The document discusses cultural transmission from an archaeological perspective. It defines culture from the viewpoints of traditional, processual, and Darwinian archaeology. Traditional archaeology defines culture as artifacts that occur together during a time period. Processual archaeology defines culture as means of environmental adaptation. Darwinian archaeology defines culture as information acquired from others through teaching or imitation. The document also discusses memes as units of cultural ideas and practices transmitted between minds. It explores why cultural transmission is important to archaeology and discusses modes of transmission such as unbiased, biased, conformist-biased, and prestige-biased transmission.
SOCI/ANTH 441 Material Culture Week 4: Gender and DomesticityAlexandre Enkerli
1. The document discusses themes and approaches related to gender and domesticity in material culture studies.
2. It outlines topics like self and subjectivity as constructed through interactions with material objects, as well as spaces and how they are shaped and controlled.
3. Research methods mentioned include ethnographic semiotics, longitudinal content analysis, and folkloristics to study traditions, festivals, humor, and cultural properties related to domestic spaces.
This document defines archaeology and outlines its aims, scope, and relevance. Archaeology is defined as the study of past human cultures through their material remains. The aims of archaeology are to reconstruct extinct cultures and understand cultural changes by studying artifacts and sites. The scope of archaeology is broad, including fieldwork, exploration, and analysis of tangible evidence. Archaeology's relevance includes providing information on the past, fostering cultural heritage and national pride, and supporting conservation, tourism, and jobs.
Digital Archaeological Landscapes & Replicated Artifacts: Questions of Analyt...Ashley M. Richter
This document discusses issues related to digitizing cultural heritage through 3D modeling and virtual/augmented reality. It raises questions about the authenticity and value of digital replicas compared to original artifacts. It also addresses ethical concerns regarding data transparency, intellectual property, public access, and how digitization may impact archaeology and museums. The author advocates for balancing open access with quality control and guiding users to find meaning amid large data sets, in order to advance both technology and policy in a responsible manner.
The document discusses trends in communicating culture in museums, using the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington D.C. as a case study. When designing the museum, native leaders wanted it to tell the truth. The architects incorporated native sensibilities and traditions throughout the building. The museum's architecture corresponds to the elders' ideals of representing culture internally and externally. The website and exhibitions mirror the architectural ambitions of representing culture.
Can We Curate Intangible Cultural Heritage in Collections Management Systems? AWest Muse
Online collections management systems have the unprecedented ability to curate information from web- based sources beyond museum walls, ranging from video, photo, oral history, and library archives to content contributed by users themselves. Presenters will share how intangible cultural heritage, like performances, stories, language, relationships, and cultural values, can be documented and integrated into our collection systems, allowing users to understand our collections and the people they represent in new ways. #diggingdeeper
This document discusses architectural conservation and cultural heritage management. It provides definitions of architectural conservation as conserving valuable architectures and their values. It also defines cultural heritage as the invaluable achievements of humans over centuries that represent their culture. The document discusses using new technologies like photogrammetry and digital tools to better document cultural heritage for identification and preservation purposes. It notes the benefits of photogrammetry include non-contact measurement, precision, and use in restoration projects. The document also discusses defining and characterizing culture, including how culture is learned, shared, cumulative, dynamic, and diverse. It notes cultural heritage is valued for its aesthetics, spirituality, history, symbols, and connection to identity.
This document provides the program for a public symposium on "DNA & Indigeneity: The Changing Role of Genetics in Indigenous Rights, Tribal Belonging, and Repatriation". The symposium includes sessions on constructing biogenetic identities and their limitations, the role of genetics in the repatriation of human remains, and challenges and directions for genetic research with Indigenous communities. Speakers include experts from various Indigenous communities and academic institutions discussing case studies and issues relating to the use of genetics in determining Indigenous identity and rights, as well as repatriation efforts.
SOCI/ANTH 441 Material Culture Week 4: Gender and DomesticityAlexandre Enkerli
1. The document discusses themes and approaches related to gender and domesticity in material culture studies.
2. It outlines topics like self and subjectivity as constructed through interactions with material objects, as well as spaces and how they are shaped and controlled.
3. Research methods mentioned include ethnographic semiotics, longitudinal content analysis, and folkloristics to study traditions, festivals, humor, and cultural properties related to domestic spaces.
This document defines archaeology and outlines its aims, scope, and relevance. Archaeology is defined as the study of past human cultures through their material remains. The aims of archaeology are to reconstruct extinct cultures and understand cultural changes by studying artifacts and sites. The scope of archaeology is broad, including fieldwork, exploration, and analysis of tangible evidence. Archaeology's relevance includes providing information on the past, fostering cultural heritage and national pride, and supporting conservation, tourism, and jobs.
