Platform as a Service (PaaS) saw a paradigm shift in 2011, moving from a model where developers were tightly coupled to a specific stack to one where they could bring their own applications and choose frameworks, services, and deployment options. Notable PaaS providers making this transition included CloudFoundry, OpenShift, CloudBees, and DotCloud. Meanwhile, Amazon continued innovating their cloud services like Elastic Beanstalk, CloudFormation, and dedicated instances. Private clouds also grew through projects like OpenStack.