This document provides instructions for writing a 5-paragraph essay, including an introduction with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs that each discuss one point from the thesis, and a conclusion. It explains that the introduction should grab the reader's attention and introduce the topic and thesis. Each body paragraph needs a topic sentence, point, and proof to support the thesis point. The conclusion restates the thesis and leaves the reader with a final thought. Formal writing rules and essay formatting are also outlined.
The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand, making up around 15% of the country's population today. They arrived in New Zealand from eastern Polynesia around 1200 AD. Before European settlement, the Maori lived throughout New Zealand. In the late 18th century, British colonists began arriving and conflicts arose between the Maori and European settlers in the 1800s. While some Maori lands were confiscated, the population has since rebounded and Maori culture remains an important part of New Zealand's national identity.
The document discusses translation of phraseology, including idioms, phrasal verbs, and other multi-word lexical units. It defines free phrases as those where components can be replaced by synonyms without changing meaning, and non-free phrases as those where meaning depends on specific components. Five strategies for translating phraseological units are outlined: using a similar meaning and form in the target language; similar meaning with different form; paraphrasing; omitting units with no close correspondence; and compensating by omitting in one place and including elsewhere.
The document provides a checklist for persuasive writing with 3 key points: 1) The introductory paragraph should state the argument. 2) The body should provide evidence to support the viewpoint using facts and reasons both for and against. 3) Questions can be asked to get the reader thinking.
This document defines and provides guidance on writing discursive essays. It explains that discursive essays discuss an issue, solution, or problem through presenting different viewpoints. There are three main types: for and against essays which discuss both sides of an issue; opinion essays which present the writer's view and an opposing view; and essays suggesting solutions to problems which analyze issues and potential solutions. The document provides tips for structuring and writing discursive essays effectively.
Innovation in english language teaching and learning 1Jeevan Bhattarai
This document discusses innovations in English language teaching and learning. It begins by defining innovation as new ideas, devices, or methods. It then lists several learning management systems and applications that can be used for language learning. It discusses trends like the use of MOOCs, online communication tools, and blended learning. The document outlines 21st century skills students need and the roles of English teachers as facilitators, collaborators, and lifelong learners. It advocates for cross-curricular content, rise of non-native English teachers, and the need for continued professional development to stay current with innovations in English language education.
The Maori were the first inhabitants of New Zealand, arriving around AD950 from eastern Polynesia and settling primarily in the northern regions. They signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the British in 1840 to protect their land rights in exchange for recognizing British rule. New Zealand has a population of 4 million and its culture reflects both its indigenous Maori heritage as well as European influence from Britain and other countries.
This document provides guidance on writing different text types for IGCSE including reports, articles, and reviews. It explains that reports need to be factual and supported by details, while articles can include opinions. Reviews evaluate and critique a topic. The document is separated into sections for each text type and ends with an expression of gratitude.
This document provides instructions for writing a 5-paragraph essay, including an introduction with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs that each discuss one point from the thesis, and a conclusion. It explains that the introduction should grab the reader's attention and introduce the topic and thesis. Each body paragraph needs a topic sentence, point, and proof to support the thesis point. The conclusion restates the thesis and leaves the reader with a final thought. Formal writing rules and essay formatting are also outlined.
The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand, making up around 15% of the country's population today. They arrived in New Zealand from eastern Polynesia around 1200 AD. Before European settlement, the Maori lived throughout New Zealand. In the late 18th century, British colonists began arriving and conflicts arose between the Maori and European settlers in the 1800s. While some Maori lands were confiscated, the population has since rebounded and Maori culture remains an important part of New Zealand's national identity.
The document discusses translation of phraseology, including idioms, phrasal verbs, and other multi-word lexical units. It defines free phrases as those where components can be replaced by synonyms without changing meaning, and non-free phrases as those where meaning depends on specific components. Five strategies for translating phraseological units are outlined: using a similar meaning and form in the target language; similar meaning with different form; paraphrasing; omitting units with no close correspondence; and compensating by omitting in one place and including elsewhere.
