providers often do not provide many details, making response difficult. As critical infrastructure increasingly relies on cloud computing, security standards and vetting of cloud providers needs to improve to help manage risks.
Network Attacks - (Information Assurance and Security)BS in Information Techn...SyvilMaeTapinit
Network attacks are unauthorized actions that target digital assets within an organizational network. There are two main types: passive attacks that involve monitoring networks to steal data without alterations, and active attacks that modify, encrypt, or damage data. Common network attacks include unauthorized access, distributed denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, SQL injection attacks, privilege escalation, and insider threats. Organizations can help protect their networks through measures like network segmentation, regulating internet access, strategic security device placement, network address translation, traffic monitoring, and isolating different network components physically or logically.
IRJET- Security Attacks Detection in Cloud using Machine Learning AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to detect security attacks in cloud computing. It first describes common security attacks like denial of service attacks, malware injection, side channel attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks. It then discusses machine learning classification algorithms like naive Bayes, support vector machines, decision trees, and ensemble methods that can be used to detect these attacks. Specifically, it explores using naive Bayes and hidden naive Bayes classifiers to detect denial of service attacks and assess their accuracy compared to other algorithms like multilayer perceptron and random forest.
Cyber Warfare is the current single greatest emerging threat to National Security. Network security has become an essential component of any computer network. As computer networks and systems become ever more fundamental to modern society, concerns about security has become increasingly important. There are a multitude of different applications open source and proprietary available for the protection +-system administrator, to decide on the most suitable format for their purpose requires knowledge of the available safety measures, their features and how they affect the quality of service, as well as the kind of data they will be allowing through un flagged. A majority of methods currently used to ensure the quality of a networks service are signature based. From this information, and details on the specifics of popular applications and their implementation methods, we have carried through the ideas, incorporating our own opinions, to formulate suggestions on how this could be done on a general level. The main objective was to design and develop an Intrusion Detection System. While the minor objectives were to; Design a port scanner to determine potential threats and mitigation techniques to withstand these attacks. Implement the system on a host and Run and test the designed IDS. In this project we set out to develop a Honey Pot IDS System. It would make it easy to listen on a range of ports and emulate a network protocol to track and identify any individuals trying to connect to your system. This IDS will use the following design approaches: Event correlation, Log analysis, Alerting, and policy enforcement. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, we have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which we have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. In this paper, we identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. We present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. We include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. We present an overview of the software platform that we have used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that we have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. We also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate our work.
The document discusses cyber security standards and threats in industrial networks. It describes the IEC 62443 standard for securing industrial networks and discusses levels of security it provides. The document also summarizes WoMaster's cyber security solutions, including secure remote access, multi-level authentication, ACLs, DHCP snooping, and DDoS prevention in line with IEC 62443 requirements to secure industrial IoT networks. WoMaster's solutions integrate software and hardware for comprehensive protection against cyber threats.
This document identifies and categorizes various vulnerabilities and threats in cloud computing. It discusses 8 categories of threats: abuse of resources, insecure interfaces, technology sharing issues, data leakages, service hijacking, malicious insiders, data separation, and unknown risks. For each threat, it provides details on how attackers can exploit vulnerabilities as well as recommendations for cloud service providers to mitigate risks, such as implementing strong access controls, encryption, monitoring, and auditing. The conclusion states that while cloud computing is widely adopted, organizations must still be aware of security issues and work to address them.
Identified Vulnerabilitis And Threats In Cloud ComputingIOSR Journals
This document identifies and categorizes various vulnerabilities and threats in cloud computing. It discusses 8 categories of threats: abuse of resources, insecure interfaces, technology sharing issues, data leakages, service hijacking, malicious insiders, data separation, and unknown risks. For each threat, it provides details on how attackers can exploit vulnerabilities as well as recommendations for cloud service providers to mitigate risks, such as implementing strong access controls, encryption, monitoring, and auditing. The conclusion states that while cloud computing is widely adopted, organizations must still be aware of security issues and work to address them.
Top encryption tools like McAfee are popular among business users. McAfee provides full disk encryption for desktops, laptops, and servers. The algorithm uses Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) with 256-bit keys. McAfee AES is certified by US Federal Information Processing Standard. There is also ready integration of multi-layer authentication.
