The document summarizes a 1000 hour durability test of a 2007 diesel engine using B20 biodiesel fuel. Key findings include:
1) The engine successfully completed the test without any biodiesel-related failures.
2) Engine performance and emissions were comparable to tests using ULSD, though NOx increased and fuel consumption rose slightly with the B20 blend.
3) A thorough teardown found normal wear across all engine components, with no failures attributable to the biodiesel fuel.
This document discusses Bureau Veritas' oil and gas services which focus on quality assurance and asset integrity management. It provides an overview of Bureau Veritas' technical centers network which brings engineering expertise to clients. It also highlights a client reference with Petrobras and Bureau Veritas' long-standing relationship providing QHSE management and innovative solutions. Risk-based inspection is discussed as a process to identify, assess, and map industrial risks. Fugitive emissions management is also summarized.
1) RPG1 phosphorylates within 5 minutes of spore landing, and phosphorylation is race-specific, only occurring in response to viable spores of matching races.
2) Two effector proteins were isolated from spores that together induce RPG1 phosphorylation and degradation, as well as hypersensitive response in barley with functional Rpg1.
3) The proteins interact with each other and RPG1, suggesting they work cooperatively to trigger defense signaling through RPG1. Protein degradation alone is not sufficient for resistance.
This document discusses biomass as a renewable energy source. It defines biomass as non-fossil organic resources from which energy can be produced, including vegetation, organic wastes, and photosynthetic organisms. Biomass can be burned directly for heat or used to create steam for electricity generation. It also describes various biomass feedstocks like energy crops, agricultural residues, and municipal solid waste. The document outlines the benefits of biomass but also notes barriers to its increased use like lack of experience with the technologies and high initial capital costs.
The document provides an overview of the Kirloskar Electric Company (KEC) and the electric power industry. It discusses that KEC was established in 1946 and is a pioneer in manufacturing electric motors, generators, and other equipment in India. It details KEC's founding and growth over time, including establishing multiple production units. The electric power industry is described as a vital industry that is growing globally at a fast pace and transitioning to more competition. The future outlook remains positive with technological advances and companies investing in R&D.
The document provides information about performance appraisal at Tata Motors. It first discusses Tata Motors, including its history, operations, and products. It then discusses performance appraisal in general terms. Finally, it describes research conducted to evaluate Tata Motors' performance appraisal process, including findings, conclusions, and suggestions.
The document discusses a case study of the Nakambe sub-basin in Burkina Faso. It outlines the presentation which covers the basin system and sub-systems, an overview of the Nakambe basin, external drivers of change, impacts of basin changes on aquatic ecosystems and livelihoods, analytical tools used, and proposed management interventions. The basin has experienced changes like land use change, water storage, and impacts to hydrology and aquatic ecosystems. Analytical tools like mapping and modeling were used to assess these impacts. Management interventions focus on sustainable development and equitable benefit-sharing of small water bodies.
Richard Simpson Martin has extensive experience in marketing, management consulting, real estate, media, and political campaign management. He has worked on campaigns across several states and provided consulting services to businesses in various industries. Martin has degrees from West Virginia University and Berklee College of Music, and has undertaken additional training in real estate.
The document aims to understand how the city of Vienna reveals itself to tourists from their perspective as newcomers visiting the city. It discusses the types of information tourists may seek, including advertised information, personalized information from others, and customized information from various sources. The document also describes scenarios involving different types of visitors navigating and using transportation in Vienna to understand how they interact with and comprehend the city.
This document discusses Bureau Veritas' oil and gas services which focus on quality assurance and asset integrity management. It provides an overview of Bureau Veritas' technical centers network which brings engineering expertise to clients. It also highlights a client reference with Petrobras and Bureau Veritas' long-standing relationship providing QHSE management and innovative solutions. Risk-based inspection is discussed as a process to identify, assess, and map industrial risks. Fugitive emissions management is also summarized.
1) RPG1 phosphorylates within 5 minutes of spore landing, and phosphorylation is race-specific, only occurring in response to viable spores of matching races.
2) Two effector proteins were isolated from spores that together induce RPG1 phosphorylation and degradation, as well as hypersensitive response in barley with functional Rpg1.
3) The proteins interact with each other and RPG1, suggesting they work cooperatively to trigger defense signaling through RPG1. Protein degradation alone is not sufficient for resistance.
This document discusses biomass as a renewable energy source. It defines biomass as non-fossil organic resources from which energy can be produced, including vegetation, organic wastes, and photosynthetic organisms. Biomass can be burned directly for heat or used to create steam for electricity generation. It also describes various biomass feedstocks like energy crops, agricultural residues, and municipal solid waste. The document outlines the benefits of biomass but also notes barriers to its increased use like lack of experience with the technologies and high initial capital costs.
