This document discusses color and accessibility. It introduces Charu Pandhi and Moe Kraft, who led a discussion on designing with color. The discussion covered how color is perceived, the science of color vision, ensuring sufficient color contrast for accessibility, and considerations when using color to convey information. Guidelines for color contrast ratios and using color without also using other visual means to convey information were presented. The importance of testing color combinations for different types of color vision were emphasized.
Mitel MiVoice 5505 Cordless IP Phone Product Overview
- Built-in DECT/DECT 6.0 interface with support for 1 base cordless handset plus up to 3 extension handsets (appears as one extension to the PBX)
- Single Line phone which supports SIP VoIP protocol features
- Dual Ethernet (10/100 Mb) ports: Provides a High Speed Internet / PC Port side mounted for easy guest access
- Supports powering via Power Over Ethernet (802.3af) - base unit with handset
- Full duplex speakerphone with On-Hook Dialing support
- Only 1 MCD Standard or Enterprise License required for 5505 Base Unit
- Supports full DECT handset range (up to 100 meters or 300 feet from base)
- 5 programmable speed dial keys (for access to hotel amenities, etc.)
- Supports multiple languages for international guests
Este documento discute as lições da história bíblica de Elimeleque e sua família em Rute 1:1-22. Elimeleque deixou a terra de Judá durante uma fome, mas morreu em Moabe, assim como seus filhos. Isso mostra que decisões devem ser tomadas com orientação de Deus, não por medo ou desejo. Noemi depois retornou a Judá quando ouviu que Deus abençoou seu povo com pão, mostrando a importância de confiar em Deus.
La base de datos II es una asignatura que cursan Dania Jacqueline Catedral Rojas y Abraham Vega Tapia. El documento proporciona los nombres de dos estudiantes y el nombre de la asignatura que están cursando.
O documento conta a história de uma bola que começou como um ponto e foi engordando até virar uma bola. Uma criança jogou a bola no mar e ela foi levada pelas ondas até pegar um vento e voar até o sol. Depois caiu em uma cidade e encontrou um coelho gigante que a ensinou a pular. No final, a bola se enrolou e dormiu, traçando uma linha com seu percurso.
Este documento presenta los fundamentos y procesos para elaborar una monografía académica. Explica que al final del curso, los estudiantes desarrollarán un plan de investigación y lo presentarán en una monografía siguiendo las normas APA. Luego, detalla la estructura requerida de una monografía, incluyendo secciones preliminares, el cuerpo con capítulos, y secciones complementarias. Finalmente, proporciona detalles sobre cómo presentar y estructurar cada sección de la monografía siguiendo normas técn
This document provides a guide to buying a home. It outlines the key steps buyers need to take, including preparing finances by saving for a down payment, improving credit scores, and getting pre-approved for a mortgage. It also discusses factors to consider when searching for a home, such as condition, size, price, and location. The guide covers making an offer, getting an inspection, closing on the purchase, and settling into the new home. The overall process from beginning the search to moving in is described.
Creating Content that Makes the Most of Your MarTechMike Jones ⚡
Inbound marketing? Content marketing? What's all this hullabaloo? This presentation will help you navigate the stages of the customer journey, create audience personas, and generate ideas for marketing content that will attract, engage, convert, and delight customers.
This free workshop was given on March 13, 2017 to the AZ MarTech group by Mike Jones and Kayla Izard of Resound, a brand agency in Tempe, Arizona.
For more info about Resound: http://resoundcreative.com
Presented a set of recommendations on how Shopify can help more aspirational entrepreneurs by targeting underserviced entrepreneurs in Brazil, integrating a native Brazilian payment system, and developing Portuguese and Brazil-specific content on Shopify's E-Commerce University website. Presented to industry professionals.
Mitel MiVoice 5505 Cordless IP Phone Product Overview
- Built-in DECT/DECT 6.0 interface with support for 1 base cordless handset plus up to 3 extension handsets (appears as one extension to the PBX)
- Single Line phone which supports SIP VoIP protocol features
- Dual Ethernet (10/100 Mb) ports: Provides a High Speed Internet / PC Port side mounted for easy guest access
- Supports powering via Power Over Ethernet (802.3af) - base unit with handset
- Full duplex speakerphone with On-Hook Dialing support
- Only 1 MCD Standard or Enterprise License required for 5505 Base Unit
- Supports full DECT handset range (up to 100 meters or 300 feet from base)
- 5 programmable speed dial keys (for access to hotel amenities, etc.)