Digital Archaeological Landscapes & Replicated Artifacts: Questions of Analyt...Ashley M. Richter
This document discusses issues related to digitizing cultural heritage through 3D modeling and virtual/augmented reality. It raises questions about the authenticity and value of digital replicas compared to original artifacts. It also addresses ethical concerns regarding data transparency, intellectual property, public access, and how digitization may impact archaeology and museums. The author advocates for balancing open access with quality control and guiding users to find meaning amid large data sets, in order to advance both technology and policy in a responsible manner.
The document discusses trends in communicating culture in museums, using the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington D.C. as a case study. When designing the museum, native leaders wanted it to tell the truth. The architects incorporated native sensibilities and traditions throughout the building. The museum's architecture corresponds to the elders' ideals of representing culture internally and externally. The website and exhibitions mirror the architectural ambitions of representing culture.
Can We Curate Intangible Cultural Heritage in Collections Management Systems? AWest Muse
Online collections management systems have the unprecedented ability to curate information from web- based sources beyond museum walls, ranging from video, photo, oral history, and library archives to content contributed by users themselves. Presenters will share how intangible cultural heritage, like performances, stories, language, relationships, and cultural values, can be documented and integrated into our collection systems, allowing users to understand our collections and the people they represent in new ways. #diggingdeeper
This document discusses architectural conservation and cultural heritage management. It provides definitions of architectural conservation as conserving valuable architectures and their values. It also defines cultural heritage as the invaluable achievements of humans over centuries that represent their culture. The document discusses using new technologies like photogrammetry and digital tools to better document cultural heritage for identification and preservation purposes. It notes the benefits of photogrammetry include non-contact measurement, precision, and use in restoration projects. The document also discusses defining and characterizing culture, including how culture is learned, shared, cumulative, dynamic, and diverse. It notes cultural heritage is valued for its aesthetics, spirituality, history, symbols, and connection to identity.
This document provides the program for a public symposium on "DNA & Indigeneity: The Changing Role of Genetics in Indigenous Rights, Tribal Belonging, and Repatriation". The symposium includes sessions on constructing biogenetic identities and their limitations, the role of genetics in the repatriation of human remains, and challenges and directions for genetic research with Indigenous communities. Speakers include experts from various Indigenous communities and academic institutions discussing case studies and issues relating to the use of genetics in determining Indigenous identity and rights, as well as repatriation efforts.
Some critics may have you believe that computer game studies lack theoretical rigor, that games cannot afford meaningful experiences. I agree with them, sometimes, but I also believe that a richer understanding of computer games is possible, and that this understanding can shed some light on related issues in the wider field of Digital Humanities.
My main area of research has been designing and evaluating how contextually appropriate interaction can aid the understanding of cultures distant in time, space, and in understanding to our own. This field is sometimes called Virtual Heritage. In Virtual Heritage, tools of choice are typically virtual reality environments, and the projects are very large in scale, complexity, and cost, while my projects are often prototypes and experimental designs. I have many challenges, for example, morphing technological constraints into cultural affordances, and avoiding possible confusion between artistic artifice and historical accuracy, all the while evaluating intangible concepts in a systematic way without disturbing the participants’ sense of immersion. To help me judge the success or failure of these projects I have shaped some working definitions of games, culture, cultural understanding, cultural inhabitation, and place. However, these concepts and definitions are not enough. I also have to now tackle the issues of simulated violence, artificial “other” people, the temptation of entertainment masquerading as education, and the difficulties inherent in virtually evoking a sense of ritual.
My lecture, then, is a discussion into how game-based learning, and the study of culture, heritage and history, might meaningfully intersect.
Reprioritising our values to recognise culture for its true value | Biocity S...Biocity Studio
Our culture is continually changing due to the impact of migration patterns. Many languages are now spoken in Australia. Attempts have been made to measure ‘culture’ through a range of indices: Florida, Monocle and Anholt, but are subjective to cultural bias.
ICOM Moscow 2014 with audio - The Virtual MuseumSusan Hazan
The document discusses the definition and qualities of a virtual museum. It summarizes initial work by the V-Must network to rethink the concept of virtual museums in light of emerging digital technologies. The network has identified and mapped tools and services that define and support virtual museums in the heritage sector. A virtual museum is defined as a digital entity that draws on characteristics of a physical museum to complement, enhance, or augment the museum experience through personalization, interactivity and rich content. Virtual museums can act as the digital presence of a physical museum or independently while maintaining the authoritative status of museums as defined by ICOM.