The document provides an overview of the Kirloskar Electric Company (KEC) and the electric power industry. It discusses that KEC was established in 1946 and is a pioneer in manufacturing electric motors, generators, and other equipment in India. It details KEC's founding and growth over time, including establishing multiple production units. The electric power industry is described as a vital industry that is growing globally at a fast pace and transitioning to more competition. The future outlook remains positive with technological advances and companies investing in R&D.
The document provides information about performance appraisal at Tata Motors. It first discusses Tata Motors, including its history, operations, and products. It then discusses performance appraisal in general terms. Finally, it describes research conducted to evaluate Tata Motors' performance appraisal process, including findings, conclusions, and suggestions.
The document discusses a case study of the Nakambe sub-basin in Burkina Faso. It outlines the presentation which covers the basin system and sub-systems, an overview of the Nakambe basin, external drivers of change, impacts of basin changes on aquatic ecosystems and livelihoods, analytical tools used, and proposed management interventions. The basin has experienced changes like land use change, water storage, and impacts to hydrology and aquatic ecosystems. Analytical tools like mapping and modeling were used to assess these impacts. Management interventions focus on sustainable development and equitable benefit-sharing of small water bodies.
Richard Simpson Martin has extensive experience in marketing, management consulting, real estate, media, and political campaign management. He has worked on campaigns across several states and provided consulting services to businesses in various industries. Martin has degrees from West Virginia University and Berklee College of Music, and has undertaken additional training in real estate.
The document aims to understand how the city of Vienna reveals itself to tourists from their perspective as newcomers visiting the city. It discusses the types of information tourists may seek, including advertised information, personalized information from others, and customized information from various sources. The document also describes scenarios involving different types of visitors navigating and using transportation in Vienna to understand how they interact with and comprehend the city.
This document defines terms used for environmental sustainability in consumer communications. It provides definitions for key terms related to greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and product waste. The goal is to standardize language across industries to help consumers make more informed purchasing decisions based on environmental impact. Definitions aim to be clear yet consistent with international standards. The glossary may expand to additional topics over time to further facilitate more meaningful comparisons between companies and products.
The document discusses how the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) builds diverse, broad-based teams to address critical technical issues. The NESC forms teams comprised of experts from across NASA's 10 centers, as well as industry, academia, and other government agencies. This diversity of perspectives and experiences provides several agency-wide benefits, such as increasing knowledge sharing between centers, facilitating collaboration, and strengthening relationships. Broad-based teams help break down "information silos" that can exist between centers and encourage a more cohesive safety culture across NASA.
A Curious Course on Coroutines and ConcurrencyHiroshi Ono
This document is an introduction to a tutorial on coroutines and concurrency in Python presented by David Beazley at PyCon 2009. It will provide a high-level overview of coroutines, how they can be used, and whether they are useful. The tutorial will involve a lot of code examples and assumes knowledge of Python generators. David Beazley has experience with Python and concurrency but has not previously used languages with coroutines, so the tutorial is partly for his own learning about this topic.
This report card grades Maryland state senators and delegates on their votes and actions during the 2011 legislative session. Most members received an "Incomplete" because there are still issues to address before the next election in 2014. The General Assembly will return this fall for a special session to redraw congressional districts after the census. There is speculation that legislators may discuss other topics like transportation, taxes, education funding and pensions.
ePortfolios: Documenting Life Long Learning of Professionals to Reflect Practice Excellence. Watson M. eHealth week 2010 (Barcelona: CCIB Convention Centre; 2010)
This document discusses personas and how they can be used to guide the design of social software and citizen media applications. It defines personas as fictional representations of target users that help focus the design process. It also discusses communicating personas to stakeholders and using scenarios, like Bridget Jones' experience on a train listening to her iPod, to bring personas to life. The document is from a presentation on personas and citizen media at the World Usability Day conference.
Tools in Focus: One Magic Number to Sum Up All Your Resource InputsSustainable Brands
This document introduces the concept of EnergyPoints as a unified measurement for all types of energy use. It aims to solve 5 key problems with traditional energy measurement: using complex units, focusing on individual energy silos, separating renewable from efficiency, ignoring location and time factors, and only using CO2 for reporting. EnergyPoints assigns all energy usage a single standardized unit called an EnergyPoint, which is equivalent to 1 gallon of gasoline, allowing all types of energy consumption and generation to be directly compared and analyzed holistically. The EnergyPoints Analytics platform was then launched in July 2012 to provide location-based ratings, management tools, and planning capabilities based on this new EnergyPoints measurement framework.