- Supports multiple languages for international guests
Este documento discute as lições da história bíblica de Elimeleque e sua família em Rute 1:1-22. Elimeleque deixou a terra de Judá durante uma fome, mas morreu em Moabe, assim como seus filhos. Isso mostra que decisões devem ser tomadas com orientação de Deus, não por medo ou desejo. Noemi depois retornou a Judá quando ouviu que Deus abençoou seu povo com pão, mostrando a importância de confiar em Deus.
La base de datos II es una asignatura que cursan Dania Jacqueline Catedral Rojas y Abraham Vega Tapia. El documento proporciona los nombres de dos estudiantes y el nombre de la asignatura que están cursando.
O documento conta a história de uma bola que começou como um ponto e foi engordando até virar uma bola. Uma criança jogou a bola no mar e ela foi levada pelas ondas até pegar um vento e voar até o sol. Depois caiu em uma cidade e encontrou um coelho gigante que a ensinou a pular. No final, a bola se enrolou e dormiu, traçando uma linha com seu percurso.
Este documento presenta los fundamentos y procesos para elaborar una monografía académica. Explica que al final del curso, los estudiantes desarrollarán un plan de investigación y lo presentarán en una monografía siguiendo las normas APA. Luego, detalla la estructura requerida de una monografía, incluyendo secciones preliminares, el cuerpo con capítulos, y secciones complementarias. Finalmente, proporciona detalles sobre cómo presentar y estructurar cada sección de la monografía siguiendo normas técn
This document provides a guide to buying a home. It outlines the key steps buyers need to take, including preparing finances by saving for a down payment, improving credit scores, and getting pre-approved for a mortgage. It also discusses factors to consider when searching for a home, such as condition, size, price, and location. The guide covers making an offer, getting an inspection, closing on the purchase, and settling into the new home. The overall process from beginning the search to moving in is described.
Creating Content that Makes the Most of Your MarTechMike Jones ⚡
Inbound marketing? Content marketing? What's all this hullabaloo? This presentation will help you navigate the stages of the customer journey, create audience personas, and generate ideas for marketing content that will attract, engage, convert, and delight customers.
This free workshop was given on March 13, 2017 to the AZ MarTech group by Mike Jones and Kayla Izard of Resound, a brand agency in Tempe, Arizona.
For more info about Resound: http://resoundcreative.com
Presented a set of recommendations on how Shopify can help more aspirational entrepreneurs by targeting underserviced entrepreneurs in Brazil, integrating a native Brazilian payment system, and developing Portuguese and Brazil-specific content on Shopify's E-Commerce University website. Presented to industry professionals.
The document provides guidelines for writing a DBQ (document-based question) essay, including instructions on annotating documents, grouping documents by theme, writing a contextualization paragraph, developing an analytical thesis, and analyzing documents. It emphasizes directly addressing the prompt question, identifying multiple themes within documents, and using evidence from the documents to support arguments.
This document analyzes Pennsylvanian-age shales from Indiana and Illinois to determine their clay mineral composition and how that relates to the depositional environment. Chemical analyses, x-ray diffraction, and other techniques show that illite is enriched in marine shales, while kaolinite and chlorite are more common in nonmarine shales. The results provide insights into the factors like pH, temperature, and water chemistry that influence the formation of different clay minerals in various environmental settings.
Este documento define una función lineal como una función cuyo dominio son los números reales y cuya expresión es un polinomio de primer grado de la forma f(x)=mx+b. Explica que m representa la pendiente y b el intercepto con el eje y. Proporciona el ejemplo de una empleada cuya paga base es $100,000 más $12,000 por cada perfume vendido.
El documento describe el Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales (CNCP) en España, el cual sirve como referencia para evaluar y acreditar las competencias adquiridas a través de la experiencia laboral o formación. El CNCP incluye cualificaciones profesionales agrupadas en 26 familias profesionales y 5 niveles, y permite reconocer las competencias técnicas de cada actividad profesional. Los certificados de profesionalidad acreditan las competencias adquiridas y facilitan el aprendizaje y transparencia en el merc
Uso de comandos insert, update y delete en Base de Datos SQLLeón Jiménez
El documento explica los pasos para utilizar los comandos INSERT, UPDATE y DELETE en bases de datos SQL. Estos comandos se usan para insertar, actualizar y eliminar datos en tablas. Primero se selecciona la base de datos, luego se usa INSERT para agregar datos a las tablas de Usuarios y Autores. Después, UPDATE actualiza campos en la tabla Autores y INSERT agrega más datos a la tabla Libros. UPDATE también se usa para modificar datos en Libros y DELETE elimina registros de la tabla Usuarios.
