For years, science fiction has portrayed different forms of Bio-Infotization, the most promising portrayal being the Borg’s nanobytes. Once they are injected into an individual, the programmable nanobytes propel themselves through the blood then latch on to individual cells. The nanobytes then rewrite the DNA of the cells altering their biochemistry, possibly forming more complicated structures and networks such as electronic networks with data storage and processing nodes. What guarantees are there that this technology is secure? How long will it be before this technology fall into the hands of rogue governments and terrorists? Cyber terrorism has the ability of truly creating an army of zombie warriors, who can be controlled in the same manner as a botnet army.
Cyber Medical Terrorism: Hacking DNA for a Brave New World - Gregory CarpenterEC-Council
For years, science fiction has portrayed different forms of Bio-Infotization, the most promising portrayal being the Borg’s nanobytes. Once they are injected into an individual, the programmable nanobytes propel themselves through the blood then latch on to individual cells. The nanobytes then rewrite the DNA of the cells altering their biochemistry, possibly forming more complicated structures and networks such as electronic networks with data storage and processing nodes. What guarantees are there that this technology is secure? How long will it be before this technology fall into the hands of rogue governments and terrorists? Cyber terrorism has the ability of truly creating an army of zombie warriors, who can be controlled in the same manner as a botnet army.
Mark weber the inside story of the hess flight - journal of historical rev...RareBooksnRecords
Rudolf Hess flew from Germany to Scotland in May 1941 on a secret mission to negotiate a peace deal between Germany and Britain. Hess met with British intelligence agents who had been stringing the Germans along in negotiations for months. Hess believed he was meeting with members of a pro-German British organization, but was actually in the hands of British spies. Hess conveyed Hitler's peace terms to the British, which included Germany withdrawing from most occupied countries in exchange for Britain ending the war, but the British had no intention of accepting the terms. Hess's unannounced flight and his capture provided a major intelligence coup for the British.
Hitler has a robust physique and high endurance. He is meticulous about his personal appearance and hygiene, but takes little exercise other than pacing while whistling tunes. As a reader, he is selective and only interested in subjects that confirm his existing views, with a focus on dramatic historical figures. He has a great capacity for silence or monologue in conversations.
From double eagle_to_red_flag-general_pn_krassnoff-1930-550pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "From Double Eagle to Red Flag" by General P.N. Krassnoff. It was originally published in Russia in the 1920s in four volumes chronicling events from 1894 to the Bolshevik rule. The introduction provides background on the author and praise for his vivid first-hand account and insights into various classes of Russian society. It notes the book may provoke some due to its "straight-forward and painful truths." The translator's preface provides more details on the author's life experiences, from a decorated cavalry officer to becoming Ataman of the Don Cossacks during the civil war. It believes the book will help readers gain a clearer understanding of Russia's tragic
I meet my_contemporaries-maximilian_harden-1925-294pgs-pol-gerRareBooksnRecords
Maximilian Harden was a fearless German journalist and publisher who relentlessly criticized the Kaiser and German establishment through his publication Die Zukunft. Though imprisoned twice for his writings, he remained defiant and predicted both World War I and Germany's defeat. He advocated for understanding with the United States and supported Woodrow Wilson's peace efforts. Despite constant persecution, Harden never wavered in his independent criticism of the German government.
The story of the three phenomena that are associated with the term "Dracula". The Prince Vlad Tepes III., who led the country with an iron hand; the fictional character of Bram Stoker, who was always in search of blood and the finally mysticism. The superstition is still rooted in the people. The eBook is referring to numerous documents that deal with the topic of vampires also from the public.
Nemesis story of-otto_reed-douglas_reed-1940-282pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This chapter describes the author's visit to a deserted coastal village that was once a busy fishing community. A storm destroyed the village years ago, forcing residents to relocate. The only remaining resident is an elderly woman who chose to stay in the one house that was rebuilt. She now lives alone in the ruins, with few visitors. The author reflects on how the village represents England facing isolation and loss of community as a result of the impending war and influx of immigrants.
Cyber Medical Terrorism: Hacking DNA for a Brave New World - Gregory CarpenterEC-Council
For years, science fiction has portrayed different forms of Bio-Infotization, the most promising portrayal being the Borg’s nanobytes. Once they are injected into an individual, the programmable nanobytes propel themselves through the blood then latch on to individual cells. The nanobytes then rewrite the DNA of the cells altering their biochemistry, possibly forming more complicated structures and networks such as electronic networks with data storage and processing nodes. What guarantees are there that this technology is secure? How long will it be before this technology fall into the hands of rogue governments and terrorists? Cyber terrorism has the ability of truly creating an army of zombie warriors, who can be controlled in the same manner as a botnet army.
Mark weber the inside story of the hess flight - journal of historical rev...RareBooksnRecords
Rudolf Hess flew from Germany to Scotland in May 1941 on a secret mission to negotiate a peace deal between Germany and Britain. Hess met with British intelligence agents who had been stringing the Germans along in negotiations for months. Hess believed he was meeting with members of a pro-German British organization, but was actually in the hands of British spies. Hess conveyed Hitler's peace terms to the British, which included Germany withdrawing from most occupied countries in exchange for Britain ending the war, but the British had no intention of accepting the terms. Hess's unannounced flight and his capture provided a major intelligence coup for the British.
Hitler has a robust physique and high endurance. He is meticulous about his personal appearance and hygiene, but takes little exercise other than pacing while whistling tunes. As a reader, he is selective and only interested in subjects that confirm his existing views, with a focus on dramatic historical figures. He has a great capacity for silence or monologue in conversations.
From double eagle_to_red_flag-general_pn_krassnoff-1930-550pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "From Double Eagle to Red Flag" by General P.N. Krassnoff. It was originally published in Russia in the 1920s in four volumes chronicling events from 1894 to the Bolshevik rule. The introduction provides background on the author and praise for his vivid first-hand account and insights into various classes of Russian society. It notes the book may provoke some due to its "straight-forward and painful truths." The translator's preface provides more details on the author's life experiences, from a decorated cavalry officer to becoming Ataman of the Don Cossacks during the civil war. It believes the book will help readers gain a clearer understanding of Russia's tragic
I meet my_contemporaries-maximilian_harden-1925-294pgs-pol-gerRareBooksnRecords
Maximilian Harden was a fearless German journalist and publisher who relentlessly criticized the Kaiser and German establishment through his publication Die Zukunft. Though imprisoned twice for his writings, he remained defiant and predicted both World War I and Germany's defeat. He advocated for understanding with the United States and supported Woodrow Wilson's peace efforts. Despite constant persecution, Harden never wavered in his independent criticism of the German government.
The story of the three phenomena that are associated with the term "Dracula". The Prince Vlad Tepes III., who led the country with an iron hand; the fictional character of Bram Stoker, who was always in search of blood and the finally mysticism. The superstition is still rooted in the people. The eBook is referring to numerous documents that deal with the topic of vampires also from the public.
Nemesis story of-otto_reed-douglas_reed-1940-282pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This chapter describes the author's visit to a deserted coastal village that was once a busy fishing community. A storm destroyed the village years ago, forcing residents to relocate. The only remaining resident is an elderly woman who chose to stay in the one house that was rebuilt. She now lives alone in the ruins, with few visitors. The author reflects on how the village represents England facing isolation and loss of community as a result of the impending war and influx of immigrants.
1. The document discusses several British poets who wrote about their experiences in World War 1, known as the "Trench Poets". It profiles Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen, and Siegfried Sassoon, detailing their lives and analyzing some of their famous poems including "Break of Day in the Trenches" by Rosenberg and "Strange Meeting" by Owen.
2. It also discusses the lasting impact and legacy of World War 1, how it changed perspectives and led writers to develop new forms of expression to convey the unprecedented horror and disillusionment of the war.
3. The Trench Poets broke conventions with passionate, disturbing verse that sought to accurately portray the realities of trench
This document provides a summary of the historiography of T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"). It discusses how Lawrence first gained fame through the works of Lowell Thomas and the film Lawrence of Arabia, which portrayed him as a heroic figure. However, more recent historical studies have taken a more nuanced approach, examining both Lawrence's accomplishments during the Arab Revolt as well as flaws and inaccuracies in his accounts. The document analyzes early biographies of Lawrence that tended to be didactic and hagiographic in nature due to author bias and lack of objective sources. It was not until Richard Aldington's 1955 biography that a historian conducted a critical inquiry into Lawrence that acknowledged the degree to which he exaggerated his role
The document describes a meeting in January 1933 between Hitler, von Papen, and others at a friend's house in Cologne, Germany. During a two hour discussion in the den, von Papen proposed to Hitler that the conservatives and nationalists who supported him should form a new government with the Nazis, with Hitler potentially serving as Chancellor. This meeting was an important step towards Hitler ultimately becoming Chancellor of Germany a month later in January 1933.
The novel is set in November 1944 and follows Willi Graf, a German rocket engineer launching V2 rockets at London, and Kay Connolly, a former actress working as a British spy, who is sent to Belgium to locate the rocket launch sites. When rumors of a defector spread, Graf becomes a suspect. Unknown to each other, Graf and Connolly find themselves on opposite sides of the hunt for the saboteur, with their stories unfolding against the backdrop of the German rocket campaign during World War II.
Anton_Douglas_R_Wagner_AntSemitism_ImmigrationAnton Douglas
This document provides an introduction and literature review on Richard Wagner's anti-Semitic writings and views on immigration. It summarizes Wagner's background and controversial philosophies, and contextualizes 19th century German nationalism and anti-Semitism. The document reviews several primary and secondary sources to understand Wagner's views, including his essay "Das Judenthum in der Musik". It aims to determine what, if anything, can be learned from Wagner's writings to create a harmonious modern society.
This document analyzes how Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms and F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night portray Europe as wounded following World War 1. It discusses how the characters exhibit physical and mental wounds through heavy drinking and detachment. John Singer Sargent's paintings from the war, such as Two Soldiers at Arras and Gassed, similarly depict Europe as unfamiliar and unsettling. The document argues that the novels and paintings reflect the fractured identities and political disenchantment of the post-war "lost generation." Physical wounds, scars, and the inability to heal represented the vulnerability and foreignness experienced by American expatriates in 1920s Europe.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 provided the pretext for war. This assassination led to rapid developments that escalated tensions between countries and alliances, resulting in the start of World War I. The "Happy Allies" postcard from 1916 depicts the heads of state of Germany, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria-Hungary who were allied against countries like Russia that were involved in the escalating events leading to war.