Geography of time and touchpoints time use planning 2012Posterscope
Time Use Planning is increasingly important in OOH considering 20% of OOH revenue was from digital in 2012. So this presentation from Posterscope looks at 4 important factors to consider when planning OOH by time of day such as “where consumers are”, “what they are doing”, “who they are with” and “what is their wellbeing/mood.”
The document discusses the challenging job market situation, with far more unemployed and underemployed individuals compared to available job openings. It recommends developing a clear plan to execute an effective job search, including defining your value proposition, networking strategy, and identifying target companies and their needs. Effective networking involves creating value for potential employers through offering information and solutions, with the goal of securing interviews and opportunities.
Green Packaging Asia provides green and sustainable packaging solutions. It has a team of designers and printers that work to create packaging with reduced environmental impact. The company aims to make the world more sustainable by partnering with customers on green packaging projects.
The Software Test Professionals Conference will be held October 24-27, 2011 in Dallas, Texas. It is a leading conference on software testing that will feature 40 information sessions, keynote speeches, and networking opportunities. Topics will include test strategy, agile testing, performance testing, and more. Early bird registration is available until September 16th to save $400 on registration fees.
Presentation for the Entrepreneurial Modelling meeting at the ICCE Goldsmiths, University of London.
In collaboration with: Antonis Anagnostidis, Frances du Pille, Giulia Piu, Petra Havelska, Tess Bygge, Victoria Gill and Viviane Williams.
The annual report summarizes NCR Corporation's performance in 2002. It discusses revenue, operating income, cash flow, and year-over-year improvements. Key business segments like Teradata Data Warehousing, Financial Self Service, and Systemedia are highlighted. The report also covers NCR's global business model, goals to improve profitability through cost reductions, and opportunities for growth in 2003.
The document discusses best practices for managing requirements in software projects. It recommends managing requirements as deliverables rather than documents. Requirements deliverables have versioning and life cycles managed through a repository tool. This allows for automatic versioning, baselining, and communication across stakeholders. Change control begins with the first baseline to ensure building the right product. Managing requirements this way can help deliver projects on time, on budget and meeting objectives, even with changing requirements.
1) The document provides information about the formation and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the formation of galaxies and stars over billions of years.
2) It includes data on different types of galaxies like spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies with their diameters, luminosities, and examples. Spiral galaxies tend to be larger in diameter and luminosity.
3) Information is given on distance measurements in space like light years and parsecs. The brightest stars near Earth like Sirius, Vega, and Rigel are listed with their apparent and absolute magnitudes.
The document provides an overview of Newmont Mining Corporation's operations and outlook. It discusses Newmont's global portfolio, including major projects in development. It notes rising global inflation and gold prices are creating a bull market for gold. Newmont has been expanding margins through cost containment and eliminating hedging. It highlights the company's leading safety and environmental performance. Newmont is focused on advancing projects like Conga and Akyem to further increase shareholder value.
The document provides an overview of Newmont Mining Corporation's operations and outlook. It discusses Newmont's global portfolio, including major projects in development. It notes that global gold production is declining while costs are rising. Newmont has gained momentum by eliminating its hedge book and divesting non-core assets to focus on reserve growth and cost containment. The company has achieved margin expansion through improved cost performance and an unhedged position to benefit from rising gold prices. Newmont is also working to advance projects in Peru, Canada, and Ghana to build on its pipeline of world-class gold deposits.
This document provides a breakdown of the costs associated with developing and delivering a Moodle-based distance education program. Development costs total $2670, including $1000 for a development team and $500 for equipment. Delivery costs total $1270, with the largest portions going to a server ($200) and power/internet ($320). Support costs after launch include maintenance, content updates, and a call center.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel engine and fleet performance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives are to provide expert answers on biodiesel use, introduce diesel technician training resources, and discuss fleet experiences with biodiesel. Key topics covered include biodiesel properties, engine manufacturer positions on biodiesel blends, and technical guidance from a biodiesel evaluation team on ensuring proper fuel quality and maintenance practices when adopting biodiesel.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel vehicle maintenance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The learning objectives are to provide technical instruction on biodiesel's impact on vehicle maintenance, troubleshooting, and fuel filtration. Topics covered include the fuel system, lubrication oil, cold weather performance, and lower emissions with biodiesel. Biodiesel is noted to have similar properties to diesel, with benefits such as natural lubricity and lower sulfur levels.