1) O documento discute conceitos de estequiometria, solubilidade, concentrações e gases. Apresenta questões sobre cálculos estequiométricos, propriedades de soluções, gases ideais e reações químicas.
2) Inclui exemplos como a dissociação de sais em solução aquosa e cálculos envolvendo massa molar, quantidade de matéria, concentração de soluções.
3) Aborda também leis dos gases, transformações gasosas, propriedades de coloides, suspensões e soluções
O documento descreve o processo de produção da madeira, incluindo o corte da árvore, toragem, falquejamento, desdobro e beneficiamento. Também discute as propriedades físicas da madeira e os diferentes estados de umidade, como madeira verde, seca ao ar e os tipos de água presentes (constituição, impregnação e livre).
O documento discute as propriedades e aplicações da madeira na construção civil. A madeira é um material renovável que requer pouca energia para produção e é pouco poluente, ao contrário de materiais como concreto e aço. A madeira tem boa resistência mecânica e é mais leve que outros materiais. Sua aplicação na construção civil inclui acabamentos, formas para concreto e estruturas.
El documento describe los diferentes estados agregados y tipos de enlaces de la materia. Explica que la materia está compuesta de átomos unidos por enlaces químicos, y puede presentarse como sustancias puras, mezclas o soluciones. Describe los enlaces iónicos, covalentes, metálicos y las fuerzas intermoleculares como los puentes de hidrógeno.
The document discusses color theory and its application to web UI design. It covers:
- The emotional impacts of different colors, such as red being stimulating and blue being calming.
- How to combine colors through contrast, with contrasting colors 3 steps apart on the color wheel attracting attention, and complementary colors opposite each other creating a pleasing aesthetic.
- A case study of a website that effectively uses different background colors matched to the emotional tone of text on the page.
This document appears to be a series of slides from a workshop on designing with color presented at the Grace Hopper Celebration 2017. The workshop covers topics such as the science of color perception, choosing accessible color combinations, testing color contrast, and conducting an empathy exercise using low vision simulation goggles. Attendees are encouraged to test color combinations using the Color Contrast app and to consider how color choices impact users with varied abilities. References and additional resources on color and accessibility are also provided.
This document provides an overview of color fundamentals for graphic design. It discusses key color concepts like hue, saturation, color temperature, and value. Specific topics covered include what is color, the visible light spectrum, primary colors, how saturation and temperature are perceived, and using value to create emphasis and hierarchy. The document uses examples of design work to illustrate concepts like saturated palettes, warm and cool color combinations, and employing lighter backgrounds to make shapes stand out.
Slideshow presented to the AIC Language & Colour Study Group at the AIC 2013 Congress at the Sage in Gateshead. The document presents an overview of the research conducted for my MA Graphic Design Major Project, entitled Colourful Language, which used visual methods to investigate the relationship between colour and language. The slides summarise the research question, methodology, conclusion and present a selection of the key visual outputs from the research.
Digibury: Martin Jewiss - Colour, Creativity and Running AwayLizzieHodgson
In his talk Colour, Creativity, and Running Away, Designer Martin Jewiss explores the impact colour has on psychological function. Based on recent research, Martin presents his development of a code environment colour palette to help designers and developers improve their creativity and productivity.
The document discusses printed media and its key elements. It focuses on text elements like font types, specifically the differences between serif and sans serif fonts. It also discusses images and color schemes as important elements. It provides examples of serif and sans serif fonts and describes when each is generally used. It emphasizes that font choice, size, and placement are important for engaging an audience.
Creating Compelling Social Media VisualsChris Snider
Visuals work. People are six times more likely to remember information if it’s presented with an image. As social media becomes more and more visual, how do you continue to make your images stand out? This presentation discusses design basics as well as tips, tricks and tools to make sure your visuals are optimized to succeed on social media.
The document defines and explains various elements of multimedia including text, graphics, sound, video, and animation. It also defines and describes drawing, color, fonts, and briefly explains the basic laws of design such as balance, rhythm, emphasis, and unity.
The document provides guidelines for writing a DBQ (document-based question) essay, including instructions on annotating documents, grouping documents by theme, writing a contextualization paragraph, developing an analytical thesis, and analyzing documents. It emphasizes directly addressing the prompt question, identifying multiple themes within documents, and using evidence from the documents to support arguments.