This document provides biographical information about Christopher Marlowe, an influential English playwright of the Elizabethan era. It discusses his plays, including Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine, and Edward II. It notes that Marlowe was admired by his contemporaries including Shakespeare, and that he pioneered the use of blank verse in English drama. The document also summarizes the two versions of Doctor Faustus from 1604 and 1616, and discusses the sources and controversy around the play.
World War One - The Stafferton Men who went to WarStaffertonFamily
Ten Survived and One was Killed....
"Many books have been written about the Great War, now called World War One (WW1),
but I have simply attempted to show how men from the Stafferton family were involved in the war.
I have included some details on what happened when war was declared and how the men were encouraged to join the military to fight in the war. I briefly describe what a battalion is and the training that the men would have received before going into battle. I have also included a family tree to show how the men were related, although all of them may not have known each other. I have also included a map of the Western Front in France where most of the men fought."
1) In early 1939, Hitler was determined to invade Poland but first wanted to ensure the Soviet Union would not resist. On August 23, 1939, the Germans and Soviets signed a non-aggression pact agreeing to divide Poland between them.
2) Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland to begin on August 26, 1939. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, initiating World War II.
3) In September 1939, Germany had a more effective and efficient military than the Allies, particularly in the number and organization of its armored divisions and tanks, which proved decisive in its early victories.
Hellstorm (the truth about world war 2 and the aftermathMartin Struthers
This document provides context about the village of Nemmersdorf in East Prussia and describes horrific atrocities committed there by Soviet troops in October 1944 after they temporarily broke through the German front lines. German soldiers found all of the village's civilians, including women and children, had been raped and murdered in brutal fashion after the Soviets were driven back. Neutral investigators confirmed the atrocities but their reports received no attention, as by late 1944 the propaganda campaign against Germany had reached such an extreme that few cared about German civilian casualties. The document suggests this set the stage for the Allies' goal in the later stages of the war being the total destruction of Germany and its people.
The document provides biographical information on German artists George Grosz and Otto Dix who were active during World War 1 and the Weimar Republic period in Germany. Both artists produced politically charged works that critiqued and satirized German militarism, nationalism, and the rise of fascism under the Nazi party. Their art depicted the brutality of war and criticized what they saw as the moral failings and corruption of German society at the time. Both artists were considered to produce "degenerate art" by the Nazis and faced persecution after they came to power in 1933.
The document provides an overview of World War 1 from 1914-1918. It discusses the causes of the war including the alliance system, militarism, economic and imperial rivalries, and nationalism. It describes the major players and events on the Eastern and Western Fronts, as well as the use of new military technologies. The document notes that over 9 million soldiers lost their lives before the Armistice was signed in 1918, ending four years of devastating global war.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. Over the next four years, the war engulfed Europe and much of the world, resulting in unprecedented carnage and destruction. It also had profound political consequences, including the collapse of several empires and the Russian Revolution. The aftermath of World War I redrew the map of Europe and laid the groundwork for new conflicts.
John Heintz is a respected Chicago educational consultant who previously held leadership responsibilities with the Niles Township High School District 219. An avid reader, Chicago native John Heintz particularly enjoys 20th century fiction classics such as To Kill A Mockingbird and The Great Gatsby. Mr. Heintz was, after all, an English teacher for fifteen years before building the consultancy Second Rail Education. Two of his favorite nonfiction authors are Doris Kearns Goodwin and Tony Judt. Mr. Heintz finds Ms. Goodwin's work No Ordinary Time - Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II particularly compelling.
The document outlines the agenda for an ELIT 17 Class 9. It includes recitations, team activities, a lecture on Shakespeare's history plays, and a discussion of Richard III. The lecture section provides context on Shakespeare's history plays, including that they were divided into the first and second tetralogies. It discusses characteristics of Renaissance historiography and Shakespeare's approach. It also provides context on Richard III as a play, including its plot and major characters like Richard and Lady Anne. There is then a discussion of Richard III's opening speech and an activity where students will practice performing it in groups.
This document is the beginning of Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf. It provides background on Hitler's life and upbringing in Austria, his involvement in World War I and the German Labour Party. It also outlines the development of his racist, nationalist ideology and the beginnings of the Nazi movement. The document contains summaries of the two volumes of Mein Kampf and notes on references made in the text.
Robert a. hall, jr. the persecution of p. g. wodehouse - journal of histori...RareBooksnRecords
Wodehouse, a British author, was interned by the Germans during WWII and made some radio broadcasts intended for American friends. This led to outrage in Britain, where he was accused of treason despite the broadcasts containing no propaganda. He faced harassment from both British and American authorities for years after. In reality, Wodehouse acted without political intent and his works showed no support for Nazis or ill will towards any group. He was primarily targeted due to being an easy scapegoat during a time of strong public emotion against Germany.
Fusilier regiment, Sgt Palmer awarded VC in 1917 WW1 for "conspicuous bravery" whilst underfire in Courcelette, France. He also went on to join the RAF in WW2.
VOLTAIRE ON MAZEPA AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UKRAINEThomas M. Prymak
Voltaire discussed Ukraine and its ruler Ivan Mazepa in two of his historical works. In his 1731 history of Charles XII of Sweden, he described how Charles turned to Ukraine for supplies after defeats in Poland, hoping for an alliance with Mazepa against Russia. Voltaire portrayed Ukraine as aspiring to freedom but forced to seek protection from Poland, Turkey, or Russia, and having its autonomy reduced over time. In his 1761 history of Peter the Great's Russian Empire, Voltaire focused more on Peter's reforms but still mentioned Mazepa's revolt against Russian rule. His treatment of Ukraine and Mazepa differed in emphasis between the two works due to their different subjects and time periods.
Of the Protocols themselves little need be said in the way of introduction. The book in which they are embodied was first published in the year 1897 by Philip Stepanov for private circulation among his intimate friends. The first time Nilus published them was in 1901 in a book called The Great Within the Small and reprinted in 1905. A copy of this is in the British Museum bearing the date of its reception, August 10, 1906. All copies that were known to exist in Russia were destroyed in the Kerensky regime, and under his successors the possession of a copy by anyone in Soviet land was a crime sufficient to ensure the owner's of being shot on sight. The fact is in itself sufficient proof of the genuineness of the Protocols. The Jewish journals, of course, say that they are a forgery, leaving it to be understood that Professor Nilus, who embodied them in a work of his own, had concocted them for his own purposes.
1. The document discusses several British poets who wrote about their experiences in World War 1, known as the "Trench Poets". It profiles Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen, and Siegfried Sassoon, detailing their lives and analyzing some of their famous poems including "Break of Day in the Trenches" by Rosenberg and "Strange Meeting" by Owen.
2. It also discusses the lasting impact and legacy of World War 1, how it changed perspectives and led writers to develop new forms of expression to convey the unprecedented horror and disillusionment of the war.
3. The Trench Poets broke conventions with passionate, disturbing verse that sought to accurately portray the realities of trench
This document provides a summary of the historiography of T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"). It discusses how Lawrence first gained fame through the works of Lowell Thomas and the film Lawrence of Arabia, which portrayed him as a heroic figure. However, more recent historical studies have taken a more nuanced approach, examining both Lawrence's accomplishments during the Arab Revolt as well as flaws and inaccuracies in his accounts. The document analyzes early biographies of Lawrence that tended to be didactic and hagiographic in nature due to author bias and lack of objective sources. It was not until Richard Aldington's 1955 biography that a historian conducted a critical inquiry into Lawrence that acknowledged the degree to which he exaggerated his role
The document describes a meeting in January 1933 between Hitler, von Papen, and others at a friend's house in Cologne, Germany. During a two hour discussion in the den, von Papen proposed to Hitler that the conservatives and nationalists who supported him should form a new government with the Nazis, with Hitler potentially serving as Chancellor. This meeting was an important step towards Hitler ultimately becoming Chancellor of Germany a month later in January 1933.
The novel is set in November 1944 and follows Willi Graf, a German rocket engineer launching V2 rockets at London, and Kay Connolly, a former actress working as a British spy, who is sent to Belgium to locate the rocket launch sites. When rumors of a defector spread, Graf becomes a suspect. Unknown to each other, Graf and Connolly find themselves on opposite sides of the hunt for the saboteur, with their stories unfolding against the backdrop of the German rocket campaign during World War II.
Anton_Douglas_R_Wagner_AntSemitism_ImmigrationAnton Douglas
This document provides an introduction and literature review on Richard Wagner's anti-Semitic writings and views on immigration. It summarizes Wagner's background and controversial philosophies, and contextualizes 19th century German nationalism and anti-Semitism. The document reviews several primary and secondary sources to understand Wagner's views, including his essay "Das Judenthum in der Musik". It aims to determine what, if anything, can be learned from Wagner's writings to create a harmonious modern society.
This document analyzes how Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms and F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night portray Europe as wounded following World War 1. It discusses how the characters exhibit physical and mental wounds through heavy drinking and detachment. John Singer Sargent's paintings from the war, such as Two Soldiers at Arras and Gassed, similarly depict Europe as unfamiliar and unsettling. The document argues that the novels and paintings reflect the fractured identities and political disenchantment of the post-war "lost generation." Physical wounds, scars, and the inability to heal represented the vulnerability and foreignness experienced by American expatriates in 1920s Europe.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 provided the pretext for war. This assassination led to rapid developments that escalated tensions between countries and alliances, resulting in the start of World War I. The "Happy Allies" postcard from 1916 depicts the heads of state of Germany, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria-Hungary who were allied against countries like Russia that were involved in the escalating events leading to war.
This document provides biographical information about Christopher Marlowe, an influential English playwright of the Elizabethan era. It discusses his plays, including Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine, and Edward II. It notes that Marlowe was admired by his contemporaries including Shakespeare, and that he pioneered the use of blank verse in English drama. The document also summarizes the two versions of Doctor Faustus from 1604 and 1616, and discusses the sources and controversy around the play.
World War One - The Stafferton Men who went to WarStaffertonFamily
Ten Survived and One was Killed....
"Many books have been written about the Great War, now called World War One (WW1),
but I have simply attempted to show how men from the Stafferton family were involved in the war.
I have included some details on what happened when war was declared and how the men were encouraged to join the military to fight in the war. I briefly describe what a battalion is and the training that the men would have received before going into battle. I have also included a family tree to show how the men were related, although all of them may not have known each other. I have also included a map of the Western Front in France where most of the men fought."