This document defines terms used for environmental sustainability in consumer communications. It provides definitions for key terms related to greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and product waste. The goal is to standardize language across industries to help consumers make more informed purchasing decisions based on environmental impact. Definitions aim to be clear yet consistent with international standards. The glossary may expand to additional topics over time to further facilitate more meaningful comparisons between companies and products.
The document discusses how the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) builds diverse, broad-based teams to address critical technical issues. The NESC forms teams comprised of experts from across NASA's 10 centers, as well as industry, academia, and other government agencies. This diversity of perspectives and experiences provides several agency-wide benefits, such as increasing knowledge sharing between centers, facilitating collaboration, and strengthening relationships. Broad-based teams help break down "information silos" that can exist between centers and encourage a more cohesive safety culture across NASA.
A Curious Course on Coroutines and ConcurrencyHiroshi Ono
This document is an introduction to a tutorial on coroutines and concurrency in Python presented by David Beazley at PyCon 2009. It will provide a high-level overview of coroutines, how they can be used, and whether they are useful. The tutorial will involve a lot of code examples and assumes knowledge of Python generators. David Beazley has experience with Python and concurrency but has not previously used languages with coroutines, so the tutorial is partly for his own learning about this topic.
This report card grades Maryland state senators and delegates on their votes and actions during the 2011 legislative session. Most members received an "Incomplete" because there are still issues to address before the next election in 2014. The General Assembly will return this fall for a special session to redraw congressional districts after the census. There is speculation that legislators may discuss other topics like transportation, taxes, education funding and pensions.
ePortfolios: Documenting Life Long Learning of Professionals to Reflect Practice Excellence. Watson M. eHealth week 2010 (Barcelona: CCIB Convention Centre; 2010)
This document discusses personas and how they can be used to guide the design of social software and citizen media applications. It defines personas as fictional representations of target users that help focus the design process. It also discusses communicating personas to stakeholders and using scenarios, like Bridget Jones' experience on a train listening to her iPod, to bring personas to life. The document is from a presentation on personas and citizen media at the World Usability Day conference.
Tools in Focus: One Magic Number to Sum Up All Your Resource InputsSustainable Brands
This document introduces the concept of EnergyPoints as a unified measurement for all types of energy use. It aims to solve 5 key problems with traditional energy measurement: using complex units, focusing on individual energy silos, separating renewable from efficiency, ignoring location and time factors, and only using CO2 for reporting. EnergyPoints assigns all energy usage a single standardized unit called an EnergyPoint, which is equivalent to 1 gallon of gasoline, allowing all types of energy consumption and generation to be directly compared and analyzed holistically. The EnergyPoints Analytics platform was then launched in July 2012 to provide location-based ratings, management tools, and planning capabilities based on this new EnergyPoints measurement framework.
Geography of time and touchpoints time use planning 2012Posterscope
Time Use Planning is increasingly important in OOH considering 20% of OOH revenue was from digital in 2012. So this presentation from Posterscope looks at 4 important factors to consider when planning OOH by time of day such as “where consumers are”, “what they are doing”, “who they are with” and “what is their wellbeing/mood.”
The document discusses the challenging job market situation, with far more unemployed and underemployed individuals compared to available job openings. It recommends developing a clear plan to execute an effective job search, including defining your value proposition, networking strategy, and identifying target companies and their needs. Effective networking involves creating value for potential employers through offering information and solutions, with the goal of securing interviews and opportunities.
Green Packaging Asia provides green and sustainable packaging solutions. It has a team of designers and printers that work to create packaging with reduced environmental impact. The company aims to make the world more sustainable by partnering with customers on green packaging projects.
The Software Test Professionals Conference will be held October 24-27, 2011 in Dallas, Texas. It is a leading conference on software testing that will feature 40 information sessions, keynote speeches, and networking opportunities. Topics will include test strategy, agile testing, performance testing, and more. Early bird registration is available until September 16th to save $400 on registration fees.
Presentation for the Entrepreneurial Modelling meeting at the ICCE Goldsmiths, University of London.
In collaboration with: Antonis Anagnostidis, Frances du Pille, Giulia Piu, Petra Havelska, Tess Bygge, Victoria Gill and Viviane Williams.
The annual report summarizes NCR Corporation's performance in 2002. It discusses revenue, operating income, cash flow, and year-over-year improvements. Key business segments like Teradata Data Warehousing, Financial Self Service, and Systemedia are highlighted. The report also covers NCR's global business model, goals to improve profitability through cost reductions, and opportunities for growth in 2003.
The document discusses best practices for managing requirements in software projects. It recommends managing requirements as deliverables rather than documents. Requirements deliverables have versioning and life cycles managed through a repository tool. This allows for automatic versioning, baselining, and communication across stakeholders. Change control begins with the first baseline to ensure building the right product. Managing requirements this way can help deliver projects on time, on budget and meeting objectives, even with changing requirements.