Architectural Means of Expression in the Creation of Contemporary Heritage In...Anna Rynkowska-Sachse
This document discusses architectural means of expression in creating contemporary heritage interpretation centres, using examples from South Africa. It summarizes the Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre, which envisions the local heritage through its building design that merges with the landscape, allows views of the archaeological site, and was inspired by local structures and artefacts. It also discusses the Alexandra Interpretation Centre, which connects to the surrounding township through its design and programming, and Freedom Park museum complex, which links historical elements across the landscape with a spiral path honoring indigenous knowledge. Architectural design and non-architectural features are used at these sites to stimulate understanding and appreciation of cultural heritage.
This document discusses cultural heritage and defines it as the creative expression of a people's existence in the past, near past, and present that tells their traditions, beliefs, and achievements. It notes that cultural heritage includes both tangible and intangible forms. Tangible heritage can be physically touched, like monuments and objects, while intangible heritage includes non-physical forms like music, dance, languages, and traditions. The document emphasizes that cultural heritage is important because it conveys identity and values, is unique, can support economic development, and helps people understand cultural diversity.
This document summarizes a research study on accessibility and inclusion of persons with disabilities in museums in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study examines how the senses and sensations experienced by persons with disabilities impact their ability to access and feel included in historical patrimonial museums. The researchers conducted ethnographic observations and interviews with disabled persons visiting museums, to understand their sensory experiences of the museum atmospheres and identify physical, informational, and sensory barriers to accessibility. The goal is to help museums improve inclusion and universal design to allow all people to fully experience the cultural assets.
Walled Cities, Open Societies - 2nd meeting of the Regional Network on the Ma...UNESCO Venice Office
This document provides an overview of conceptual tools and management tools for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in urban contexts. It discusses key concepts from the 2003 UNESCO ICH Convention such as the dynamic nature of ICH and the primary role of communities in determining significance and threats. Specific tools are presented, including ethical principles, a results map, and a step-by-step process for developing safeguarding plans. The Yamohoko float procession from Kyoto, Japan is used as a case study. In conclusion, the document advocates for integrated management of tangible and intangible heritage that promotes community involvement and sustainable development.
Collaborative concepts surrounding Evidence-based Art, the evolution of Art and Neuroaesthetics regarding Patient-Focused practices in the Health Care industry.
First workshop of the REFIT project (refitproject.com) - Bibracte, March 2016
Exploring integrated approaches to cultural landscapes
Current strategies, problems and potential
Iron Age oppida as a case study
This document summarizes a presentation on the cultural heritage tourism potential of Nicosia, Cyprus. It discusses:
1) The current situation of tourism in Cyprus and Nicosia, which is dominated by sun/beach tourism.
2) The cultural attractions within Nicosia's walled city, which have potential to diversify tourism but are currently underutilized. An empirical study found visitors have low awareness of attractions and there is room to improve the visitor experience.
3) Strategies discussed to better develop and promote Nicosia's cultural heritage tourism potential, such as improving wayfinding, increasing event programming and performances, and leveraging local culture and food. The presentation concludes Nicosia has
Episode 5(5): Mnemonics and the rise of social complexity - Meetup session 20William Hall
This is the 20th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
It is probable that the rise of social complexity in the development of agricultural and industrial economies required a major revolution in the social capacity to accumulate and manage the transmission of "working" (i.e., technical) knowledge. There is interesting evidence assembled by the Australian science writer, Lynne Kelly, that this revolution was based initially on a technology (defined as the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area) based (1) on the construction and use of monumental theaters of the mind for effectively indexing objects of knowledge in living memory and (2) the practice within or around those theaters of particular social rituals for the accurate learning, maintenance, and transfer of those memory objects. This technology enabled initiates to store, manage, and accurately propagate a body of knowledge orders of magnitude larger than could be maintained by uninitiated.
For several thousands of years before the invention of counting tokens and symbolic and alphabetic scripts enabled knowledge to be objectified and stored by durable objects, such mnemonic technologies supported the emergence and maintenance of complex agricultural economies and specialized industries involved in the establishment of city states and state religions.
This session explains the circumstances of the Agricultural Revolution in the Neolithic and how mnemonic technologies extended the geospacial indexing and navigating capabilities that seem to be basic functions in the mammalian brain.
The presentation discusses how cultural events and activities can drive urban regeneration using Bodh Gaya, India as a case study. Bodh Gaya is an important religious site where Buddha attained enlightenment. Cultural events held there like Buddha Jayanti and Kalachakra festival attract pilgrims and tourists, providing an economic boost to the town. The festivals also help preserve local cultural heritage and identity. Over time, the various cultural activities in Bodh Gaya have led to administrative reforms, infrastructure development, job creation, and overall regeneration of the physical, social, and economic landscape of the town.