1) In early 1939, Hitler was determined to invade Poland but first wanted to ensure the Soviet Union would not resist. On August 23, 1939, the Germans and Soviets signed a non-aggression pact agreeing to divide Poland between them.
2) Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland to begin on August 26, 1939. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, initiating World War II.
3) In September 1939, Germany had a more effective and efficient military than the Allies, particularly in the number and organization of its armored divisions and tanks, which proved decisive in its early victories.
Hellstorm (the truth about world war 2 and the aftermathMartin Struthers
This document provides context about the village of Nemmersdorf in East Prussia and describes horrific atrocities committed there by Soviet troops in October 1944 after they temporarily broke through the German front lines. German soldiers found all of the village's civilians, including women and children, had been raped and murdered in brutal fashion after the Soviets were driven back. Neutral investigators confirmed the atrocities but their reports received no attention, as by late 1944 the propaganda campaign against Germany had reached such an extreme that few cared about German civilian casualties. The document suggests this set the stage for the Allies' goal in the later stages of the war being the total destruction of Germany and its people.
The document provides biographical information on German artists George Grosz and Otto Dix who were active during World War 1 and the Weimar Republic period in Germany. Both artists produced politically charged works that critiqued and satirized German militarism, nationalism, and the rise of fascism under the Nazi party. Their art depicted the brutality of war and criticized what they saw as the moral failings and corruption of German society at the time. Both artists were considered to produce "degenerate art" by the Nazis and faced persecution after they came to power in 1933.
The document provides an overview of World War 1 from 1914-1918. It discusses the causes of the war including the alliance system, militarism, economic and imperial rivalries, and nationalism. It describes the major players and events on the Eastern and Western Fronts, as well as the use of new military technologies. The document notes that over 9 million soldiers lost their lives before the Armistice was signed in 1918, ending four years of devastating global war.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. Over the next four years, the war engulfed Europe and much of the world, resulting in unprecedented carnage and destruction. It also had profound political consequences, including the collapse of several empires and the Russian Revolution. The aftermath of World War I redrew the map of Europe and laid the groundwork for new conflicts.
John Heintz is a respected Chicago educational consultant who previously held leadership responsibilities with the Niles Township High School District 219. An avid reader, Chicago native John Heintz particularly enjoys 20th century fiction classics such as To Kill A Mockingbird and The Great Gatsby. Mr. Heintz was, after all, an English teacher for fifteen years before building the consultancy Second Rail Education. Two of his favorite nonfiction authors are Doris Kearns Goodwin and Tony Judt. Mr. Heintz finds Ms. Goodwin's work No Ordinary Time - Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II particularly compelling.
The document outlines the agenda for an ELIT 17 Class 9. It includes recitations, team activities, a lecture on Shakespeare's history plays, and a discussion of Richard III. The lecture section provides context on Shakespeare's history plays, including that they were divided into the first and second tetralogies. It discusses characteristics of Renaissance historiography and Shakespeare's approach. It also provides context on Richard III as a play, including its plot and major characters like Richard and Lady Anne. There is then a discussion of Richard III's opening speech and an activity where students will practice performing it in groups.
This document is the beginning of Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf. It provides background on Hitler's life and upbringing in Austria, his involvement in World War I and the German Labour Party. It also outlines the development of his racist, nationalist ideology and the beginnings of the Nazi movement. The document contains summaries of the two volumes of Mein Kampf and notes on references made in the text.
Robert a. hall, jr. the persecution of p. g. wodehouse - journal of histori...RareBooksnRecords
Wodehouse, a British author, was interned by the Germans during WWII and made some radio broadcasts intended for American friends. This led to outrage in Britain, where he was accused of treason despite the broadcasts containing no propaganda. He faced harassment from both British and American authorities for years after. In reality, Wodehouse acted without political intent and his works showed no support for Nazis or ill will towards any group. He was primarily targeted due to being an easy scapegoat during a time of strong public emotion against Germany.
Fusilier regiment, Sgt Palmer awarded VC in 1917 WW1 for "conspicuous bravery" whilst underfire in Courcelette, France. He also went on to join the RAF in WW2.
VOLTAIRE ON MAZEPA AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UKRAINEThomas M. Prymak
Voltaire discussed Ukraine and its ruler Ivan Mazepa in two of his historical works. In his 1731 history of Charles XII of Sweden, he described how Charles turned to Ukraine for supplies after defeats in Poland, hoping for an alliance with Mazepa against Russia. Voltaire portrayed Ukraine as aspiring to freedom but forced to seek protection from Poland, Turkey, or Russia, and having its autonomy reduced over time. In his 1761 history of Peter the Great's Russian Empire, Voltaire focused more on Peter's reforms but still mentioned Mazepa's revolt against Russian rule. His treatment of Ukraine and Mazepa differed in emphasis between the two works due to their different subjects and time periods.
Of the Protocols themselves little need be said in the way of introduction. The book in which they are embodied was first published in the year 1897 by Philip Stepanov for private circulation among his intimate friends. The first time Nilus published them was in 1901 in a book called The Great Within the Small and reprinted in 1905. A copy of this is in the British Museum bearing the date of its reception, August 10, 1906. All copies that were known to exist in Russia were destroyed in the Kerensky regime, and under his successors the possession of a copy by anyone in Soviet land was a crime sufficient to ensure the owner's of being shot on sight. The fact is in itself sufficient proof of the genuineness of the Protocols. The Jewish journals, of course, say that they are a forgery, leaving it to be understood that Professor Nilus, who embodied them in a work of his own, had concocted them for his own purposes.
Charles lutton stalin's war victims and accomplices - journal of historical...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary and analysis of Nikolai Tolstoy's book "Stalin's Secret War". It discusses how Tolstoy argues that Stalin ruled the Soviet Union with an "unrestricted police state" and that conditions under Stalin were far worse than under the Tsars. It describes how Stalin signed non-aggression pacts with Hitler in 1939 to buy time, but overreached with territorial demands in 1940, leading Hitler to decide to invade. It analyzes how Stalin prioritized internal security over the war effort, using penal battalions and the NKVD to terrorize Soviet citizens and soldiers. It estimates that Stalin may have been responsible for as many as 23 million Soviet deaths, in addition to those caused by the Axis powers
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENIN. Contains: last 2 czars, Alexander the third, nationalism, autocracy, russification, bloody Sunday, Lenin, Red Terror.
This document provides an overview of the history of English literature from the 9th century to the late 19th century. It summarizes key writers and literary periods, including Old English works, Geoffrey Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales, William Shakespeare and his plays, the Romantic period writers like William Wordsworth, and the development of novels by authors such as Daniel Defoe. The document aims to give students insight into the major influences and developments in English literature over this long time period.
Word Count ca. 1500 words. Times New Roman, double-spaced, si.docxlefrancoishazlett
Word Count:
ca. 1500 words. Times New Roman, double-spaced, size 12.
Citations
: Chicago Manual Style
Description
: In this assignment, you are asked to analyze a selection of primary sources (historical documents) pertaining to the events of the First World War. In these sources, different authors with different backgrounds (nationality, class, gender, profession, and age) speak to you about their experiences and perceptions during World War I (1914-1918).
Objective
: Compare and contrast these primary sources, bringing them into a larger meaningful context. When comparing and contrasting, you could focus on these questions:
How do the experiences that soldiers and civilians made during WWI differ from one another; how are they similar?
How do you explain discernable
differences or similarities
?
Your job is to
analytically
compare and contrast the sources
, not to summarize them.
Make sure you structure your essay coherently. Clearly outline in your introduction the
argument you intend to pursue in your paper. In your main body, use single paragraphs for single points (i.e. don’t discuss multiple ideas in one paragraph). In your conclusion, finally, sum up your main argument.
You do not have to use any sources other than the ones provided. You are welcome to refer to others, such as from the textbook or any other source that you find appropriate. This is not a research paper, however, and you will not get a higher mark simply for using additional sources.
For direct quotations, use quotation marks. For direct quotations
and
paraphrases, you must use a citation (footnote). For this assignment, we can use simplified footnotes, i.e. simply state the name of the author and title of the document. For page numbers just use the page number of THIS document (I realize this is somewhat arbitrary…).
Example:
Nicholas II, Imperial Manifesto, p. 2.
Put the simplified bibliography at the end of your essay. Use the same format as in your footnotes (name of author, source). For questions, send me an email or visit the WLC.
Primary Source 1: A monarch’s perspective
Russian IMPERIAL MANIFESTO, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
August 2, 1914.
We NICHOLAS II, by the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, Czar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc., etc., etc.
Proclaim to all OUR loyal subjects:
Following her historical traditions, Russia, united in faith and blood with the Slav nations, has never regarded their fate with indifference. The unanimous fraternal sentiments of the Russian people for the Slavs have been aroused to special intensity in the past few days, when Austria-Hungary presented to Serbia demands which she foresaw would be unacceptable to a Sovereign State.
Having disregarded the conciliatory and peaceable reply of the Serbian Government, and having declined Russia's well-intentioned mediation, Austria hastened to launch an armed attack in a bombardment of unprotected Belgrad.
Compelled, b.
This document reviews a book that examines Barnabe Riche's 16th century novel "The Adventures of Brusanus, Prince of Hungaria". The reviewer makes the following key points:
1) The book argues that "Brusanus" deserves an important place in history as one of the earliest examples of the novel genre, employing multiple voices and narrative styles.
2) The novel serves as a guide to Elizabethan genre fiction, incorporating styles like euphuism, martial tales, debates about women, and chivalric romances that influenced later works.
3) The introduction provides useful historical context about how Elizabethan prose fiction developed through imitation and occasional plagiarism of other works.
The Elizabethan era in English history was marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I from 1558 to 1603. This period is often depicted as a golden age and cultural flowering. Literature, theatre, and poetry thrived under royal patronage. William Shakespeare was the most famous playwright of this era, along with other notable writers like Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and Ben Jonson. Shakespeare's works like his sonnets and plays had a profound influence on English literature during this time.
1. The document summarizes Russian history from the Vikings through Catherine the Great and Nicholas II, including the Mongol invasion and reforms under Peter the Great and Alexander II.
2. It introduces several influential Russian authors like Pushkin, Tolstoy, and Dostoyevsky and describes some of their major works.
3. The last part discusses Tsar Nicholas II and his family, noting his poor decisions contributed to the Bolshevik Revolution where he and his family were arrested.