1) The document provides information about the formation and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the formation of galaxies and stars over billions of years.
2) It includes data on different types of galaxies like spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies with their diameters, luminosities, and examples. Spiral galaxies tend to be larger in diameter and luminosity.
3) Information is given on distance measurements in space like light years and parsecs. The brightest stars near Earth like Sirius, Vega, and Rigel are listed with their apparent and absolute magnitudes.
The document provides an overview of Newmont Mining Corporation's operations and outlook. It discusses Newmont's global portfolio, including major projects in development. It notes rising global inflation and gold prices are creating a bull market for gold. Newmont has been expanding margins through cost containment and eliminating hedging. It highlights the company's leading safety and environmental performance. Newmont is focused on advancing projects like Conga and Akyem to further increase shareholder value.
The document provides an overview of Newmont Mining Corporation's operations and outlook. It discusses Newmont's global portfolio, including major projects in development. It notes that global gold production is declining while costs are rising. Newmont has gained momentum by eliminating its hedge book and divesting non-core assets to focus on reserve growth and cost containment. The company has achieved margin expansion through improved cost performance and an unhedged position to benefit from rising gold prices. Newmont is also working to advance projects in Peru, Canada, and Ghana to build on its pipeline of world-class gold deposits.
This document provides a breakdown of the costs associated with developing and delivering a Moodle-based distance education program. Development costs total $2670, including $1000 for a development team and $500 for equipment. Delivery costs total $1270, with the largest portions going to a server ($200) and power/internet ($320). Support costs after launch include maintenance, content updates, and a call center.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel engine and fleet performance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives are to provide expert answers on biodiesel use, introduce diesel technician training resources, and discuss fleet experiences with biodiesel. Key topics covered include biodiesel properties, engine manufacturer positions on biodiesel blends, and technical guidance from a biodiesel evaluation team on ensuring proper fuel quality and maintenance practices when adopting biodiesel.
This document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel vehicle maintenance presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The learning objectives are to provide technical instruction on biodiesel's impact on vehicle maintenance, troubleshooting, and fuel filtration. Topics covered include the fuel system, lubrication oil, cold weather performance, and lower emissions with biodiesel. Biodiesel is noted to have similar properties to diesel, with benefits such as natural lubricity and lower sulfur levels.
This document provides information on a training course titled "Biodiesel Fuel Quality & BQ-9000" presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The objectives of the course are to instruct attendees on diesel and biodiesel fuel properties, how these properties affect fuel quality and filtration, and details on the BQ-9000 biodiesel quality program. Key topics that will be covered include ASTM biodiesel specifications, critical fuel quality parameters and their importance, biodiesel's enhanced lubricity, and its performance in low temperature operation.
This document discusses the benefits of biodiesel fuel. It provides 10 key reasons why customers are using biodiesel, including that it is categorized as an advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard, has significantly lower carbon emissions than petroleum diesel, has a high energy balance returning over 5 units of energy for every 1 unit used to produce it, and supports sustainability and energy security by providing a domestic fuel source. The document is intended to educate technicians and customers on the technical and environmental benefits of biodiesel.
The document provides an overview of the National Biodiesel Board and biodiesel. It discusses that the NBB lobbies for and markets biodiesel in the US, funded by soybean farmers, grants, and biodiesel producers. The presentation aims to educate technicians about biodiesel production, quality standards, benefits including environmental and performance, and OEM support of biodiesel blends. It emphasizes that biodiesel must meet ASTM D6751 specifications and come from BQ-9000 certified suppliers to function properly in diesel engines.
This document provides an overview of a technical training course on exhaust after-treatment and biodiesel. The course will cover changes in diesel engine emissions regulations, basics of diesel engine emissions and required hardware changes, methods of exhaust after-treatment, interactions between fuels and fuel systems, and resources. It will aim to provide industry experts to answer questions and introduce the National Biodiesel Board's diesel technician training program.
The document provides an overview of a training course on biodiesel fuel quality presented by the National Biodiesel Board. It discusses key diesel and biodiesel fuel properties, ASTM standards for biodiesel including D6751 and D975, the BQ-9000 quality program, factors that affect fuel quality such as contaminants, and results from various surveys of biodiesel fuel quality. The goal is to educate people on ensuring high quality biodiesel production and use.