The document provides a checklist for persuasive writing with 3 key points: 1) The introductory paragraph should state the argument. 2) The body should provide evidence to support the viewpoint using facts and reasons both for and against. 3) Questions can be asked to get the reader thinking.
This document defines and provides guidance on writing discursive essays. It explains that discursive essays discuss an issue, solution, or problem through presenting different viewpoints. There are three main types: for and against essays which discuss both sides of an issue; opinion essays which present the writer's view and an opposing view; and essays suggesting solutions to problems which analyze issues and potential solutions. The document provides tips for structuring and writing discursive essays effectively.
Innovation in english language teaching and learning 1Jeevan Bhattarai
This document discusses innovations in English language teaching and learning. It begins by defining innovation as new ideas, devices, or methods. It then lists several learning management systems and applications that can be used for language learning. It discusses trends like the use of MOOCs, online communication tools, and blended learning. The document outlines 21st century skills students need and the roles of English teachers as facilitators, collaborators, and lifelong learners. It advocates for cross-curricular content, rise of non-native English teachers, and the need for continued professional development to stay current with innovations in English language education.
The Maori were the first inhabitants of New Zealand, arriving around AD950 from eastern Polynesia and settling primarily in the northern regions. They signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the British in 1840 to protect their land rights in exchange for recognizing British rule. New Zealand has a population of 4 million and its culture reflects both its indigenous Maori heritage as well as European influence from Britain and other countries.
This document provides guidance on writing different text types for IGCSE including reports, articles, and reviews. It explains that reports need to be factual and supported by details, while articles can include opinions. Reviews evaluate and critique a topic. The document is separated into sections for each text type and ends with an expression of gratitude.
The document discusses strategies for active reading. It recommends annotating texts by writing key information such as main points, definitions and examples in margins. Annotating helps the reader stay engaged, improve comprehension and create study tools. It provides a purpose for reading and increases concentration. The document demonstrates how to annotate, including covering text and reading annotations aloud to test understanding. It emphasizes active reading by focusing on text and learning as you read.
Guidelines to help you write an article in English as a Second Language. This will help you to tackle the writing part of Cambridge and Trinity ISE, both C1 and C2 exams.
The document provides a list of terms related to analyzing the contention, evidence, content, and style of arguments. It explains that the contention is the main point or claim the author is trying to make. To support their contention, the author will use various types of evidence and employ different content approaches and literary techniques. The summary also identifies different types of language choices and rhetorical appeals an author might use.
The document discusses the structure and components of an essay. An essay has an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs that develop the thesis with supporting details, and a conclusion. It also describes different types of essays like narrative, descriptive, compare/contrast, problem-solution, classification, and persuasive essays. Each type has a specific purpose and organizational structure. The editing process involves revising the essay through multiple readings and collaboration to refine the content for the intended audience.
The document provides guidance on writing an academic essay. It explains that an essay is generally a short written piece that develops a main idea or theme. The main parts of an essay are the introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction engages the reader and includes a thesis statement, while the body paragraphs provide supporting points for the thesis and the conclusion ties everything together. The writing process involves researching, brainstorming ideas, outlining, drafting, and revising. Academic essays should use formal language, cite sources, address counterarguments, and avoid personal opinions or plagiarism.
This document discusses ways to increase vocabulary in English. It notes that knowing 120 words allows basic communication, 2000 words allows understanding of the language, and 10,000 words makes one proficient. Native speakers typically know around 20,000 words. The document recommends reading, listening, watching media, and thinking as ways to learn new words. It also discusses vocabulary structure including pronunciation, spelling, meaning and usage. Specific actions suggested include reading widely on topics of interest, writing words with details, and learning root words and their variations. Tools recommended for building vocabulary are dictionaries, flashcard apps, podcasts, and audio libraries. The benefits of a strong vocabulary are also outlined.
This document provides guidance on analyzing texts. It discusses reading texts carefully and considering the context, purpose, and arguments made. The key aspects of textual analysis are summarizing the text, interpreting it based on evidence and reasoning, and relating it to larger issues. Analyses can be organized thematically or by examining each part separately. Close reading, annotating, outlining ideas, and revising are important for developing a clear and well-supported analysis.