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The document summarizes major events in Russia between the late 1800s and 1920s, including the fall of the Russian Empire and rise of communism. It discusses how the Russian Empire faced modernization challenges under the last czars and experienced unrest. The 1917 revolutions overthrew the czarist regime and established a provisional government, which Lenin then took control of through the Bolshevik revolution. Lenin established a communist government and repressive policies through the Red Terror, before his death led to Stalin consolidating power and instituting harsh industrialization and collectivization policies through the 1930s.
This document summarizes the devastating impact of World War I on Jews in Eastern and Central Europe, who made up the heart of the Jewish population at the time. Over 50,000 Jews fought for Britain and over 120,000 for Germany and Austria-Hungary, while tens of thousands also fought for Russia and France. The constant movement of armies back and forth across the main Jewish population centers from 1914-1918 disrupted Jewish lives and communities. Despite the war, some Jewish writers, artists and musicians continued creating, though others escaped military service or emigrated to avoid it. The war had widespread and long-lasting negative effects on Eastern European Jewish culture, civilization and communities.
An Iraqi artist created 20 anti-American political cartoons during the first Gulf War criticizing American and coalition forces. The cartoons depict fighter jets attacking Iraqi soldiers and civilians. One cartoon shows an Iraqi soldier facing an oncoming horde of tanks. The cartoons convey a sense of doom and anxiety in Iraq.
This document provides summaries of several novels and works of literature from the early 20th century in London:
1. It summarizes Joseph Conrad's 1904 novel Nostromo, set in a fictional South American country.
2. It briefly describes D.H. Lawrence's 1915 novel The Rainbow, which focuses on family dynamics and sexuality.
3. It summarizes Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World, set in a dystopian future London.
This document provides context and details regarding Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It discusses Napoleon assembling a massive army of nearly 600,000 troops from across Europe. On June 22nd, Napoleon issued a proclamation to his soldiers before crossing the Niemen River into Russia. By early July, Napoleon's forces had occupied key cities like Kovno and Vilna while Russian forces under Barclay retreated. However, supplying such a large invasion force over long distances into Russia would prove extremely challenging.
193Week Eight Reason andRevolution Part III TheRoma.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This biography summarizes the life and career of American author Washington Irving. It describes him as the first great American prose stylist and a pioneer in several genres of fiction. Irving was born in 1783 in New York City and was part of the first generation of American writers whose works had international success. Some of his most famous works included The Sketch Book, Bracebridge Hall, and The Alhambra. The biography provides details on Irving's travels, diplomatic posts, and how he helped establish American literature as a respected genre through his innovative stories.
This document provides context about World War 2 and efforts by Allied nations to rally support for the war effort. It discusses FDR's 1941 "Four Freedoms" speech promoting democracy. The speech inspired Norman Rockwell's famous paintings of the four freedoms. It also details how Hollywood movies like "Casablanca" and popular artists like N.C. Wyeth who created recruitment posters aimed to influence hearts and minds. Comic books depicted Axis powers as evil to inspire youth. The document examines various cultural influences that shaped public opinion in favor of Allied involvement in World War 2.
This document provides context and background information for the book Stalingrad by Edwin P. Hoyt. It begins with an acknowledgement of help from the editor Robert Gleason. The introduction then discusses the author Edwin Hoyt and praise for his portrayal of the Battle of Stalingrad. It provides a high-level summary of key events in the lead up to the German invasion of Russia on June 22, 1941 and the initial denial by Stalin that an attack was imminent. It concludes by introducing some of the major figures on both sides who were involved in the Battle of Stalingrad.
Similar to Cyber Medical Terrorism: Hacking DNA for a Brave New World by Greg Carpenter (20)
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Weaponizing OSINT – Hacker Halted 2019 – Michael James EC-Council
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Hacking Your Career – Hacker Halted 2019 – Keith TurpinEC-Council
HACKING YOUR CAREER
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HACKING DIVERSITY
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DNS – Strategies for Reducing Data Leakage & Protecting Online Privacy – Hack...EC-Council
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Data in cars can be creepy – Hacker Halted 2019 – Andrea AmicoEC-Council
THE $750 BILLION VEHICLE DATA GOLD RUSH – PIRATES AHOY!
Vehicle data may be worth $750b by 2030. Problem: vehicle security, privacy, and user awareness of risks are inadequate. Andrea Amico will share some exploits including his “CarsBlues” which exposes people’s personal data, affects 22 makes, and is still a 0-Day for tens of millions of vehicles.
BREAKING SMART [BANK] STATEMENTS
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Are your cloud servers under attack?– Hacker Halted 2019 – Brian HilemanEC-Council
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How to become a Security Behavior Alchemist – Global CISO Forum 2019 – Perry ...EC-Council
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Alexa is a snitch! Hacker Halted 2019 - Wes WidnerEC-Council
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Join me as we discuss the current state of security around voice assistants. And how to silence them.
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A man was discovered murdered on a street late at night. Police were called to the scene and began their investigation. They found limited clues but saw footage of a potential suspect. Detectives then used big data analytics to identify individuals near the crime scene around the time of the murder. This led them to three male suspects. Further investigation of these suspects focused on building profiles of their patterns of life in hopes of identifying the killer.
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The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
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During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Cyber Medical Terrorism: Hacking DNA for a Brave New World by Greg Carpenter
1. Cyber Medical Terrorism: Hacking
DNA for a Brave New World
Gregory “Junkbond” Carpenter
Cyber Imagineer
July 21, 2015
2. Gregory “Junkbond” Carpenter, CISM
27 Years US Army
Infantry
Intelligence
Medical Service
NSA/CSS
Information Warfare Support Center
Military Performer of the Year
Co-Author: “Reverse Deception:
Organized Cyber Threat
Counterexploitation”
3. Public Dissemination in Private Capacity: NSA/CSS affiliates
acting in a private capacity and not in connection with their
official duties, may prepare information for public dissemination
through non-NSA/CSS forums or media, provided a disclaimer is
used, for any documents in which an NSA/CSS affiliation is cited,
stating that the views and opinions expressed in the material are
those of the author and do not reflect those of NSA/CSS.
According to NSA /CSS Policy 1-30
4. Outline
• War and Peaceis well known as beingoneof thelongestnovelsever written,thoughnotthelongest.Itis actuallytheseventh longestnovel ever written in a Latinor Cyrillicbased alphabetandis subdividedintofourbooksor volumes,eachwith subpartscontainingmany chapters.[citationneeded]
• Tolstoy never documentedwhy in 1867hechanged thenameof his novel fromTheYear 1805to War and Peace.Hemay haveborrowed thetitlefromthe1861 workof Pierre-JosephProudhon:La Guerreetla Paix ('Warand Peace' in French),.[4] Thetitlemay alsobeanotherreferenceto Titus,who is described asbeinga master of "war and peace"in TheTwelveCaesars,written by Suetonius in119CE.Titus (anglicizedto "Tit"by someEnglishtranslations) is mentioned several times in WarandPeaceandmay bea musefor thecharacters,strugglingto master their own lives through the dramatictransitions of war andpeace.
• Hebegan writingWar andPeacein theyear thathefinallymarried and settleddownathis countryestate.Thefirsthalf of thebook was written under thename"1805".
• Duringthewritingof thesecond half,heread widelyand acknowledged Schopenhauer asoneof hismain inspirations.However, Tolstoydeveloped his own views of historyandtheroleof theindividual within it.[9]
• Thefirstdraftof War andPeacewas completed in1863.In 1865,theperiodical RusskiyVestnik published thefirstpartof this earlyversion under thetitle1805.Inthefollowingyear,itpublished moreof thesameearly version.Tolstoywas dissatisfiedwith thisversion,although heallowed several partsof itto bepublishedwith a different endingin 1867,still underthesametitle"1805".Heheavilyrewrotetheentirenovel between 1866and1869.[5][9] Tolstoy's wife,SophiaTolstaya,copiedas manyas seven separatecompletemanuscripts byhandbeforeTolstoyconsidered itagainready forpublication.[9] Theversionthatwas published inRusskiyVestnik had a verydifferentendingfromtheversion eventuallypublished underthetitleWar andPeacein 1869.
• Thecompleted novel was then called Voynai mir (newstyleorthography;in EnglishWarandPeace).
• The1805 manuscript(sometimes referred to as "theoriginal War andPeace") was re-edited andannotated in Russiain 1983 and sincehas been translated separatelyfromthe"known"version,to English,German,French,Spanish,Dutch,Swedish,Finnish,Albanian,andKorean.Thefactthatso many versionsof War and Peacesurvivemakeitoneof thebestinsightsintothemental processes of a greatnovelist.
• Russianswho had read theserialized versionwereanxiousto acquirethecompletefirstedition,whichincluded epilogues,anditsoldoutalmostimmediately.Thenovel was translated almostimmediatelyafter publication intomany other languages.
• Thenovel can begenerally classified ashistorical fiction.Itcontainselements presentin manytypes of popular18th and 19th centuryliterature,especially theromancenovel.War and Peaceattainsits literary statusby transcendinggenres.
• Tolstoy was instrumental in bringinga newkind of consciousnessto thenovel.Hisnarrativestructureis noted forits "god-like"abilityto hoveroverandwithinevents,butalso intheway itswiftly and seamlesslyportrayeda particularcharacter's pointof view.His useof visual detail isoften cinematic inits scope,usingtheliterary equivalentsof panning,wideshots and close-ups,to givedramaticinterestto battlesandballroomsalike.Thesedevices,whilenotexclusiveto Tolstoy,arepartof thenewstyleof thenovel thatarosein themid-19th century and of whichTolstoyprovedhimself a master.[10]
• Tolstoy incorporated extensivehistorical research.Hewas alsoinfluencedby manyothernovels.[9] Aveteran of theCrimean War,Tolstoywas quitecritical of standardhistory,especiallythestandardsof militaryhistory,inWarandPeace.Tolstoyreadall thestandard histories availablein Russian and FrenchabouttheNapoleonic Warsand combined moretraditional historical writingwith thenovel form.Heexplains atthestartof thenovel's thirdvolumehisown views onhowhistory oughtto bewritten.His aimwas to blurthelinebetween fictionandhistory,in orderto getcloser to thetruth,as hestates in VolumeII.