A presentation made during the international Youth Exchange called Digital Danger and financed Erasmus+ Programme through Dům zahraniční spolupráce and the European Union
Looking to understand how hackers and other attackers use cyber technology to attack your network and your executives? This slide set provides an overview and details the anatomy of a cyber attack, and the strategies you can use to manage and mitigate risk.
The document discusses the McAfee Network Security Platform (NSP), an intrusion prevention system. The NSP uses techniques like stateful traffic inspection, signature detection, anomaly detection, and advanced malware detection to protect networks from attacks. It can detect threats inside and outside the network and respond according to security policies. The NSP consists of sensors deployed at key points in the network and a manager to configure and manage the sensors.
2. Back to the Future
I recently read an article online entitled: “Virtualization is Going
Mainstream”. The dateline was January 1, 2006. It’s a good reminder
that while the service provider industry working on deploying
virtualized networks, the concepts and technologies themselves are
not new.
Cybersecurity, specifically securing access to physical and virtual
networks and resources, is another key area. A recently released
study by Kasperksky Labs concludes that when a security incident
involves virtual machines, the recovery costs double compared to that
of a traditional environment. It is clear that some of the operational
challenges encountered from the enterprise IT experience could be
harbingers to some of what awaits service providers as they race to
virtualize their networks and implement new technologies such as
Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization
(NFV).
The Days of Security-Through-Obscurity Have Ended
Service provider networks are complex by nature – they span multiple
technologies, vendors, geographies, and support millions of end
users. Services will extend across wired and mobile networks, and
span virtual and physical infrastructure. Equally complex are the
business processes and operational challenges to order, administer,
maintain and scale services.
Management, security, and visibility strategies must also become
flexible and adaptable enough to address hybrid environments that
encompass both legacy and newly virtualized functions. It’s vital to
remember that services traverse heterogeneous, physical and virtual
networks.
Service provider networks have, in the past, been shielded from a lot
of security threats because of obscurity. Proprietary protocols and
custom hardware required specialized skill sets. That all changes with
SDN and NFV. Admittedly, there are many considerable and important
differences between enterprise virtual machine (VM) workloads and
the data plane intensive virtual network functions (VNFs) that will be
used by communication service providers like components of a mobile
evolved packet core (EPC) such MMEs, SGWs, and IMS core elements.
Therefore, implementing mission-sensitive networking applications
using cloud technologies may impact performance in unforeseen
or unacceptable ways, require accurate system configurations, and
could introduce new unintended security risks.
Traditional hardware-based networks are not immune from security
attacks either. In the past, attackers were primarily targeting
infrastructure devices to create denial of service (DoS) situations.
Increasingly, networking devices such as routers are becoming a
high-value target for attackers. By penetrating network infrastructure
attackers can gain access data flows as well as launch attacks against
other parts of the infrastructure.
Take, for example, the recently SYNful Knock attack. While the
attack could be possible on any router, the targets were Cisco routers
and involved a modification of the router’s firmware image creating
backdoors for attackers. The backdoor password provides access to
the router through the console and Telnet. This attack isn’t the result
of a problem or vulnerability the router itself the result of attackers
obtaining administrative credentials allowing them to load a modified
version of operating system software. The keys to this attack are
nearly always privileged user credentials.
The Hypervisor – Protect at all Costs
There are many potential security issues with the various components
of a virtualized infrastructure, and no component is more critical
than the hypervisor – the foundational element of virtualization.
The hypervisor is a piece of software that provides abstraction of
1 www.pipelinepub.com
Volume 12, Issue 5
Cybersecurity Goes Mainstream
By Rob Marson
3. all physical resources such as CPU, memory, network and storage.
It enables multiple computing stacks consisting of an operating
systems, middleware and applications to be run on a single physical
host. Individual computing stacks are encapsulated into instances
called Virtual Machines (VMs), which are independent executable
entities. VMs are also referred to as “Guests” and the operating
system (OS) running inside each of them as “Guest OS”.