This document analyzes Pennsylvanian-age shales from Indiana and Illinois to determine their clay mineral composition and how that relates to the depositional environment. Chemical analyses, x-ray diffraction, and other techniques show that illite is enriched in marine shales, while kaolinite and chlorite are more common in nonmarine shales. The results provide insights into the factors like pH, temperature, and water chemistry that influence the formation of different clay minerals in various environmental settings.
Este documento define una función lineal como una función cuyo dominio son los números reales y cuya expresión es un polinomio de primer grado de la forma f(x)=mx+b. Explica que m representa la pendiente y b el intercepto con el eje y. Proporciona el ejemplo de una empleada cuya paga base es $100,000 más $12,000 por cada perfume vendido.
El documento describe el Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales (CNCP) en España, el cual sirve como referencia para evaluar y acreditar las competencias adquiridas a través de la experiencia laboral o formación. El CNCP incluye cualificaciones profesionales agrupadas en 26 familias profesionales y 5 niveles, y permite reconocer las competencias técnicas de cada actividad profesional. Los certificados de profesionalidad acreditan las competencias adquiridas y facilitan el aprendizaje y transparencia en el merc
Uso de comandos insert, update y delete en Base de Datos SQLLeón Jiménez
El documento explica los pasos para utilizar los comandos INSERT, UPDATE y DELETE en bases de datos SQL. Estos comandos se usan para insertar, actualizar y eliminar datos en tablas. Primero se selecciona la base de datos, luego se usa INSERT para agregar datos a las tablas de Usuarios y Autores. Después, UPDATE actualiza campos en la tabla Autores y INSERT agrega más datos a la tabla Libros. UPDATE también se usa para modificar datos en Libros y DELETE elimina registros de la tabla Usuarios.
1) O documento discute conceitos de estequiometria, solubilidade, concentrações e gases. Apresenta questões sobre cálculos estequiométricos, propriedades de soluções, gases ideais e reações químicas.
2) Inclui exemplos como a dissociação de sais em solução aquosa e cálculos envolvendo massa molar, quantidade de matéria, concentração de soluções.
3) Aborda também leis dos gases, transformações gasosas, propriedades de coloides, suspensões e soluções
O documento descreve o processo de produção da madeira, incluindo o corte da árvore, toragem, falquejamento, desdobro e beneficiamento. Também discute as propriedades físicas da madeira e os diferentes estados de umidade, como madeira verde, seca ao ar e os tipos de água presentes (constituição, impregnação e livre).
O documento discute as propriedades e aplicações da madeira na construção civil. A madeira é um material renovável que requer pouca energia para produção e é pouco poluente, ao contrário de materiais como concreto e aço. A madeira tem boa resistência mecânica e é mais leve que outros materiais. Sua aplicação na construção civil inclui acabamentos, formas para concreto e estruturas.
El documento describe los diferentes estados agregados y tipos de enlaces de la materia. Explica que la materia está compuesta de átomos unidos por enlaces químicos, y puede presentarse como sustancias puras, mezclas o soluciones. Describe los enlaces iónicos, covalentes, metálicos y las fuerzas intermoleculares como los puentes de hidrógeno.
The document discusses color theory and its application to web UI design. It covers:
- The emotional impacts of different colors, such as red being stimulating and blue being calming.
- How to combine colors through contrast, with contrasting colors 3 steps apart on the color wheel attracting attention, and complementary colors opposite each other creating a pleasing aesthetic.
- A case study of a website that effectively uses different background colors matched to the emotional tone of text on the page.
This document appears to be a series of slides from a workshop on designing with color presented at the Grace Hopper Celebration 2017. The workshop covers topics such as the science of color perception, choosing accessible color combinations, testing color contrast, and conducting an empathy exercise using low vision simulation goggles. Attendees are encouraged to test color combinations using the Color Contrast app and to consider how color choices impact users with varied abilities. References and additional resources on color and accessibility are also provided.
This document provides an overview of color fundamentals for graphic design. It discusses key color concepts like hue, saturation, color temperature, and value. Specific topics covered include what is color, the visible light spectrum, primary colors, how saturation and temperature are perceived, and using value to create emphasis and hierarchy. The document uses examples of design work to illustrate concepts like saturated palettes, warm and cool color combinations, and employing lighter backgrounds to make shapes stand out.
Slideshow presented to the AIC Language & Colour Study Group at the AIC 2013 Congress at the Sage in Gateshead. The document presents an overview of the research conducted for my MA Graphic Design Major Project, entitled Colourful Language, which used visual methods to investigate the relationship between colour and language. The slides summarise the research question, methodology, conclusion and present a selection of the key visual outputs from the research.