• Thenovel is set60 yearsearlier than when Tolstoywroteit,"in thedays of ourgrandfathers,"as heputsit.Hehad spoken with peoplewho had lived throughwar duringtheFrench invasion of Russia in1812,so thebookisalso,in part,accurateethnography fictionalized.Heread letters,journals,autobiographical andbiographical materials pertainingto Napoleon andthedozens of otherhistorical characters inthenovel.Thereareapproximately160real personsnamed or referred to in Warand Peace.[11]
• Although Tolstoy wrotemostof thebook,includingall thenarration,in Russian,significantportionsof dialogue(including its openingparagraph) arewritten in Frenchandcharactersoften switchbetween thetwo languages.Thisreflected 19th century Russianaristocracy,whereFrench,a foreign tongue,was widely spokenandconsidered a languageof prestigeandmorerefined thanRussian.[12] This cameaboutfromthehistorical influencethroughoutEuropeof thepowerful courtof theSun King,LouisXIV of France,leadingto members of theRussianaristocracybeingless competentinspeakingtheirmother tongue.In WarandPeace,for example,JulieKaragina,PrincessMarya's friend,hasto takeRussianlessonsin order to master her nativelanguage.
• Ithas been suggested[13] thatitis a deliberateliterarydeviceemployed by Tolstoy,to useFrenchto portrayartificeand insincerity asthelanguageof thetheater and deceitwhileRussianemerges as a languageof sincerity,honesty andseriousness. Itdisplaysslightirony thatas Pierreandothers socializeand useFrench phrases,they will beattacked by legionsof Bonapartists in a veryshorttime.Itis sometimes used in satireagainstNapoleon.In thenovel,when Pierreproposes to Hélène,hespeaksto her in French—Jevousaime("I loveyou").When themarriagelater emerges to bea sham,Pierreblames thoseFrenchwords.
• Theuseof French diminishes as thebook progresses and thewars with theFrenchintensify,culminatingin thecaptureandeventual burningof Moscow.Theprogressiveeliminationof Frenchfromthetextis a means of demonstratingthatRussia hasfreed itself fromforeigncultural domination.[13] Itis also,atthelevel of plotdevelopment,a way of showingthata once-admiredandfriendly nation,France,has turnedintoan enemy.By midway through thebook,several of theRussianaristocracy,whosecommandof Frenchis farbetter than theircommandof Russian,areanxiousto findRussiantutorsfor themselves.
• War and Peacehasbeen translatedintomany languages.Ithasbeen translatedintoEnglishon several occasions,startingwith ClaraBell workingfroma Frenchtranslation.Thetranslators ConstanceGarnettandLouiseand Aylmer MaudeknewTolstoy personally.Translations haveto deal with Tolstoy’soften peculiarsyntax andhisfondnessfor repetitions.About2%of War and Peaceis inFrench;TolstoyremovedtheFrenchin a revised 1873edition,only to restoreitlater.[13] Mosttranslators followGarnettretainingsomeFrench,Briggs usesno French,whilePevear-Volokhonskyand Amy Mandelker's revisionof theMaudetranslationbothretain theFrenchfully.[13] (For a listof translationsseebelow)
• Thenovel begins intheyear 1805duringthereign of Tsar Alexander I andleadsup to the1812Frenchinvasion of Russia byNapoleon.Theera of CatherinetheGreat(1762–1796),when theroyal courtin Paris was thecentreof western Europeancivilization,[14] is still freshin theminds of olderpeople.Catherine,fluentin French andwishingto reshapeRussiainto a greatEuropeannation,madeFrench thelanguageof her royal court.For thenextonehundred years,itbecamea social requirementfor members of theRussiannobility to speak FrenchandunderstandFrenchculture.[14] Thishistorical andcultural contextin thearistocracyis reflected inWarandPeace.Catherine's grandson,AlexanderI,cameto thethronein 1801attheageof 24.In thenovel,his mother,MaryaFeodorovna,isthemostpowerful woman intheRussiancourt.
• War and Peacetellsthestoryof fivearistocraticfamilies—theBezukhovs,theBolkonskys,theRostovs,theKuragins and theDrubetskoys—andtheentanglementsof their personal lives with thethen contemporary historyof 1805 to 1813,principally Napoleon'sinvasionof Russiain 1812.TheBezukhovs,whileveryrich,area fragmented familyas theoldCount, Kirill Vladimirovich,has fathered dozensof illegitimatesons.TheBolkonskys arean old establishedandwealthyfamilybased atBaldHills.OldPrinceBolkonsky,Nikolai Andreevich,servedas a general underCatherinetheGreat,in earlierwars.TheMoscow Rostovs havemanyestates,butneverenough cash.They area closely knit,lovingfamily who livefor themomentregardlessof their financial situation.TheKuraginfamily hasthreechildren,who areall of questionablecharacter.The Drubetskoy familyisof impoverished nobility,andconsistsof an elderlymother andher onlyson,Boris,whomshewishesto push upthe career ladder.
• Tolstoy spentyearsresearchingandrewritingthebook.Heworked fromprimary sourcematerials(interviewsandother documents),as well asfromhistorybooks,philosophy texts and other historical novels.[9] Tolstoy also used a greatdeal of his own experienceintheCrimeanWarto bringvivid detail andfirst-handaccounts of howtheRussianarmy was structured.[15]
• Thestandard Russiantextof War and Peaceis dividedintofourbooks(fifteen parts) andan epiloguein two parts –onemainlynarrative,theother thematic.Whileroughlythefirsthalf of thenovel is concerned strictly with thefictional characters, thelater parts,aswell as oneof thework's two epilogues,increasinglyconsistof essays aboutthenatureof war,power,history,andhistoriography.Tolstoy interspersedtheseessaysinto thestoryina way thatdefies previousfictional convention.Certain abridged versionsremovetheseessaysentirely,whileothers,published even duringTolstoy's life,simplymoved theseessays intoan appendix.
• CountPyotrKirillovich (Pierre) Bezukhov:Thelarge-bodied,ungainly,andsocially awkward illegitimateson of an old Russiangrandee.Pierre,educated abroad,returns to Russiaas a misfit.Hisunexpected inheritanceof a largefortunemakeshimsociallydesirable.Pierreis thecentral character andoften a voicefor Tolstoy'sown beliefs orstruggles.
• PrinceAndrey Nikolayevich Bolkonsky:Astrongbutskeptical,thoughtful and philosophical aide-de-campin theNapoleonicWars.
• Princess MariaNikolayevna Bolkonskaya:Sister of PrinceAndrew,PrincessMaria isa pious womanwhoseeccentric fatherattempted to giveher a good education.The caring,nurturingnatureof her largeeyes in her otherwisethinandplainfacearefrequentlymentioned.
• CountIlyaAndreyevich Rostov:Thepater-familias of theRostov family;terriblewith finances,generousto a fault.
• CountessNatalya Rostova:Wifeof CountIlyaRostov,mother of thefour Rostovchildren.
• CountessNatalya Ilyinichna (Natasha) Rostova:Acentral character,introducedas "notpretty butfull of life"and a romanticyounggirl,although impulsiveand highlystrung,sheevolves through trials and sufferingandeventually finds happiness.Sheis an accomplished singeranddancer.
• CountNikolai Ilyich(Nikolenka) Rostov:An hussar,thebeloved eldestsonof theRostov family.
• Sofia Alexandrovna(Sonya) Rostova:Orphaned cousinof Vera,Nikolai,Natasha,andPetya Rostov.
• CountessVera IlyinichnaRostova:Eldestof theRostov children,shemarries theGerman career soldier,Berg.
• Pyotr Ilyich(Petya) Rostov:Youngestof theRostov children.
• PrinceVasily SergeyevichKuragin:Aruthlessman who is determinedto marryhis children well,despitehavingdoubtsaboutthecharacterof someof them.
• Princess ElenaVasilyevna(Hélène) Kuragin:Abeautiful andsexuallyalluringwoman who hasmanyaffairs,including(itis rumoured) with her brother Anatole.
• PrinceAnatoleVasilyevichKuragin:Hélène's brother and a veryhandsomeand amoral pleasureseeker who issecretlymarried yettries to elopewith Natasha Rostova.
• PrinceIppolitVasilyevich:Theeldestandperhapsmostdim-witted of theKuragin children.
• PrinceBoris Drubetskoy:Apoorbutaristocratic youngman drivenby ambition,even attheexpenseof his friendsandbenefactors,who marriesfor money,ratherthanlove,an heiress,JulieKaragina.
• Princess AnnaMihalovnaDrubetskaya:Themother of Boris.
• FyodorIvanovichDolokhov:Acold,almostpsychopathicofficer,heruins Nikolai Rostov byluringhimintoan outrageousgamblingdebt(by which he, Dolokhov,profits),heonly showsloveto hisdotingmother.
• Adolf KarlovichBerg:AyoungRussian officer,who desires to bejustlikeeveryoneelse.
• Anna PavlovnaScherer:Also knownas Annette,sheis thehostess of thesalonthatisthesiteof much of thenovel's actionin Petersburg.
• MariaDmitryevna Akhrosimova:An olderMoscowsociety lady,sheis an elegantdancer andtrend-setter,despiteher ageand size.
• Amalia EvgenyevnaBourienne:AFrench woman who lives with theBolkonskys,primarilyas Princess Marya'scompanion.
• VasilyDmitrichDenisov:Nikolai Rostov'sfriend and brotherofficer,who proposes to Natasha.
• PlatonKarataev:Thearchetypal good Russianpeasant,whomPierremeets in theprisoner of war camp.
• NapoleonI of France:theGreatMan,whosefateis detailedin thebook.
• General Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov:Russiancommander-in-chief.
• Osip Bazdeyev:theFreemasonwho interestsPierrein hismysteriousgroup,startinga lengthysubplot.[citation needed]
• Tsar AlexanderI of Russia:Hesigned a peacetreaty with Napoleon in1807andthen wentto war with him.
• Many of Tolstoy's charactersinWarandPeacewerebased on real-lifepeopleknownto Tolstoy himself.Hisgrandparents and theirfriendswerethemodels for many of themain characters,his great-grandparents wouldhavebeen of thegenerationof PrinceVassilyor CountIlyaRostov.Someof thecharacters,obviously,areactual historic figures.