The document provides information about a technical training course on biodiesel fleet studies presented by the National Biodiesel Board. The NBB receives funding from soybean check-off programs, government grants, and biodiesel producer contributions for technical, regulatory, marketing, and lobbying efforts. The course objectives are to provide access to industry experts, introduce their diesel technician training program, and provide information on fleets using biodiesel blends. Learning outcomes include identifying public and private fleets using biodiesel, explaining changes to fleet maintenance programs when switching to biodiesel, and properly diagnosing and recommending biodiesel use.
The document provides an overview of biodiesel technical training on understanding diesel fuel presented by the National Biodiesel Board. It discusses the objectives to understand diesel and biodiesel fuel quality standards and their effects on engine performance and emissions. Key points covered include ASTM fuel specifications for diesel including cetane number, distillation temperatures, viscosity, carbon residue and sulfur content which impact engine operation. It also discusses emissions regulations that have made diesel fuel requirements more stringent over time.
The document presents the findings of an agricultural off-road biodiesel demonstration project in Saskatchewan. It evaluates the use of biodiesel blends (B5-B20) in agricultural tractors and equipment. Fuel was sampled from producer bulk tanks and equipment fuel tanks at various farms. Testing evaluated fuel quality parameters such as oxidation stability, acid levels, and water content. Results showed biodiesel blends maintained acceptable fuel quality with no operational issues reported throughout the winter demonstration period.
The document provides information for diesel technicians about biodiesel, including its production process, properties, standards, and benefits. It summarizes that biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification that combines vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol to produce biodiesel and glycerin. Biodiesel can be blended with petrodiesel in any amount, has similar fuel properties as petrodiesel but with improved lubricity and lower emissions. Industry standards like ASTM D6751 and the voluntary BQ-9000 program help ensure biodiesel quality.
The document discusses biodiesel production methods. There are three routes: base catalyzed transesterification using alcohol which is the most common and economic method; direct acid catalyzed esterification; and converting the oil to fatty acids then alkyl esters. The base catalyzed process reacts a fat or oil with an alcohol like methanol using a catalyst like sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce biodiesel and glycerine in a low temperature and pressure process with high conversion rates.
The document analyzes the effect of biodiesel on exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles. It uses statistical analysis of existing emissions test data to estimate how regulated pollutants like NOx, PM, HC and CO change as the percentage of biodiesel in fuel is increased. For a 20% biodiesel blend, estimates indicate NOx increases 2% while PM, HC and CO decrease over 10%, 20% and 10% respectively. Fuel economy is also estimated to decrease 1-2% with a 20% biodiesel blend. The analysis focuses on heavy-duty highway engines as most available data is from these, but effects may differ for future engine technologies and nonroad/light-duty engines.
The document provides guidance for biodiesel producers and blenders regarding EPA regulations. It outlines EPA's registration requirements for biodiesel producers under 40 CFR Parts 79 and 80. Producers must submit forms, provide information on feedstocks and processes, and ensure biodiesel meets ASTM D6751 standards. It also provides guidance for biodiesel blenders on handling, storage and quality concerns. EPA is working to better understand biodiesel's effects on emissions and harmonize fuel standards through testing programs and engagement with standard-setting organizations.
The document is a resource guide from the U.S. Department of Energy that provides information on heavy vehicles and engines with alternative fuel and advanced powertrain options. It includes contact information for vehicle and engine manufacturers, organizations involved in alternative fuels, and government agencies. It also has a glossary of terms, emission standards chart, and listings of alternative fuel engine and vehicle models.
Biodiesel has been extensively tested by the EPA and is shown to significantly reduce harmful emissions compared to conventional diesel. EPA data shows biodiesel reduces particulate matter by 47% and carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons each by about 50%. It also essentially eliminates sulfur emissions and reduces cancer-causing PAHs and nPAHs by 75-90%. The only pollutant that may increase is NOx, which increases about 10% for pure biodiesel but biodiesel allows use of technologies to control NOx not possible with conventional diesel.
The City of Keene, NH has been using B20 biodiesel in its vehicles and equipment for over 5 years. It started with a small grant from the state of NH and has since used over 200,000 gallons of B20 biodiesel. B20 runs in existing unmodified diesel engines, integrates with existing fuel infrastructure, and provides benefits like reduced emissions, lubricity, and being renewable. The City has 68 vehicles and pieces of equipment running on B20 with no reported problems.
1. 1000 Hour Durability Evaluation of a
Prototype 2007 Diesel Engine
with Aftertreatment Using
B20 Biodiesel Fuel
Yolanda Bartoli
February 5, 2008
National Biodiesel Conference
3. Introduction
q A prototype 2007 ISL engine was built at Cummins Technical
Center and shipped to Southwest Research Institute (SwRI).
q The National Biodiesel Board contracted SwRI to perform
durability and emission testing on the prototype engine.
q The testing was performed by the Department of Engine and
Vehicle Technology in the Engine, Vehicle, and Emissions
Research Division at SwRI.
q SwRI procured the fuel from suppliers, and performed fuel
analyses.