An Embarrassment of Riches: Crowds, Communities, and Curation in Digital Open...Tim Hill
At what point does the sheer scale of the available open data itself obstruct openness? Galleries, libraries, archives, and museums are digitising at an increasing pace, and with a growing awareness of the importance of licensing issues and open access. Europeana, long at the forefront of these efforts in the EU context, recently passed the 50millionitem mark in its collections, and other national and international infrastructures are achieving similar milestones. But digitisation and aggregation at this scale mean that modelling richness is in effect often lost. Data heterogeneity across collections, and individual datasets curated to support only certain, very specific, scenarios within them, often combine so that only the very minimal metadata needed for information exchange is available to endusers. Ironically, volume and cataloguing criteria thus potentially combine to put open culture proponents in the position of those intelligence agencies that ‘open’ their miles of archive shelfspace to investigators, but fail to provide an index.
Attention at Europeana and similar organisations has accordingly turned recently to adding structure and semantics to digital open data in a way that makes it more usable, transparent, and comprehensible to endusers. The technologies used and the way they are applied vary with organization, domain, and usecase, and include but are not limited to: semantic enrichment and datamining; personalisation features; crowdsourcing and annotation frameworks; and the creation of knowledge graphs. These technologies all have their own particular advantages and limitations, as will be discussed in brief casestudies. In particular, a strong division is evident between datadriven, empirical approaches such as datamining and usercentric technologies such as crowdsourcing and personalisation. In the ideal case, however, these two tendencies converge on the notion of a ‘user community’ a group, it will be argued, that not only ‘uses’ or ‘consumes’ open data, but shapes it, gives it meaning, and endows it with value.
Opening talk for the Introduction to Digital Humanities Workshop, at the Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School 2015. Presented 20 July 2015 in St Anne's College.
The digital ethnography examines the virtual replica of Machu Picchu in Second Life. It analyzes how the virtual site compares to the original ruins through interviews and observations. While not an exact replica, it aims to educate visitors about Incan culture and history through informative displays and artifacts. The connection felt is one of cultural identity, as the Incan influence is still strong in Peru. Artworks in the galleries represent Incan achievements in art, architecture, science and more. Exploring the virtual ruins and artifacts provides insights into daily Incan life and the enduring impact of their empire on Peruvian culture.
The document discusses key concepts from the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, including definitions of intangible cultural heritage, communities and groups, and safeguarding measures. It defines intangible cultural heritage as traditions and expressions recognized by communities as part of their cultural heritage. Safeguarding involves identifying, documenting, and promoting intangible heritage to ensure its viability, with the involvement of concerned communities and groups. The Convention provides a flexible framework and emphasizes community participation in inventorying, revitalizing, and transmitting intangible cultural heritage from generation to generation.
Intangible Cultural Heritage Discussion (Key Points).pptNorwegianBang
The document discusses key concepts from the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, including definitions of intangible cultural heritage, communities and groups, and safeguarding measures. It defines intangible cultural heritage as traditions and expressions recognized by communities as part of their cultural heritage. Safeguarding aims to ensure the viability of intangible cultural heritage and involves communities in identification, documentation, preservation and transmission of their cultural practices and representations.
Challenge: Develop agents that can pass on information about a past or distant culture without disrupting historic authenticity or player engagement.
Aim: Develop proof of concepts using historical situations, face tracking, speech to text or biofeedback and game-themed situations.
Opportunity: developments in biofeedback and realistic avatars, and camera tracking.
Future direction: combine with psychologists and animation specialists along with linguists, historians and art historians.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
More Related Content
Similar to Cultural Transmission from an Archaeolgical Perspective
Some critics may have you believe that computer game studies lack theoretical rigor, that games cannot afford meaningful experiences. I agree with them, sometimes, but I also believe that a richer understanding of computer games is possible, and that this understanding can shed some light on related issues in the wider field of Digital Humanities.
My main area of research has been designing and evaluating how contextually appropriate interaction can aid the understanding of cultures distant in time, space, and in understanding to our own. This field is sometimes called Virtual Heritage. In Virtual Heritage, tools of choice are typically virtual reality environments, and the projects are very large in scale, complexity, and cost, while my projects are often prototypes and experimental designs. I have many challenges, for example, morphing technological constraints into cultural affordances, and avoiding possible confusion between artistic artifice and historical accuracy, all the while evaluating intangible concepts in a systematic way without disturbing the participants’ sense of immersion. To help me judge the success or failure of these projects I have shaped some working definitions of games, culture, cultural understanding, cultural inhabitation, and place. However, these concepts and definitions are not enough. I also have to now tackle the issues of simulated violence, artificial “other” people, the temptation of entertainment masquerading as education, and the difficulties inherent in virtually evoking a sense of ritual.
My lecture, then, is a discussion into how game-based learning, and the study of culture, heritage and history, might meaningfully intersect.
Reprioritising our values to recognise culture for its true value | Biocity S...Biocity Studio
Our culture is continually changing due to the impact of migration patterns. Many languages are now spoken in Australia. Attempts have been made to measure ‘culture’ through a range of indices: Florida, Monocle and Anholt, but are subjective to cultural bias.