• War and Peacehasa largecastof characters,themajorityof whomareintroduced in thefirstbook.Someareactual historical figures,such asNapoleonandAlexanderI.Whilethescopeof thenovel isvast,itis centeredaround fivearistocraticfamilies.Theplotand theinteractionsof thecharacterstakeplacein theera surroundingthe1812French invasion of Russia duringtheNapoleonicwars.[16]
• Thenovel begins inJuly1805in SaintPetersburg,ata soiréegiven byAnna PavlovnaScherer—themaidof honourandconfidanteto thequeen mother Maria Feodorovna.Manyof themain characters and aristocraticfamilies inthenovel areintroduced asthey enter Anna Pavlovna's salon.Pierre(Pyotr Kirilovich) Bezukhovistheillegitimatesonof a wealthy count,an elderly man who isdyingafter a seriesof strokes.Pierreis aboutto become embroiled in a strugglefor hisinheritance.Educated abroadathisfather'sexpensefollowinghis mother's death,Pierreis essentiallykindhearted,butsociallyawkward,andowingin partto hisopen,benevolentnature,finds itdifficultto integrateintoPetersburgsociety.Itis known to everyoneatthesoiréethatPierreis hisfather's favoriteof all theoldcount’s illegitimatechildren.
• Also attendingthesoiréeis Pierre'sfriend,theintelligentand sardonic PrinceAndrei NikolayevichBolkonsky,husbandof Lise,thecharmingsociety favourite.FindingPetersburgsociety unctuous anddisillusionedwith married lifeafter discoveringhiswifeis empty and superficial,PrinceAndrei makesthefateful choiceto bean aide-de-camp to PrinceMikhail IlarionovichKutuzov inthecomingwar againstNapoleon.
• Theplotmoves to Moscow,Russia's ancientcity and former capital,contrastingits provincial,moreRussianwaysto thehighlymanneredsociety of Petersburg.TheRostov family areintroduced.CountIlyaAndreyevich Rostovhasfouradolescentchildren.Thirteen-year-old Natasha (NataliaIlyinichna) believesherself inlovewith Boris Drubetskoy,a disciplined youngman who is aboutto jointhearmy as anofficer.Twenty-year-oldNikolai Ilyichpledges his loveto Sonya(Sofia Alexandrovna),his fifteen-year-oldcousin,an orphan who hasbeen broughtup by theRostovs.Theeldestchildof theRostov family,Vera Ilyinichna,is cold andsomewhathaughtybuthasa good prospectivemarriagein a Russian-Germanofficer,Adolf KarlovichBerg.Petya (PyotrIlyich) is nineand theyoungestof theRostov family;likehisbrother,heis impetuousandeager to jointhearmy when of age.Theheads of thefamily,CountIlyaRostovandCountessNatalyaRostova,arean affectionatecouplebutforever worriedabouttheir disorderedfinances.
• At Bald Hills,theBolkonskys' country estate,PrinceAndrei departs forwar andleaves histerrified,pregnantwife Lisewith his eccentric fatherPrinceNikolai Andreyevich Bolkonsky and devoutly religioussister MariaNikolayevna Bolkonskaya,who refuses to marrythesonof a wealthy aristocraton accountof her devotion to her father.
• Thesecond partopens with descriptionsof theimpendingRussian-Frenchwar preparations.AttheSchöngrabernengagement,Nikolai Rostov,who is nowconscripted as ensignin a squadronof hussars,hashisfirsttasteof battle.Boris Drubetskoy introduces himto PrinceAndrei,whomRostovinsults ina fitof impetuousness.Even morethanmostyoungsoldiers,heis deeplyattracted by TsarAlexander'scharisma.Nikolai gambles and socializes with his officer, VasilyDmitrichDenisov,andbefriendstheruthless,and perhaps,psychopathicFyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov.Both Bolkonsky,Rostov and Denisovareinvolved inthedisastrousBattleof Austerlitz,in whichAndrei iswoundedas heattempts to rescuea Russian standard.
• Book Two begins with Nikolai Rostov brieflyreturningon homeleaveto Moscow.Nikolai findstheRostov familyfacingfinancial ruindueto poor estatemanagement.Hespendsan eventful winter athome,accompanied by hisfriend Denisov,hisofficer fromthePavlograd Regimentin which heserves.Natasha hasblossomed into a beautiful younggirl. Denisovfallsin lovewith her,proposesmarriagebutis rejected.Although hismother pleadswith Nikolai to findhimself a good financial prospectin marriage,Nikolai refuses to accedeto hismother'srequest.Hepromises to marry hischildhoodsweetheart, thedowry-lessSonya.
• PierreBezukhov,upon finallyreceivinghis massiveinheritance,is suddenlytransformed froma bumblingyoungman into therichestandmost eligiblebachelor intheRussian Empire.Despiterationallyknowingthatitis wrong,heis convinced intomarriagewith PrinceKuragin's beautiful and immoral daughter Hélène(Elena Vasilyevna Kuragina),to whomheis superficially attracted.Hélène,who is rumoured to beinvolved inan incestuousaffair with herbrother,theequally charmingand immoral Anatol,tellsPierrethatshewill neverhavechildren with him.Hélèneis rumouredto havean affair with Dolokhov,who mocksPierrein public.Pierreloseshis temper andchallenges Dolokhov,a seasoned dueller and ruthlesskiller,to a duel.Unexpectedly,Pierrewounds Dolokhov.Hélènedenies heraffair,butPierreisconvinced of her guiltand,after almostbeingviolentto her,leavesher.In hismoral and spiritual confusion,PierrejoinstheFreemasons,andbecomes embroiled inMasonicinternal politics.Much of BookTwo concernshisstruggles with his passionsandhisspiritual conflicts to bea
better man.Now a rich aristocrat,heabandons hisformer carefreebehavior and entersupona philosophical questparticular to Tolstoy:howshouldonelivea moral lifein an ethically imperfectworld? Thequestioncontinuallybaffles Pierre.Heattempts to liberatehisserfs,butultimatelyachieves nothingof note.
• Pierreis vividlycontrastedwith theintelligentandambitious PrinceAndrei Bolkonsky.Andrei recoversfromhis near fatal artillery woundin a military hospital andreturnshome,onlyto find hiswife Lisedyingin childbirth.Heis stricken by hisguilty consciencefor nottreating Lisebetter when shewas alive,and ishaunted bythepitiful expressionon hisdeadwife's face.His child, Nikolenka,survives.
• Burdened with nihilisticdisillusionment,PrinceAndrei doesnotreturnto thearmy butchoosesto remain onhisestate,workingon a projectthatwouldcodifymilitarybehaviorto solveproblems of disorganization responsiblefor thelossof lifeon the Russianside.Pierrevisitshimandbrings newquestions:whereis God inthisamoral world? Pierreis interested in panentheismandthepossibilityof an afterlife.
• Pierre's estranged wife,Hélène,begs himto takeher back,andagainsthisbetter judgmentand intryingto abideby theFreemasonlaws of forgiveness,hedoes.Despiteher vapid shallowness,Hélèneestablishes herself as aninfluential hostessin Petersburgsociety.
• PrinceAndrei feels impelled to takehisnewlywritten military notionsto Petersburg,naivelyexpectingto influenceeither theEmperor himself or thosecloseto him.YoungNatasha,alsoin Petersburg,is caughtup intheexcitementof dressingfor her firstgrandball,whereshemeets PrinceAndrei and brieflyreinvigorates himwith her vivacious charm.Andrei believes hehas foundpurposein lifeagain and,after payingtheRostovs several visits,proposes marriageto Natasha.However,old PrinceBolkonsky,Andrei'sfather,dislikestheRostovs,opposes themarriage,and insists on a year'sdelay.PrinceAndrei leaves to recuperatefromhis woundsabroad,leavingNatashainitiallydistraught.Shesoonrecoversher spirits,however,andCountRostovtakesher andSonyato spendsometimewith a friend in Moscow.
• Natasha visits theMoscowopera,whereshemeets Hélèneand her brother Anatole.Anatol has sincemarried a Polishwoman whomhehas abandonedin Poland.Heis veryattractedto Natasha and isdetermined to seduce her.HélèneandAnatoleconspiretogether to accomplishthisplan.AnatolekissesNatashaandwrites herpassionateletters,eventually establishingplansto elope.Natashais convinced thatsheloves Anatoleandwrites to PrincessMaria,Andrei'ssister,breakingoff her engagement.Atthe lastmoment,Sonya discoversher plansto elopeandfoilsthem.Pierreis initially horrified byNatasha'sbehavior,butrealizes hehasfallen inlovewith her.During thetimewhen theGreat Cometof 1811–2 streaksthesky,lifeappearsto begin anewfor Pierre.
• PrinceAndrei coldlyaccepts Natasha's breakingof theengagement.He tells Pierrethathis pridewill notallowhimto renew his proposal.Ashamed,Natashamakes a suicideattemptand is leftseriously ill.
• With thehelp of her family,especiallySonya,andthestirrings of religiousfaith,Natashamanages to persevereinMoscowthrough thisdarkperiod.Meanwhile,thewholeof Russiais affectedby thecomingconfrontationbetween Napoleon's troopsandtheRussianarmy.Pierreconvinceshimself through gematria thatNapoleon istheAntichristof theBook of Revelation.OldprinceBolkonsky dies of a strokewhiletryingto protecthisestatefromFrenchmarauders.No organized help fromany Russianarmyseems availableto theBolkonskys,butNikolai Rostovturns upattheir estatein timeto help putdownan incipientpeasantrevolt.Hefindshimself attracted to PrincessMaria,butremembers hispromiseto Sonya.
• Back in Moscow,thewar-obsessedPetya manages to snatch a loosepieceof theTsar's biscuitoutsidetheCathedral of theAssumption;hefinallyconvinces his parentsto allowhimto enlist.
• Napoleonhimself is a main character inthissection,and thenovel presents himin vividdetail,as botha thinker andwould-bestrategist.Histoiletteandhiscustomaryattitudesandtraitsof mind aredepicted indetail.Also described arethewell-organized forceof over 400,000French Army (only140,000 of themactuallyFrench-speaking) thatmarches quicklythrough theRussiancountrysidein thelatesummer and reachestheoutskirts of thecity of Smolensk.Pierredecides to leaveMoscowandgo to watch theBattleof Borodino froma vantagepointnextto a Russian artillerycrew.After watchingfor a time,hebegins to join incarryingammunition.In themidstof theturmoil heexperiencesfirsthandthedeath anddestruction of war;Eugène's artillery continues to pound Russian supportcolumns,whileMarshalsNey and Davoutsetup a crossfirewith artillerypositionedon theSemyonovskayaheights.Thebattlebecomes a hideousslaughter for both armiesandendsin a standoff.TheRussians,however,havewon a moral victoryby standingup to Napoleon'sreputedlyinvinciblearmy.For
strategic reasons andhavingsuffered grievous losses,theRussian army withdraws thenextday,allowingNapoleon to march onto Moscow.AmongthecasualtiesareAnatoleKuragin andPrinceAndrei.Anatolelosesa leg,and Andrei suffersa grenadewoundin theabdomen.Both arereporteddead,buttheirfamiliesarein such disarraythatno onecan benotified.