Polynesians first migrated to New Zealand around 1300. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to arrive, naming the land New Zealand after his native province, but hostile Māori prevented disembarkation. In 1769, British Captain James Cook began European colonization. In 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi made New Zealand a British colony, though a subsequent 30-year Māori land war broke out. New Zealand gained women's suffrage in 1893 and independence in 1947, becoming the first nation to grant women the right to vote.
New Zealand is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. It has two main islands and numerous smaller islands, with a population of over 4 million people. The indigenous Maori people first settled in New Zealand between 800-1300 CE and developed a unique culture before Europeans began exploring and colonizing the islands in the 17th century. Today, New Zealand has a mixed culture with Maori traditions integrated alongside European influences. English and Maori are both official languages, and sports like rugby union and cricket are an important part of national identity.
The culture of New Zealand is unique, influenced by its indigenous Maori people and location in the South Pacific. New Zealand has three official languages, though English is dominant. Important holidays include Waitangi Day, which celebrates Maori culture, and ANZAC Day, which honors military veterans. Popular music genres include blues, jazz, and rock. Traditional foods include roast lamb and Maori hāngī. The kiwi bird is a national symbol of New Zealand. The society is multi-cultural with immigrants from around the world. New Zealanders enjoy celebrating and spending time with family and friends. Popular tourist destinations include the Bay of Islands and Waitomo Glowworm Caves.
The document discusses writing articles for various contexts. It begins by outlining the purposes of writing articles, such as describing events, people, places, opinions, and arguments. It then discusses the types of articles, including descriptive, narrative, expository/reflective, and argumentative articles. For each type, it provides details on their defining characteristics and components. The document concludes by offering tips for writing articles, such as studying hints, organizing ideas logically, developing points systematically, and paying attention to format, expression, writing structure, and critical thinking.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
This document provides tips for writing a successful essay. It recommends choosing an interesting topic you are passionate about and sticking to the scope. The essay should be planned with a clear structure and flow of ideas. The introduction should capture the reader's interest and indicate the overall purpose and structure. The body should develop the main ideas in a logical, persuasive manner using facts and examples. The conclusion should summarize the main points without introducing new ideas and leave the reader with a clear takeaway. Proper reviewing and proofreading is important to create a cohesive, well-written final draft.
A descriptive essay aims to describe a person, place, or object through vivid details that appeal to the reader's senses. It should choose a specific topic and include extensive sensory descriptions to help readers experience the topic. Descriptive essays focus on details beyond basic characteristics like color and shape, providing details that transport the reader to the location or help them see the person/object. The essay should carefully organize these details to logically paint a picture with words.
This document provides guidance on writing a short article about a place visited. It recommends including a title, sub-headings to divide the article into paragraphs, interesting vocabulary, and linking words to connect ideas. The document also emphasizes answering the specific question, checking for errors, and planning before writing.
One of the best ways to improve English listening abilities is by watching and listening to news broadcasts. News anchors are typically native English speakers, so the language is easier to understand. Some tips for improving listening comprehension include regularly watching English news channels from around the world, writing down new vocabulary words and their meanings, and focusing on understanding the overall context and key details rather than trying to understand every word. Practicing note-taking and discussing the news with others can also help reinforce listening skills.
The document provides instructions and examples for writing effective paragraphs and essays. It discusses the basic structure of paragraphs, including topic sentences, supporting details, and concluding sentences. It also explains how to use linking words to connect sentences and paragraphs. Finally, it outlines the five-paragraph essay format, including an introductory paragraph with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs with topic sentences and details, and a concluding paragraph that restates the thesis.
This document provides instruction on how to write a summary. It defines a summary as a shortened version of the original text that retains the essential information in your own words. A good summary is brief, understandable without referring to the original, and contains only the ideas from the original in a unified whole. The document outlines techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing, identifying the central ideas, condensing information, and finding the topic sentence. It also describes the steps to write a summary, which include reading, rereading, writing section summaries, formulating a thesis statement, and editing the draft.