The hypervisor performs many of the roles a conventional OS does
on a non-virtualized host or server. It provides isolation between
the various applications, or processes, running on a server. The
hypervisor controls VM access to physical hardware resources as well
as provides isolation among VMs. There a number of security threats
to the hypervisor and many of these threats emanate from insiders,
such as virtualization, network, cloud and security administrators, in
addition to threats from external attackers. The National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) recently published some important
research in a Special Publication 800-125-A on the potential security
threats to hypervisors, and recommendations to mitigate them.
Don’t Forget to Lock the Side Door
ARogue VMs pose significant threats to hypervisor security. Rogue
VMs can initiate side channel-attacks from target VMs running
on the same physical host. A rogue VM could hijack control of the
hypervisor, performing malicious actions such as installing rootkits as
well as launch attacks on another VM on the same virtualized host.
A rogue VM could also manipulate virtual switch configurations and
compromise isolation between VMs to snoop on east-west network
traffic between VMs. More often than not, attacks launched from
rogue VMs are permitted because of incorrectly configured settings
and parameters.
Other attacks on the hypervisor include resource starvation leading to
denial of service attacks, or a hypervisor providing privileged access to
a virtual security tool that could in turn be exploited. A misconfigured
VM may consume shared compute and memory, resulting in other
VMs being starved. Hypervisors provide privileged interfaces which
can be targeted by rogue VMs. Privileged operations such as memory
management can be invoked by rogue VMs and executed by the
hypervisor.
Identity is the new Perimeter, Especially for Privileged Users
Traditional approaches to privileged identity management emphasize
perimeter-based security controls. Relying solely on firewalls and
perimeter-based security strategies still expose networks to insider
threats, a growing risk. Increasingly, external hackers are targeting
privileged users with sophisticated phishing attacks. Cyber-attackers
commonly use a combination of social engineering and malware,
often in the form of an email phishing attack. Specifically, they target
an organization using information harvested via social engineering,
social media, and open source data, and then lure unsuspecting
users into downloading malware onto their computers. The attackers’
objective is gaining account credentials or personally identifiable
information, contact information and links to other accounts, including
those to networks.
Attackers typically remain present for long periods of time, moving
laterally across systems and organizations. Incident response firm
Mandiant has reported that the average mean time to detection for
network security breaches is 205 days. During this phase, it’s likely
that the attacker is using the legitimate credentials. As a result, service
provider network and security operations teams are increasingly the
target of phishing attacks. In a recent case, a service provider’s
network was compromised in this fashion allowing hackers access to
modify the configuration network firewalls in order to create persistent
pinholes into the network for snooping.
Cybersecurity Goes Mainstream
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The Communications Fraud Control
Association (CFCA) estimates that
Telecom Fraud costs the industry over
$40B USD annually.
Figure 1
4. Fraud is another critical threat facing communication service
providers. The Communications Fraud Control Association (CFCA)
estimates that Telecom Fraud costs the industry over $40B USD
annually. This equates to almost 2% of revenues. The most common
types of fraud include but are not limited to subscription identity theft
and International Revenue Share Fraud (IRSF). This occurs when
hackers obtain Subscriber Identity Management numbers (SIMs)
from service providers and use them for international roaming status
to begin placing outgoing international calls in order to exploit some
countries’ high termination rates, or inflate traffic into other high value
numbers with the intention of sharing any revenues generated. PBX
(Private Branch Exchange) hacking is one of the leading types of fraud
globally. In this scenario, a company’s PBX system is compromised
and long distance/international calling access is provided to third
parties. The CFCA estimates that this type of fraud costs close to
$5B annually in lost revenue. Often PBX administrator credentials are
used to change call routing configurations. New hosted and virtual
PBX services create new types of attack vectors. Often, these types of
fraudulent activities are in collaboration with internal employees and
collaborators.
Passwords are the Keys to the Kingdom
Privileged identity access management (IAM) is a key challenge for
service providers. On average, a typical user has on average 35%
more access rights than needed. In another example, a service
provider had roughly 4,000 employees, but over 40,000 privileged
user accounts. The boundaries of networks, and between elements
within the network themselves are becoming more blurred. Service
providers will distribute virtualized infrastructure and VNFs throughout
their networks. New configurations, new devices, and new virtualized
functions can appear and move.The degrees of automation possible
with technologies like SDN and NFV, along with the emergence of the
Internet of Things (IoT), requires a redefinition of the term “identity”.