ICOM Moscow 2014 with audio - The Virtual MuseumSusan Hazan
The document discusses the definition and qualities of a virtual museum. It summarizes initial work by the V-Must network to rethink the concept of virtual museums in light of emerging digital technologies. The network has identified and mapped tools and services that define and support virtual museums in the heritage sector. A virtual museum is defined as a digital entity that draws on characteristics of a physical museum to complement, enhance, or augment the museum experience through personalization, interactivity and rich content. Virtual museums can act as the digital presence of a physical museum or independently while maintaining the authoritative status of museums as defined by ICOM.
Architectural Means of Expression in the Creation of Contemporary Heritage In...Anna Rynkowska-Sachse
This document discusses architectural means of expression in creating contemporary heritage interpretation centres, using examples from South Africa. It summarizes the Mapungubwe Interpretation Centre, which envisions the local heritage through its building design that merges with the landscape, allows views of the archaeological site, and was inspired by local structures and artefacts. It also discusses the Alexandra Interpretation Centre, which connects to the surrounding township through its design and programming, and Freedom Park museum complex, which links historical elements across the landscape with a spiral path honoring indigenous knowledge. Architectural design and non-architectural features are used at these sites to stimulate understanding and appreciation of cultural heritage.
This document discusses cultural heritage and defines it as the creative expression of a people's existence in the past, near past, and present that tells their traditions, beliefs, and achievements. It notes that cultural heritage includes both tangible and intangible forms. Tangible heritage can be physically touched, like monuments and objects, while intangible heritage includes non-physical forms like music, dance, languages, and traditions. The document emphasizes that cultural heritage is important because it conveys identity and values, is unique, can support economic development, and helps people understand cultural diversity.
This document summarizes a research study on accessibility and inclusion of persons with disabilities in museums in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study examines how the senses and sensations experienced by persons with disabilities impact their ability to access and feel included in historical patrimonial museums. The researchers conducted ethnographic observations and interviews with disabled persons visiting museums, to understand their sensory experiences of the museum atmospheres and identify physical, informational, and sensory barriers to accessibility. The goal is to help museums improve inclusion and universal design to allow all people to fully experience the cultural assets.
Walled Cities, Open Societies - 2nd meeting of the Regional Network on the Ma...UNESCO Venice Office
This document provides an overview of conceptual tools and management tools for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in urban contexts. It discusses key concepts from the 2003 UNESCO ICH Convention such as the dynamic nature of ICH and the primary role of communities in determining significance and threats. Specific tools are presented, including ethical principles, a results map, and a step-by-step process for developing safeguarding plans. The Yamohoko float procession from Kyoto, Japan is used as a case study. In conclusion, the document advocates for integrated management of tangible and intangible heritage that promotes community involvement and sustainable development.
Collaborative concepts surrounding Evidence-based Art, the evolution of Art and Neuroaesthetics regarding Patient-Focused practices in the Health Care industry.
First workshop of the REFIT project (refitproject.com) - Bibracte, March 2016
Exploring integrated approaches to cultural landscapes
Current strategies, problems and potential
Iron Age oppida as a case study
This document summarizes a presentation on the cultural heritage tourism potential of Nicosia, Cyprus. It discusses:
1) The current situation of tourism in Cyprus and Nicosia, which is dominated by sun/beach tourism.
2) The cultural attractions within Nicosia's walled city, which have potential to diversify tourism but are currently underutilized. An empirical study found visitors have low awareness of attractions and there is room to improve the visitor experience.
3) Strategies discussed to better develop and promote Nicosia's cultural heritage tourism potential, such as improving wayfinding, increasing event programming and performances, and leveraging local culture and food. The presentation concludes Nicosia has
Episode 5(5): Mnemonics and the rise of social complexity - Meetup session 20William Hall
This is the 20th of 23 presentations in a series introducing and outlining my hypertext book project, "Application Holy Wars or a New Reformation - A Fugue on the Theory of Knowledge". The project explores the interactions of technology and cognition in the extraordinary evolutionary history of the human species.
It is probable that the rise of social complexity in the development of agricultural and industrial economies required a major revolution in the social capacity to accumulate and manage the transmission of "working" (i.e., technical) knowledge. There is interesting evidence assembled by the Australian science writer, Lynne Kelly, that this revolution was based initially on a technology (defined as the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area) based (1) on the construction and use of monumental theaters of the mind for effectively indexing objects of knowledge in living memory and (2) the practice within or around those theaters of particular social rituals for the accurate learning, maintenance, and transfer of those memory objects. This technology enabled initiates to store, manage, and accurately propagate a body of knowledge orders of magnitude larger than could be maintained by uninitiated.