This document provides guidance on descriptive writing. It explains that descriptive writing aims to capture details about an object, place or experience using vivid language that engages the five senses. It recommends following steps to write an effective description, including understanding the subject, brainstorming details related to the five senses, writing a first draft, re-reading, proofreading and rewriting. The document also provides a sample topic of describing the bustling city of Hanoi in Vietnam and suggestions for brainstorming and organizing sensory details.
The document discusses the concept of "writer's effect" and how writers use language choices purposefully to impact the interpretation of a text. It explains that words have literal meanings as well as shades of meaning influenced by context, sensory associations, and emotional associations. The document provides examples of words with different levels of meaning and discusses how a writer's vocabulary choices can reinforce, modify, contrast or contradict elements of a story like characters, relationships, settings, themes, atmosphere and tone.
The document discusses strategies for active reading. It recommends annotating texts by writing key information such as main points, definitions and examples in margins. Annotating helps the reader stay engaged, improve comprehension and create study tools. It provides a purpose for reading and increases concentration. The document demonstrates how to annotate, including covering text and reading annotations aloud to test understanding. It emphasizes active reading by focusing on text and learning as you read.
Guidelines to help you write an article in English as a Second Language. This will help you to tackle the writing part of Cambridge and Trinity ISE, both C1 and C2 exams.
The document provides a list of terms related to analyzing the contention, evidence, content, and style of arguments. It explains that the contention is the main point or claim the author is trying to make. To support their contention, the author will use various types of evidence and employ different content approaches and literary techniques. The summary also identifies different types of language choices and rhetorical appeals an author might use.
The document discusses the structure and components of an essay. An essay has an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs that develop the thesis with supporting details, and a conclusion. It also describes different types of essays like narrative, descriptive, compare/contrast, problem-solution, classification, and persuasive essays. Each type has a specific purpose and organizational structure. The editing process involves revising the essay through multiple readings and collaboration to refine the content for the intended audience.
The document provides guidance on writing an academic essay. It explains that an essay is generally a short written piece that develops a main idea or theme. The main parts of an essay are the introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction engages the reader and includes a thesis statement, while the body paragraphs provide supporting points for the thesis and the conclusion ties everything together. The writing process involves researching, brainstorming ideas, outlining, drafting, and revising. Academic essays should use formal language, cite sources, address counterarguments, and avoid personal opinions or plagiarism.
This document discusses ways to increase vocabulary in English. It notes that knowing 120 words allows basic communication, 2000 words allows understanding of the language, and 10,000 words makes one proficient. Native speakers typically know around 20,000 words. The document recommends reading, listening, watching media, and thinking as ways to learn new words. It also discusses vocabulary structure including pronunciation, spelling, meaning and usage. Specific actions suggested include reading widely on topics of interest, writing words with details, and learning root words and their variations. Tools recommended for building vocabulary are dictionaries, flashcard apps, podcasts, and audio libraries. The benefits of a strong vocabulary are also outlined.
This document provides guidance on analyzing texts. It discusses reading texts carefully and considering the context, purpose, and arguments made. The key aspects of textual analysis are summarizing the text, interpreting it based on evidence and reasoning, and relating it to larger issues. Analyses can be organized thematically or by examining each part separately. Close reading, annotating, outlining ideas, and revising are important for developing a clear and well-supported analysis.
Polynesians first migrated to New Zealand around 1300. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to arrive, naming the land New Zealand after his native province, but hostile Māori prevented disembarkation. In 1769, British Captain James Cook began European colonization. In 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi made New Zealand a British colony, though a subsequent 30-year Māori land war broke out. New Zealand gained women's suffrage in 1893 and independence in 1947, becoming the first nation to grant women the right to vote.
New Zealand is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. It has two main islands and numerous smaller islands, with a population of over 4 million people. The indigenous Maori people first settled in New Zealand between 800-1300 CE and developed a unique culture before Europeans began exploring and colonizing the islands in the 17th century. Today, New Zealand has a mixed culture with Maori traditions integrated alongside European influences. English and Maori are both official languages, and sports like rugby union and cricket are an important part of national identity.