3
4. Test Plan
qThe objective was to operate the engine for 1000 hr using B20
biodiesel fuel, and do a comparative analysis with engines that have
operated under the same type of conditions using #2D diesel fuel.
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En Lu En E
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Fu
hr
0 25 50 125 1000
4
5. Test Engine
qCummins prototype 2007 ISL
qSix cylinder 8.9 liter
qRated power of 330 BHP
qPeak torque of 1150 ft•lb at 1300 rpm
qDiesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
qDiesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
qPost injection (in-cylinder) for active regeneration
qVariable geometry turbocharger
qExhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with cooler
qCummins fuel injection system
5
6. Test Cycles
q Durability Testing Peak
High Idle
Low Idle
qAccelerated Power
qHigh-load
Peak
qTransient cycle Torque
qVarying load and speed
qCycle repeated for 1000 hr >70% of durability
cycle at full load
q Emissions Testing
qFederal Test Procedure (FTP)
qOne cold start transient FTP test
qThree hot start transient FTP test
qOne SET Ramped Modal Cycle
6
7. Test Fuels
Fuel Description Sequence of Events
Type
Hr Test Fuel
A Neat B100 soy-based biodiesel
biodiesel from Sun Coast Resources,
Inc. 0-125 Durability C
B 2007 Emission grade #2D ULSD
certified (<15ppm sulfur) which met 125 Emissions B
ULSD 2007 EPA specs from
Haltermann Products.
125 Emissions (A+B)
(A+B) Emission Blend of 2007 cert. ULSD
-Grade and Neat biodiesel blended
B20 by SwRI used only during
125-1000 Durability C
emissions testing
Durability B20 blend of neat soy-based 1000 Emissions B
C
-Grade biodiesel and commercially
B20 available ULSD blended by 1000 Emissions (A+B)
Sun Coast Resources, Inc.
7
9. Oil Analysis Percent Amount of Biodiesel Measured
from Engine Lube Oil Samples at
Different Hour Intervals
q CJ4 Valvoline Premium Blue Sample Biodiesel Sample Biodiesel
(hr) (wt %) (hr) (wt %)
50 0.83 600 0.77
q Soot, viscosity, TBN and
elemental analysis were 150 1.48 650 1.15
found to be within normal 200 1.64 700 1.70
range.
300 0.37 750 1.98
350 1.04 800 0.46
q Oil dilution, which measures
amount of fuel in the oil, was 400 1.28 850 0.73
conducted by NREL. 450 1.47 900 1.22
500 1.45 950 1.68
550 0.51 1000 1.84
9
10. Durability & Emission Results
q Approximately 17,000 gallons of B20 biodiesel fuel was used
during the durability test.
q Test went well and was successful. There were no biodiesel
related failures during the test, and no reported significant
changes in performance of the engine.
q Engine performance was essentially the same when tested at
125 & 1000 hr of accumulated durability operation.
q Emission results indicate that THC, CO, and PM levels were
not significantly different between the B20 and ULSD.
qthe emission-grade B20 test resulted in 6% higher NOx (within
expected range)
q Fuel consumption was observed to be 3% higher than the
2007 certified ULSD test (within expected range).
10
11. Overhead Components
Top of cylinder head Bottom of cylinder head
No sludge deposits Deposits comparable to #2D
Results are typical for this type
of test with #2D diesel fuel
Intake Valves Exhaust Valves
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12. Power Transfer Components
Component Comments
Cranckshaft Gear Meets rebuild spec
Cam Gear Meets rebuild spec
Cam Bushing Meets rebuild spec
Fuel Pump Gear Meets rebuild spec
Cranckshaft Meets rebuild spec
During teardown, the crankshaft was
Lower & Upper Normal wear found to be in very good condition, and
Bearings results were comparable to #2D diesel
fuel test.
Connecting Rod Meets rebuild spec
Connecting Rod Meets rebuild spec
Bushing
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13. Power Cylinder Components
Crosshatch visible in all six cylinders.
Component Comments
Piston Normal light wear and Minor staining
deposits.
Cylinder Liners Normal light wear.
Top rings Normal uniform face wear. Ring Grooves
Top and bottom side look Anti-Thrust Side
Cylinder 1
typical.
Middle rings Normal face wear. Top and
bottom sides OK, and light
carboning.