For several thousands of years before the invention of counting tokens and symbolic and alphabetic scripts enabled knowledge to be objectified and stored by durable objects, such mnemonic technologies supported the emergence and maintenance of complex agricultural economies and specialized industries involved in the establishment of city states and state religions.
This session explains the circumstances of the Agricultural Revolution in the Neolithic and how mnemonic technologies extended the geospacial indexing and navigating capabilities that seem to be basic functions in the mammalian brain.
The presentation discusses how cultural events and activities can drive urban regeneration using Bodh Gaya, India as a case study. Bodh Gaya is an important religious site where Buddha attained enlightenment. Cultural events held there like Buddha Jayanti and Kalachakra festival attract pilgrims and tourists, providing an economic boost to the town. The festivals also help preserve local cultural heritage and identity. Over time, the various cultural activities in Bodh Gaya have led to administrative reforms, infrastructure development, job creation, and overall regeneration of the physical, social, and economic landscape of the town.
An Embarrassment of Riches: Crowds, Communities, and Curation in Digital Open...Tim Hill
At what point does the sheer scale of the available open data itself obstruct openness? Galleries, libraries, archives, and museums are digitising at an increasing pace, and with a growing awareness of the importance of licensing issues and open access. Europeana, long at the forefront of these efforts in the EU context, recently passed the 50millionitem mark in its collections, and other national and international infrastructures are achieving similar milestones. But digitisation and aggregation at this scale mean that modelling richness is in effect often lost. Data heterogeneity across collections, and individual datasets curated to support only certain, very specific, scenarios within them, often combine so that only the very minimal metadata needed for information exchange is available to endusers. Ironically, volume and cataloguing criteria thus potentially combine to put open culture proponents in the position of those intelligence agencies that ‘open’ their miles of archive shelfspace to investigators, but fail to provide an index.
Attention at Europeana and similar organisations has accordingly turned recently to adding structure and semantics to digital open data in a way that makes it more usable, transparent, and comprehensible to endusers. The technologies used and the way they are applied vary with organization, domain, and usecase, and include but are not limited to: semantic enrichment and datamining; personalisation features; crowdsourcing and annotation frameworks; and the creation of knowledge graphs. These technologies all have their own particular advantages and limitations, as will be discussed in brief casestudies. In particular, a strong division is evident between datadriven, empirical approaches such as datamining and usercentric technologies such as crowdsourcing and personalisation. In the ideal case, however, these two tendencies converge on the notion of a ‘user community’ a group, it will be argued, that not only ‘uses’ or ‘consumes’ open data, but shapes it, gives it meaning, and endows it with value.
Opening talk for the Introduction to Digital Humanities Workshop, at the Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School 2015. Presented 20 July 2015 in St Anne's College.
The digital ethnography examines the virtual replica of Machu Picchu in Second Life. It analyzes how the virtual site compares to the original ruins through interviews and observations. While not an exact replica, it aims to educate visitors about Incan culture and history through informative displays and artifacts. The connection felt is one of cultural identity, as the Incan influence is still strong in Peru. Artworks in the galleries represent Incan achievements in art, architecture, science and more. Exploring the virtual ruins and artifacts provides insights into daily Incan life and the enduring impact of their empire on Peruvian culture.
The document discusses key concepts from the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, including definitions of intangible cultural heritage, communities and groups, and safeguarding measures. It defines intangible cultural heritage as traditions and expressions recognized by communities as part of their cultural heritage. Safeguarding involves identifying, documenting, and promoting intangible heritage to ensure its viability, with the involvement of concerned communities and groups. The Convention provides a flexible framework and emphasizes community participation in inventorying, revitalizing, and transmitting intangible cultural heritage from generation to generation.
Intangible Cultural Heritage Discussion (Key Points).pptNorwegianBang
The document discusses key concepts from the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, including definitions of intangible cultural heritage, communities and groups, and safeguarding measures. It defines intangible cultural heritage as traditions and expressions recognized by communities as part of their cultural heritage. Safeguarding aims to ensure the viability of intangible cultural heritage and involves communities in identification, documentation, preservation and transmission of their cultural practices and representations.
Challenge: Develop agents that can pass on information about a past or distant culture without disrupting historic authenticity or player engagement.
Aim: Develop proof of concepts using historical situations, face tracking, speech to text or biofeedback and game-themed situations.
Opportunity: developments in biofeedback and realistic avatars, and camera tracking.
Future direction: combine with psychologists and animation specialists along with linguists, historians and art historians.
Similar to Cultural Transmission from an Archaeolgical Perspective (20)
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
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An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
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- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
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Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
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Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
2. Culture from an Archaeological Perspective Traditional archaeology Traditional archaeology defines culture as a set of artefacts that occur together during a certain period in time.