• TheRostovs havewaited until thelastminuteto abandonMoscow,even after itis clearthatKutuzov has retreated pastMoscowandMuscovites arebeinggiven contradictory,often propagandistic,instructionson howto either fleeor fight.Count Rostopchin ispublishingposters,rousingthecitizensto puttheir faith inreligiousicons,whileatthesametimeurgingthemto fight with pitchforks if necessary.Beforefleeinghimself,hegives ordersto burnthecity.TheRostovs havea difficulttimedecidingwhatto takewith them,butin theend,Natasha convinces themto loadtheircartswith thewoundedanddyingfromtheBattleof Borodino.Unknownto Natasha,PrinceAndrei isamongstthewounded.
• When Napoleon's GrandArmy finally occupies anabandoned andburningMoscow,Pierretakes off on a quixoticmission to assassinateNapoleon.Hebecomes ananonymous man inall thechaos,sheddinghis responsibilities by wearingpeasantclothes and shunninghisduties andlifestyle.Theonlypeoplehesees whilein thisgarbareNatasha and someof her family,as they departMoscow.Natasharecognizes and smilesathim,and hein turn realizesthefull scopeof hislovefor her.
• Pierresaves thelifeof a French officer who foughtatBorodino,yetis taken prisonerby theretreatingFrenchduringhis attempted assassination of Napoleon,after savinga woman frombeingraped bysoldiersin theFrench Army.
• Pierrebecomes friends with a fellowprisoner,PlatonKarataev,a peasantwith a saintlydemeanor,who is incapableof malice.In Karataev,Pierrefinallyfindswhathehas been seeking:an honestperson of integrity(unlikethearistocrats of Petersburgsociety) who is utterlywithoutpretense.Pierrediscoversmeaningin lifesimplybylivingand interactingwith him.After witnessingFrenchsoldiers sackingMoscowandshootingRussian civiliansarbitrarily,Pierreisforced to march with theGrandArmy duringits disastrousretreatfromMoscowin theharshRussianwinter.After months of trial andtribulation—duringwhichthefever-plagued Karataev isshotby theFrench—Pierreisfinally freed by a Russian raidingparty,after a small skirmishwith theFrenchthatsees theyoungPetya Rostovkilledin action.
• Meanwhile,Andrei,wounded duringNapoleon's invasion,has been taken in asa casualtyandcaredfor by the Rostovs,fleeingfromMoscowto Yaroslavl.Heis reunitedwith Natashaandhissister Maria beforetheend of thewar.Havinglostall will to live,heforgives Natasha ina lastactbeforedying.
• As thenovel draws to a close,Pierre's wifeHélènediesfroman overdoseof abortionmedication(Tolstoy does notstateitexplicitlybuttheeuphemismheuses isunambiguous).Pierreis reunited with Natasha,whilethevictoriousRussiansrebuild Moscow.Natashaspeaksof PrinceAndrei's death and Pierreof Karataev's.Both areawareof a growingbondbetween themin their bereavement.With thehelp of PrincessMaria,Pierrefindsloveatlastand,revealinghisloveafter beingreleasedby his former wife's death,marries Natasha.
• Thefirstpartof theepiloguebeginswith theweddingof PierreandNatasha in1813.Itis thelasthappyeventfor theRostov family,whichis undergoinga transition.CountRostov dies soon after,leavinghiseldestson Nikolai to takechargeof thedebt-ridden estate.
• Nikolai finds himself with thetask of maintainingthefamilyon thevergeof bankruptcy.Hisabhorrenceattheidea of marryingfor wealthalmostgets in hisway,butfinallyhemarries thenow-richMaria Bolkonskayaandin sodoingalso saves his familyfromfinancial ruin.
• Nikolai andMaria then moveto Bald Hills with hismother and Sonya,whomhesupportsfor therestof their lives.Buoyed by hiswife's fortune,Nikolai paysoff all hisfamily's debts.They alsoraisePrinceAndrei's orphaned son,Nikolai Andreyevich (Nikolenka) Bolkonsky.
• As in all good marriages,therearemisunderstandings,butthecouples — PierreandNatasha,Nikolai and Maria— remaindevoted to their spouses.Pierreand Natasha visitBald Hills in1820,much to thejubilationof everyoneconcerned.Thereis a hint intheclosingchapters thattheidealistic,boyish Nikolenka and Pierrewouldboth becomepartof theDecembristUprising.Thefirstepilogueconcludes with Nikolenkapromisinghewoulddo somethingwith whicheven hislatefather "wouldbesatisfied..."(presumablyasa revolutionary inthe Decembristrevolt).
• Thesecond partof theepiloguecontainsTolstoy'scritiqueof all existingforms of mainstreamhistory.The19th-century GreatManTheoryclaims thathistorical eventsaretheresultof theactionsof "heroes"andother greatindividuals;Tolstoyarguesthatthisis impossiblebecauseof howrarely theseactionsresultin greathistorical events.Rather,heargues,greathistorical events aretheresultof many smaller eventsdriven bythethousandsof individualsinvolved (hecompares this to calculus, andthesumof infinitesimals).Hethen goes on to arguethatthesesmaller eventsaretheresultof an inverserelationshipbetween necessityandfree-will,necessitybeingbased onreason and thereforeexplainableby historical analysis,and free-will beingbased on "consciousness"andthereforeinherentlyunpredictable.
• Thenovel thatmadeits author"thetruelionof theRussianliterature"(accordingto IvanGoncharov)[17][18] enjoyed greatsuccesswith thereadingpublic uponits publicationand spawned dozensof reviews andanalytical essaysin thepress,someof which (by Pisarev,Annenkov,Dragomirovand Strakhov) formed thebasisfor theresearch of laterTolstoyscholars.[18] YettheRussian press's initial responseto thenovel was muted,mostcriticsfeelingbewilderedby thismammoth workthey couldn’tdecidehowto classify.Theliberal newspaper Golos (TheVoice,April 3,#93,1865) was oneof thefirstto react.Its anonymousreviewer poseda question later repeated bymanyothers:"Whatcould this possiblybe? Whatkindof genrearewesupposed to fileitto?..Whereis fictioninit,and whereis real history?"[18]
• Leonid Pasternak's 1893illustrationto War and Peace"
• Writer andcriticNikolai Akhsharumov,writingin VsemirnyTrud(#6,1867) suggested thatWar andPeacewas "neithera chronicle,nor a historical novel",buta genremerger,this ambiguity neverunderminingits immensevalue.Pavel Annenkov,who praised thenovel too,was equallyvaguewhen tryingto classifyit."Thecultural historyof onelargesectionof our society,thepolitical and social panoramaof itin thebeginningof thecurrentcentury,"was hissuggestion."Itis the[social] epic,thehistory novel and thevastpictureof thewholenation'slife,"wroteIvan Turgenev inhisbid to defineWar and Peaceintheforewordfor his Frenchtranslationof "TheTwo Hussars"(publishedin ParisbyLeTemps in 1875).