Oil rings Looked good. Very little Top Piston
wear. Piston Bowl Front
Cylinder 1
Results comparable to #2D diesel fuel test.
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14. Top Piston Rings
Top Rings
Top Rings
Top Side
Bottom Side
Cylinder 1 Top/Cylinder 6 Bottom
Cylinder 1 Top/Cylinder 6 Bottom
Top Rings
Top Rings
Back Side View
Front Side View
Cylinder 1 Top/Cylinder 6 Bottom
Cylinder 1 Top/Cylinder 6 Bottom
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15. Cooling and Lube Components
Cylinder 1 Top
Component Comments Cylinder 6 Bottom
Oil pump No issues
Oil cooler head No issues
Oil cooler cover No issues
Oil pressure No issues
regulator/bypass
Piston cooling nozzles No problems due to
Bottom (Oil) Piston Rings
B20.
Oil Pan Normal There were no failures found on the
cooling and lube components. The
Oil suction tube Gasket showed good
imprint of seal wear and deposits found on the parts
were normal and consistent with
Turbo coolant/oil lines Normal
findings found on parts that ran with
#2 diesel fuel in similar tests.
15
16. Air Handling Components
Component Comments
Exhaust Manifold No issues.
EGR Cooler No cracks, light
coating of soot on
inlet and outlet
tubes. No soot in
inlet diffuser.
Findings good
overall.
EGR Valve Looked good.
Normal soot
accumulation.
Carbon deposit layer was generated on the
EGR gaskets, No issues found due passage and inside parts of the EGR valve,
hoses, tubes, shield, to running with B20. but thickness was very thin and condition was
mounting plate, dry which is normal for this durability test.
crossover
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17. Aftertreatment Components
Component Comments
Diesel Oxidation Looked good. No face plugging.
Catalyst (DOC) Blockages found appeared like debris and substrate material.
Debris was analyzed under Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS),
and all debris found is expected in a typical DOC after 1000 hr of
operation, whether fueled with ULSD or biodiesel.
Diesel Inlet face showed signs of ash build up, but similar to diesel fuel for this
Particulate Filter type of test.
(DPF) Outlet looked good with no signs of soot.
No failure found.
Inlet and outlet Looked good.
section
Gaskets Looked good.
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18. Fuel System Pictures
Stage 1 Plunger Needle Plunger Needle – Top View
No marks
on needle
surface or
the edge.
Some slight staining.
Plunger Orifice
not clogged with
oil sludge or Stage 2 Plunger
deposits Needle has some wear,
but normal for this type
of aggressive test.
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19. Fuel System Components
Rail and fuel Rail – No abnormal wear.
lines End Fitting – No unusual wear.
HP Fuel Lines – No visible structural deterioration or cracks observed.
Mechanical No unusual wear, deterioration or sludge buildup observed on plungers,
Dump Valve plunger seats or orifice.
(MDV) 1) Stage One Plunger – No wear visible on the needle surface or the
edge. Some slight staining seen on plunger base.
2) Stage Two Plunger – Some wear, but normal. Plunger orifice not
clogged with oil sludge or deposits.
Injectors Injector performance test and photos indicate that the injectors were
consistent with injectors that ran with #2D diesel fuel.
Soft Lines No visible damage to any section of the internal wall of the used fuel
tubes indicating that the tubing liner material is resistant to the B20
temperatures and pressures during the engine performance test.
Overall There were no signs of severe or aggressive corrosion pitting damage
on any of the surfaces.
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20. Summary
qA Cummins 2007 prototype 8.9 liter ISL diesel engine equipped with DOC,
DPF, VGT, and EGR with cooler was operated successfully at SwRI using a
high-load accelerated durability cycle for 1000 hr with a B20 blend of soy-
based biodiesel and ULSD.
qDuring the durability testing, no biodiesel related failures occurred.
qEngine performance was essentially the same when tested at 125 and 1000
hr of accumulated durability operation. Emissions measurements indicate
the HC, CO, and PM were not significantly different between the B20 and
ULSD tests, and NOx increased with B20 fuel. Fuel consumption also
increased with B20 fuel.
qA thorough engine teardown evaluation of the overhead, power transfer,
cylinder, cooling, lube, air handling, gaskets, aftertreatment, and fuel system
parts was performed.
qThere were no failures found on the engine components that were directly
attributable to running biodiesel B20.
qThe wear and deposits found were normal and consistent with findings from
parts that ran with #2 diesel fuel in similar tests.
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21. Acknowledgements
National Biodiesel Board
Southwest Research Institute
National Renewable Energy Lab
Sustainable Energy Strategies
U.S. Department of Transportation
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