3. Culture from an Archaeological Perspective Processual archaeology "Culture, man's extrasomatic means of adaptation to the environment" - Binford 1972:106
4. Culture from an Archaeological Perspective Darwinian archaeology "Culture is information capable of affecting individuals' phenotypes which they acquire from conspecifics by teaching or imitation" - Boyd & Richerson 1985:33
5. Culture from an Archaeological Perspective Memes "A meme is a postulated unit or element of cultural ideas, symbols or practices, and is transmitted from one mind to another through speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena." - Wikipedia "Meme" 2009-10-29
6. Culture from an Archaeological Perspective Why is Cultural Transmission important?
7. Culture from an Archaeological Perspective Why is Cultural Transmission important?
8. Culture from an Archaeological Perspective Why is Cultural Transmission important?
28. Attribution CC-BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sequenz_diagramm-7.png By Gubaer CC-BY-SA 2.5 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oldowan_tradition_chopper.jpg By José-Manuel Benito Álvarez CC-BY-SA 2.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_Atheist_Bus_Campaign_launch.jpg By Zoe Margolis CC-BY-SA 1.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Katrineholm_Municipality_in_S%C3%B6dermanland_County.png By Nordelch PD http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acheuleanhandaxe.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pale_teacher.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfl_arrowheads_from_flint_20060717161306.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sistema_ambiental_%28Clarke%29.png.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin_ape.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copyright.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Advanced_Automation_for_Space_Missions_figure_5-29.gif http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sten%C3%A5ldersf%C3%B6rem%C3%A5l_2,_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg
Editor's Notes
Hi! I am Micke and I am a Stone Age archaeolgist. I work at the county museum of Sörmland in Nyköping. I wanted to talk to you today about Cultural Transmission from an archaeolgical perspective .
Archaeologists have a special way of looking at culture. Most of you probably think of stuff like opera, dance, paintings or theatre when you hear the word culture, But traditionaly archaeology deals specifically with material culture, that is things like arrow heads, pottery and post holes.
In the 1960's the processual or new archaeology defined culture as all non biological responses to the environment, and much focus was aimed at subsistence strategies and there was also a tendency towards natural determinism. This has been especially true for paleolithic and mesolithic studies, that is studies of the time before agriculture was introduced. Richard Bradly has a famous qoute saying: "Successful farmers have social relations with one another, while hunter-gatherers have ecological relations with hazelnuts"
Darwinian or evolutionary archaeology how ever defines culture as information capable of changing an individuals phenotype. Wikipedia tells us that a phenotype is any observable characteristic or trait of an organism: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behavior . Thus this definition is much broader and incorporates things as dance, speach or even opera. These thing are still very hard to study using archaeological methods so I guess that is why most of us still deal mainly with arrow heads, pots and post holes.
Using a Darwinian perspective on culture is quite useful when looking at cultural transmission in prehistory. When Thomsen devised his Three-age system comprizing of the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age in the 1820s he used methods similar to Cladistics and phylogenetic systematics. But then what is transmitted? In 1976 Richard Dawkins, that you can see here in the picture, proposed that the term meme can be used to discribe these cultural genes. A meme is simply a unit of culture such as a specific dance, an arrow head or a symbol. M emes are cultural analogues to genes, in that they self-replicate and respond to selective pressures.
But why is it important to study Cultural Transmission? This is a hard question to answer, because culture is an intrinsic part of being human. Culture is so natural to us that it is actually quite hard to look at from a distance. But I will say this: transmitting and receiving culture is what makes us human. And I mean this in a very literal sense.
Human ancestors started using handaxes about 2.6 million years ago. This is the first piece of culture that we have found. This type of hand axe that you can see here in the slide is called an olduwan hand axe. The Olduwan tradition is named after the Olduwai gorge in Tanzania, where the first traces of human culture was found.
It takes about 1 million years of evolution to go from the olduwan hand axe to the achulean hand axe that you can see here on the left. In the olduwan hand axe only a couple of flakes are removed from the edge of the tool but on the achulean hand axe flakes are removed from the entire circumference of the hand axe and flakes are also removed from both sides of the tool using a bifacial knapping technique. Neurological studies show that the parts of the brain that are used when making the newer achulean hand axe are the same as those used when speaking. Dietrich Stout writes: This is consistent with the hypothesis that selection acting on tool-making ability could have contributed to the evolution of language-relevant neural circuits (and vice versa) through a process of developmental displacement. This would mean that copying culture in a very real sense could have given us the ability to speak. Living in Sweden where it would not be at all possible to live without such cultural advancements as clothes, shoes, axes and the Linux kernel I am quite sure that speech is not the only thing that we can thank cultural transmission for.