• In general,theliterary leftreceivedthenovel coldly.They sawitas totallydevoid of social critique,andkeen on theidea of national unity.They sawits majorfaultas the"...author'sinability to portraya newkindof revolutionary intelligentsiain his novel,"as criticVarfoomey Zaytsev putit.[19] Articles byD.Minayev,V.Bervi-FlerovskyandN.ShelgunovinDelomagazinecharacterizedthenovel as "lackingrealism",showingits charactersas "cruel andrough","mentallystoned","morally depraved"and promoting"thephilosophyof stagnation".Still,Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin,who neverexpressedhisopinion of thenovel publicly,in theprivateconversation was reportedto haveexpresseddelightwith "howstrongly this Counthas stungourhighersociety".[20] DmitryPisarev in hisunfinished article"Russian Gentryof Old"(Staroyebarstvo,OtechestvennyeZapiski,#2,1868) whilepraisingTolstoy's realismin portrayingmembers of high society,still was unhappywith theway theauthor,as hesawit,'idealized' theoldnobility,expressing"unconsciousandquitenatural tendernesstowards"the
Russian dvoryanstvo.On theoppositefront,theconservativepress and "patriotic"authors(A.S.Norov and P.A.Vyazemsky amongthem) wereaccusingTolstoyof consciouslydistortingthe1812history,desecratingthe"patrioticfeelings of ourfathers"andridiculingdvoryanstvo.[18]
• Oneof thefirstcomprehensivearticles on thenovel was thatof Pavel Annenkov,published in#2,1868issueof VestnikEvropy.Thecriticpraised Tolstoy'smasterful portrayal of man atwar,marveled atthecomplexityof thewholecomposition,organicallymerginghistorical factsandfiction."Thedazzlingsideof thenovel",accordingto Annenkov,was "thenatural simplicity with which[theauthor] transports theworldlyaffairsand bigsocial eventsdownto thelevel of a character who witnesses them."Annekovthoughtthehistorical galleryof thenovel was incompletewith thetwo "great raznotchintsys",SperanskyandArakcheev,anddeplored thefactthattheauthorstopped atintroducingto thenovel "thisrelativelyrough butoriginal element".In theend thecriticcalled thenovel "thewholeepochin theRussianfiction".[18]
• Slavophiles declaredTolstoytheir"bogatyr"andpronouncedWarandPeace"theBibleof thenewnational idea".Several articleson WarandPeacewerepublished in1869–1870in Zaryamagazineby Nikolai Strakhov."War and Peaceisthework of genius,equal to everythingthattheRussianliteraturehas produced before,"hepronounced inthefirst,smaller essay."Itis nowquiteclearthatfrom1868 when theWar and Peacewas published thevery essenceof what wecall Russianliteraturehasbecomequitedifferent,acquiredthenewformand meaning,"thecriticcontinuedlater. Strakhovwas thefirstcriticin Russiawho declared Tolstoy's novel to bea masterpieceof level previouslyunknown in Russianliterature.Still,beinga trueSlavophile,hecouldnotfail to seethenovel as promotingthemajor Slavophiliac ideasof "meek Russian character'sssupremacy over therapaciousEuropeankind"(using Apollon Grigoriev's formula).Yearslater,in 1878,discussing Strakhov's own book TheWorldas a Whole,Tolstoycriticized bothGrigoriev'sconcept(of "Russian meeknessvs.Western
bestiality") andStrakhov's interpretationof it.[21]
• Battleof Schöngrabern byK.Bujnitsky
• Amongthereviewers weremilitarymen and authorsspecializingin thewar literature.Mostassessed highlytheartfulnessandrealismof Tolstoy'sbattlescenes.N.Lachinov,a member of theRussky Invalidnewspaper stuff (#69,April 10,1868) calledtheBattleof Schöngrabernscenes"bearingthehighestdegreeof historical and artistictruthfulness"andtotallyagreed with theauthor'sviewon the Battleof Borodino,whichsomeof his opponentsdisputed.Thearmy general and respected militarywriter Mikhail Dragomirov,in anarticlepublished inOruzheinySbornik(TheMilitary Almanac,1868-1870),whiledisputingsomeof Tolstoy'sideas concerningthe"spontaneity"of wars andtheroleof commander inbattles,advised all theRussianArmy officers to useWarandPeaceas theirdeskbook,describingits battlescenes as "incomparable"and "servingfor an ideal manual to everytextbookon theories of militaryart."[18]
• Unlikeprofessional literary critics,mostprominentRussianwriters of thetimesupportedthenovel wholeheartedly. Goncharov,Turgenev,Leskov,DostoyevskyandFethaveall goneon recordas declaringWar and Peacethemasterpieceof theRussianliterature.IvanGoncharov ina July 17,1878,letter to PyotrGanzen advised himto choosefor translatinginto DanishWarandPeace,adding:"Thisis positivelywhatmightbecalleda RussianIlyad.Embracingthewholeepoch,itis thegrandioseliteraryevent,showcasingthegalleryof greatmen painted bya lively brushof thegreatmaster...This is oneof themost,if notthemost profoundliteraryworkever.[22] In 1879,unhappy with GanzenhavingchosenAnna Karenina to startwith,Goncharov insisted:"War and Peaceis theextraordinarypoemof a novel,both incontentand execution.Italsoserves asa monumentto Russianhistory'sglorious epochwhen whateverfigureyou takeis a colossus,a statuein bronze.Even [thenovel's] minorcharacters carry all thecharacteristicfeatures of theRussian peopleandits life."[23] In1885,expressing
satisfactionwith thefactthatTolstoy'sworkshavenowbeen translated into Danish, Goncharov againstressed theimmenseimportanceof War andPeace."CountTolstoyreallymounts over everybodyelsehere[in Russia],"heremarked.[24]
• FyodorDostoyevsky(in a May30,1871,letter to Strakhov) described WarandPeaceas "thelastword of thelandlord'sliteratureandthebrilliantoneatthat".In a draftversionof theTeenager novel hedescribedTolstoyas "a historiographof thedvoryanstvo,orrather,its cultural elite.""Theobjectivity and realismimpartwonderful charmto all scenes,andalongsidepeopleof talent,honouranddutyheexposes numerous scoundrels,worthlessgoons and fools,"headded.[25] In1876 Dostoyevskywrote:"My strongconvictionis thata writer of fictionhasto havemostprofoundknowledge - notonlyof thepoetic sideof hisart,butalso thereality hedeals with,inits historical as well ascontemporarycontext.Here[in Russia],as far asI seeit,only onewriter excels inthis,CountLev Tolstoy."[26]
• Nikolai Leskov,then an anonymousreviewer in BirzhevyVestnik(TheStock ExchangeHerald),wroteseveral articles praisinghighly War and Peace,callingit"thebestever Russian historical novel"and"theprideof thecontemporaryliterature".Marvelingattherealismand factual truthfulnessof Tolstoy'sbook, Leskovthoughttheauthordeserved thespecial creditfor "havinglifted up thepeople's spiritupon thehigh pedestal itdeserved". "Whileworkingmostelaboratelyuponindividual characters,theauthor,apparently,hasbeen studyingmostdiligentlythecharacterof thenationas a whole;thelifeof peoplewhosemoral strength cameto beconcentrated intheArmy thatcameup to fightmighty Napoleon.In thisrespectthenovel of CountTolstoycouldbeseen as an epicof theGreatnational warwhich upuntil nowhashadits historiansbutnever had itssingers," Leskov wrote.[18]
• Afanasy Fet,in a January1,1870,letter to Tolstoy,expressed hisgreatdelightwith thenovel."You'vemanaged to showus in greatdetail theother,mundanesideof lifeand explainhoworganically does itfeed theouter,heroic sideof it,"headded.[27]
• Ivan Turgenev graduallyre-considered his initial skepticismas to thenovel’s historical aspectandalsothestyleof Tolstoy's psychological analysis.Inhis1880articlewritten in theformof a letter addressedto EdmondAbou,theeditorof theFrench newspaperLeXIX-eSiecle,TurgenevdescribedTolstoyas "themostpopularRussianwriter"and War andPeaceas "oneof themostremarkablebooks of ourage".[28] "Thisvastworkhasthespiritof an epic,wherethelifeof Russiaof thebeginningof our century ingeneral and indetails has been recreated bythehandof a truemaster...Themanner in which CountTolstoyconductshistreatiseis innovativeandoriginal.Thisis thegreatwork of a greatwriter,andin itthere’s true,real Russia,"Turgenevwrote.[29] Itwas largely dueto Turgenev'sefforts thatthenovel startedto gain popularitywith theEuropeanreadership.ThefirstFrench editionof theWar andPeace(1879) paved theway for theworldwidesuccess of Leo Tolstoy and hisworks.[18]
• Sincethen many world famousauthorshavepraised Warand Peaceas a masterpieceof theworld literature. GustaveFlaubertexpressedhisdelightin a January1880letter to Turgenev,writing:"This isthefirstclasswork!Whatanartistand whata psychologist!Thefirsttwo volumes areexquisite.I used to utter shrieksof delightwhilereading.Thisispowerful, verypowerful indeed."[30] Later JohnGalsworthy called WarandPeace"thebestnovel thathadever been written". RomainRolland,rememberinghis readingthenovel as a student,wrote:"this work,likelifeitself,has nobeginning,no end.Itis lifeitself inits eternal movement."[31] Thomas MannthoughtWarand Peaceto be"thegreatestever war novel in thehistoryof literature."[32] ErnestHemingway confessed thatitwas fromTolstoythathe'd been takinglessonson howto "writeaboutwar inthemoststraightforward,honest,objectiveandstarkway.""I don'tknowanybodywho couldwriteaboutwar better thanTolstoy did,"Hemingwayasserted in his1955 Men atWar.TheBestWar Stories of All Timeanthology.[18]
• IsaakBabel said,after readingWarandPeace,"If theworld could writeby itself,itwouldwritelikeTolstoy."[33] Tolstoy "givesus a uniquecombinationof the'naiveobjectivity' of theoral narratorwith theinterestindetail characteristic of realism.This isthereason forourtrustin hispresentation."[34]
5. Why, I don’t know – He’s on third…
FDA’s Defect Levels Handbook
- Broccoli, canned tomatoes, and hops
Can contain
“insect fragments”—heads, thoraxes,
and legs—and even whole insects.
- Fig paste - 13 insect heads in 100 gm canned
fruit juices can contain a maggot for every 250 milliliters
- 10 grams of hops can be the home for 2,500 aphids
- Mold—the average mold count can be as high as 12%
of an apple.
- Rodent hair—one hair per 100 grams of food is permitted.
6. Light as a wave & particle
"Standard Model of Elementary Particles" by MissMJ - Own work by uploader, PBS NOVA [1],
Fermilab, Office of Science, United States Department of Energy, Particle Data Group. Licensed under
CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons -
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg#/media/File:
Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg
7. UBERNET
The spread of the
‘Ubernet’ will diminish the
meaning of borders, and
new ‘nations’ of those with
shared interests may
emerge and exist beyond
the
capacity
of
current nation-
states to control.
8. Where are we going as a society?
Digital Life in 2025
Experts predict the Internet will become ‘like electricity’ — less visible,
yet more deeply embedded in people’s lives for good and ill
9.
10. Current Technologies
• SYSTEMS-BASED NEUROTECHNOLOGY FOR EMERGING THERAPIES
- NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ILLNESS
• RESTORING ACTIVE MEMORY
- NEUROPROSTETICS TO BRIDGE GAPS IN AN INJURED BRAIN
• IN VIVO NANOPLATFORMS
- ADAPTABLE NANOPARTICLES
• NEURO FUNCTION, ACTIVITY, STRUCTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
VIZUALIZATION & DECODING OF THE BRAIN
• MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
- SUSTAINMENT OF RESIDENT TISSUE
• BIOCHRONICITY
- CELLULAR LANALYSIS OF CELL-CYCLE PROGRESSION, GROWTH, METABOLISM, AGING & DEATH
14. Pandemic!
Or just a zombie
apocalypse?
(No flies were swatted in
the making of this slide)
15.
16.
17. Scientists Urge Temporary Moratorium
On Human Genome Edits 20 March 2015
A new technology called CRISPR could allow scientists to alter the
human genetic code for generations. That's causing some leading
biologists and bioethicists to sound an alarm. They're calling for a
worldwide moratorium on any attempts to alter the code, at least
until there's been time for far more research and discussion.
18. For the first time, scientists have edited DNA in
human embryos, a highly controversial step long
considered off limits.
Junjiu Huang and his colleagues at the Sun Yat-
sen University in Guangzhou, China, performed a
series of experiments involving 86 human
embryos to see if they could make changes in a
gene known as HBB, which causes the sometimes
fatal blood disorder beta-thalassemia.
I Won’t Do That! 13 April 2015
19. How Do We Use Nanotechnology at the Cellular Level?
It’s Elemental - Gadolinium
1s2
2s2 2p6
3s2 3p6 3d10
4s2 4p6 4d10 4f7
5s2 5p6 5d1
6s2
Lanthanide
28. Issues, None!
Artificial Intelligence Machine Gets Testy with Its Programmer
…the AI ends the conversation with "I'm not in the mood for a
philosophical debate.“
Robot passes self-awareness test
All three were then asked to say
who who had the power of speech.
The robots all tried to say “I don’t know”.
But the one who could hear its own voice realized it had not been
silenced and added “Sorry, I know now.”