New business models enabled by these technologies further opens up
service provider networks to a growing community of third-party users.
Furthermore, users are accessing network resources from a variety
of devices, both fixed and mobile, and from any variety of locations.
Traditional, human-focused IAM systems must now accommodate
people, processes, and systems.
Finding backdoors within networks can be challenging. Finding
modifications to network configuration settings that create security
pinholes is even more daunting. This challenge is compounded by
new technologies such as SDN and NFV which bring more dynamic,
programmatic network environments. Incorporating proactive
network configuration discovery and auditing is more important than
ever, both from a security standpoint as well as from a performance
management perspective.
Check, Re-Check, Check Again and then Check Some More
VMs are typically created from templates which specify key
configuration criteria including processor and memory load. In order
to assure correct implementation, VMs require a “Gold Image” which
defines the set of configuration parameters such as information about
the Guest OS, version and patch level. It is important to proactively
scan active VMs to ensure that they are properly configured when
compared to the “Gold Image”. NIST explicitly recommends that the
VM configuration be checked for compliance to configuration settings
in these Gold Images in order to minimize configuration errors that
may increase the security risk. This is distinctly different from the
monitoring of inter-VM traffic.
VM “Gold Image” must also be protected with strict access controls.
Cloud architectures result in an elastic perimeter. More users
throughout an organization, as well as trusted partners increasing risk
of data leakage. Privileged user identity and account management
strategies to both the hypervisor, consoles and data bases is essential.
Service providers spend considerable time and money isolating the
source of network performance issues. Processes often include
deploying test equipment, capturing traffic, analyzing data, only
to isolate the cause of an issue to be the result of a setting on an
individual router or switch.
Service providers confirm that up to 60% of their network outages and
degradations are caused by network configuration errors. This is only
going to intensify with NFV which will bring with it orders of magnitude
more configurable parameters along with more interdependencies.
Ensuring that servers, the VNFs themselves, and all supporting
systems are correctly configured, and stay correctly configured, is
critical to assuring service delivery performance and service level
agreements.
Analysis of backhaul network configuration for a mobile service
provider spanning more than 10,000 different network elements or
3 www.pipelinepub.com
Cybersecurity Goes Mainstream
The Communications Fraud Control
Association (CFCA) estimates that
Telecom Fraud costs the industry over
$40B USD annually.
5. functions from multiple suppliers and close to 30 million configurable
parameters identified a considerable number of configuration errors
impacting subscriber experience. Numerous security vulnerabilities
were also detected.
Configuration errors enable 65% of cyberattacks and cause 62% of
infrastructure downtime according to a recent published research.
UK headquartered service provider BT along with industry research
firm Gartner estimate that 65% of cyberattacks exploit systems with
vulnerabilities introduced by configuration errors. A review of Annual
Incident Reports published by the European Union reveals that 25% of
reported incidents in 2013 were the result of human error or malicious
actions. The report goes on to cite that incidents caused by malicious
actions, had long recovery times (53 hours) on average resulting in
11,600 user hours lost. Moreover, most operators do not correlate the
relationship between malicious attacks and outages. The all-IP nature
of modern mobile networks creates an expanded attack surface to
exploit security vulnerabilities.
Discovering and analyzing network configuration parameters along
the service path is key to be able to isolate where exactly customer
impacts are occurring, and where hidden security vulnerabilities
may lurk. Similar to gold standard VM image management in a
traditional IT environment, service providers require strategies to
import, update, define and manage the lifecycles of “Gold Standard”
service templates. Furthermore, using these templates in a proactive,
automated fashion to scan the configuration of service chains helps
eliminate configuration issues in the first place.
Identity and Configuration – The Keys to Improved Network
Cybersecurity
The recent increase in sophisticated, targeted security threats by both
insiders and external attackers has increased the awareness and
urgency for comprehensive security strategies. Achieving “network
security through obscurity” is no longer an option for service providers.
Cybersecurity Goes Mainstream
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BT along with industry research
firm Gartner estimate that 65%
of cyberattacks exploit systems
with vulnerabilities introduced by
configuration errors.
Figure 2