The culture of New Zealand is unique, influenced by its indigenous Maori people and location in the South Pacific. New Zealand has three official languages, though English is dominant. Important holidays include Waitangi Day, which celebrates Maori culture, and ANZAC Day, which honors military veterans. Popular music genres include blues, jazz, and rock. Traditional foods include roast lamb and Maori hāngī. The kiwi bird is a national symbol of New Zealand. The society is multi-cultural with immigrants from around the world. New Zealanders enjoy celebrating and spending time with family and friends. Popular tourist destinations include the Bay of Islands and Waitomo Glowworm Caves.
The document discusses writing articles for various contexts. It begins by outlining the purposes of writing articles, such as describing events, people, places, opinions, and arguments. It then discusses the types of articles, including descriptive, narrative, expository/reflective, and argumentative articles. For each type, it provides details on their defining characteristics and components. The document concludes by offering tips for writing articles, such as studying hints, organizing ideas logically, developing points systematically, and paying attention to format, expression, writing structure, and critical thinking.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
This document provides tips for writing a successful essay. It recommends choosing an interesting topic you are passionate about and sticking to the scope. The essay should be planned with a clear structure and flow of ideas. The introduction should capture the reader's interest and indicate the overall purpose and structure. The body should develop the main ideas in a logical, persuasive manner using facts and examples. The conclusion should summarize the main points without introducing new ideas and leave the reader with a clear takeaway. Proper reviewing and proofreading is important to create a cohesive, well-written final draft.
A descriptive essay aims to describe a person, place, or object through vivid details that appeal to the reader's senses. It should choose a specific topic and include extensive sensory descriptions to help readers experience the topic. Descriptive essays focus on details beyond basic characteristics like color and shape, providing details that transport the reader to the location or help them see the person/object. The essay should carefully organize these details to logically paint a picture with words.
This document provides guidance on writing a short article about a place visited. It recommends including a title, sub-headings to divide the article into paragraphs, interesting vocabulary, and linking words to connect ideas. The document also emphasizes answering the specific question, checking for errors, and planning before writing.
One of the best ways to improve English listening abilities is by watching and listening to news broadcasts. News anchors are typically native English speakers, so the language is easier to understand. Some tips for improving listening comprehension include regularly watching English news channels from around the world, writing down new vocabulary words and their meanings, and focusing on understanding the overall context and key details rather than trying to understand every word. Practicing note-taking and discussing the news with others can also help reinforce listening skills.
The document provides instructions and examples for writing effective paragraphs and essays. It discusses the basic structure of paragraphs, including topic sentences, supporting details, and concluding sentences. It also explains how to use linking words to connect sentences and paragraphs. Finally, it outlines the five-paragraph essay format, including an introductory paragraph with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs with topic sentences and details, and a concluding paragraph that restates the thesis.
This document provides instruction on how to write a summary. It defines a summary as a shortened version of the original text that retains the essential information in your own words. A good summary is brief, understandable without referring to the original, and contains only the ideas from the original in a unified whole. The document outlines techniques for writing summaries, such as paraphrasing, identifying the central ideas, condensing information, and finding the topic sentence. It also describes the steps to write a summary, which include reading, rereading, writing section summaries, formulating a thesis statement, and editing the draft.
This document provides guidance on descriptive writing. It explains that descriptive writing aims to capture details about an object, place or experience using vivid language that engages the five senses. It recommends following steps to write an effective description, including understanding the subject, brainstorming details related to the five senses, writing a first draft, re-reading, proofreading and rewriting. The document also provides a sample topic of describing the bustling city of Hanoi in Vietnam and suggestions for brainstorming and organizing sensory details.
The document discusses the concept of "writer's effect" and how writers use language choices purposefully to impact the interpretation of a text. It explains that words have literal meanings as well as shades of meaning influenced by context, sensory associations, and emotional associations. The document provides examples of words with different levels of meaning and discusses how a writer's vocabulary choices can reinforce, modify, contrast or contradict elements of a story like characters, relationships, settings, themes, atmosphere and tone.