Genes are spread through sexual reproduction and the frequency of a gene in a poulation is affected by the processes of mutation, selection and drift. A meme however have a slightly more complex way in which it is transmitted and that effects its frequency in a society.
There are several modes of transmission of memes. If we are just as likely to copy a meme from anyone, it is called unbiased transmission and the degree of which a certain meme is copied is relative to the frequency of which it already occurs in a society. For example: if you walk past some guy in the street with a terrific hair cut, and you decide to get that same hair cut. That is unbiased transmission. In unbiased transmission any member of a society is just as likely as anybody else to have there memes copied.
But there is also biased transmission, that is, we are for example some times more likely to inherit some memes from our relatives than from some random guy on the street, even if that guy have a terrific hair cut.
One form of biased transmisson is the conformist-biased. This describes the tendency in humans to copy the most frequent behavior in a society. That is, we are more likely do what a lot of other people do all ready. If every one uses the iPhone, than it is likely that we will also get one.
We are also more likely to do what a prestigious person is doing. We often decide do things in a certain way becouse some one who is influential in our community does things that way. That is why companies spend millions of dollars on movie stars and sport stars in adverisments.
Sätt på video! First comes the independent decision, a guy starts dancing thus creating a meme. After that we have some unbiased transmission, people walk by this random guy who is dancing and start dancing too. And somewhere here the conformist-biased transmission starts kicking in. The people who previously sat still looking quietly at the dance now just have to jump in.
So now we have seen that culture is realy important for humanity and we have seen all the ways it can be transmitted. But why is there a tendency in so many places to restrict access to culture for others? Given that culture is so important to people, and all the ways that it can be copied, it has also been important for people to restrict access to technology and information through out prehistory. Especially when such technology is prestigous or has a large financial value.
Every technology comes with a recipe, in French that recipe is called the “ Chaîne d’opératoire” which roughly translates to “production sequence” Once a technology gets complex enough that it is possible to keep the production sequence of that technology secret, people start to try and profit from that because sooner or later you will be in a possition where more people are interested in having access to a certain product than are able to easily produce it. And if you can stop the competion of gaining acces to your cultural recipes you can become a wealthier and more prestigious member of your society.
So copyright is nothing new, For instance, the people who were capable of producing the danish flint daggers in the picture here had a certain status in the late neolithic society in which they were produced and the flint knappers were keen on keeping that status within the family. So they inveneted a system where flint knapping where taught from parent to child within certain families or clans. Jan Apel studied the production of late neolthic type IV danish flint daggers in his doctoral dissertation and reached the conclusion that the know how of making these daggers where such a valuable commodity that it triggered a limitation in the recruiting of new flint knappers and also that this development help in the transition from a segmented tribal society to a chiefdom society.
I am going to give you one more example of copyright in prehistory. In 2007 I and three collegues excavated a site called Ändebol in the parish of Stora Malm, in Katrineholm in eastern central Sweden. The site dates back to 6300 BC, that is the middle mesolthic, and comprizes of two parts.
On the southernmost part of a large Island the main settlement site was situated. On this site we uncovered hearths, flaked quartz and flint, post holes and we also found remains of the final stages of production of green stone axes. The general interpretation of the site is that it is a place where a group of people have lived for a longer or shorter period over more than one season.
On the other site, situated on a small island about 400 meters north of the first island we found a site that yielded nothing but debitage from green stone axe production. How ever all of the debitage comes from the initial stages of the production and we didn't find any evidence of people actually living on the site, no hearths and no evidence of food production. Our interpretation is that people have been living on the larger island to the south for maybe a couple of weeks at a time. During this time a part of the group have made shorter trips to the small island in order to produce axes away from the larger group. We think that the reason for this is that someone have had an interest in conceiling the technique utilized when making these axes. In short they produced the axes on a Copyright island.
So in conclusion, we have seen that culture is enormously important to humans as a species but also that there has been economical and social reasons for individuals to limit access to culture for others, probably ever since technology got complex enough that it was possible to keep the production sequence of that technology secret. But that is what humans want, what about culture it self? Does culture want to be copied? I think the answer to that question must be yes. Genes can reproduce at the expense of the organism. One example of this is some male spiders that carry genes that make them reproduce although it shortens their own life since the cannibalistic female eats the male after reproduction. The same is true for memes. Some memes reproduce at the cost of the vehicle, take smoking, drinking and skydiving for instance. All of these memes reproduce at the cost of their host and I think this is clear evidence of self replicating memes wanting to reproduce on their own accord. We are not only benefiting from culture, culture is also benefiting from us. But the relationship is symbiotic rather than parasitic so I think that it is in our own best interest to help culture to reproduce because culture will in turn, for the most part, help us reproduce too, as it has for the last 2.6 million years. Thank you for listening.