Digibury: Martin Jewiss - Colour, Creativity and Running AwayLizzieHodgson
In his talk Colour, Creativity, and Running Away, Designer Martin Jewiss explores the impact colour has on psychological function. Based on recent research, Martin presents his development of a code environment colour palette to help designers and developers improve their creativity and productivity.
The document discusses printed media and its key elements. It focuses on text elements like font types, specifically the differences between serif and sans serif fonts. It also discusses images and color schemes as important elements. It provides examples of serif and sans serif fonts and describes when each is generally used. It emphasizes that font choice, size, and placement are important for engaging an audience.
Creating Compelling Social Media VisualsChris Snider
Visuals work. People are six times more likely to remember information if it’s presented with an image. As social media becomes more and more visual, how do you continue to make your images stand out? This presentation discusses design basics as well as tips, tricks and tools to make sure your visuals are optimized to succeed on social media.
The document defines and explains various elements of multimedia including text, graphics, sound, video, and animation. It also defines and describes drawing, color, fonts, and briefly explains the basic laws of design such as balance, rhythm, emphasis, and unity.
Welcome to the Second Module of the INVOLVE Visual Literacy training course. Throughout this module, we will delve into the concept of Understanding Design practices, exploring its significance and how it can benefit your business.
PBJ Painting is an external house painting business that knows what it takes to provide a high-quality finish that will keep your house searching great for decades to come. Our external house painting is always done by highly expert exterior house painters. We regularly train and educate our exterior painters in best techniques. Each one has taken part in the company’s formal painting apprenticeship system.
The document discusses principles of good design according to Dieter Rams. It explores concepts like aesthetics, Gestalt psychology, the Swiss design movement, and color theory. It emphasizes that good design is intuitive, honest, and environmentally friendly. It also stresses using grids, consistency, hierarchy, and other techniques grounded in human perception and cognition.
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ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Discovering the Best Indian Architects A Spotlight on Design Forum Internatio...Designforuminternational
India’s architectural landscape is a vibrant tapestry that weaves together the country's rich cultural heritage and its modern aspirations. From majestic historical structures to cutting-edge contemporary designs, the work of Indian architects is celebrated worldwide. Among the many firms shaping this dynamic field, Design Forum International stands out as a leader in innovative and sustainable architecture. This blog explores some of the best Indian architects, highlighting their contributions and showcasing the most famous architects in India.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
This presentation, Designing with Color, uses speaker notes.
To read the speaker notes using JAWS, use shortcut key combination: Ctrl + Shift + N
To read the speaker notes using the NVDA screen reader, use the shortcut key combination: Ctrl + Shift + S
Charu Pandhi is an Advisory Software Engineer in IBM Accessibility, part of IBM's Research Division. Charu has been leading the cognitive, age and ability effort for over a decade, enabling product teams across all IBM to integrate accessibility through innovation, automation, and consulting services essential for IBM.
As Transformation Lead for IBM Accessibility, Moe Kraft drives open source strategy to promote IBM Accessibility thought leadership and technical eminence while continuing to integrate accessibility into the offering life cycle.
How are you feeling today? Do you feel anxious? Is the color green soothing to your eyes? Does the color blue make you feel calm? Colors make us feel different things. Blue is calming and can also invoke cold. Red is often attributed to warmth or stress. Red can also relate to beauty as in rose.
Shown on this slide is Plutchik’s wheel of emotions. Plutchik uses the wheel to diagram 8 basic emotions, Joy, Trust, Fear, Surprise, Sadness, Disgust, Anger and Anticipation. As one moves out from the center of the wheel the colors become less intense to demonstrate milder forms of the emotions.
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Plutchiks-Wheel-of-Emotions
Like our expression that reflect our emotions, an artist’s work reflects his or her feelings in the colors they use. For example when in a peaceful mood one may use blues and greens that are calming where as one may use bold and bright hues when excited or in love. Picasso stated, “Colors, like features, follow the changes of emotions.” Similar to how we may smile when we are happy or frown when we are sad, different colors can be used to express these different feelings.
Sunshine acquired through pixabay.com under Creative Commons license: https://pixabay.com/nl/zon-gelukkig-zonneschijn-gouden-47083/ and https://pixabay.com/nl/service/terms/#usage
Lets us explore further the psychology of color and the science behind it. The IBM Design Language provides a section on the Meaning of color. Included in this section is a color wheel. Selecting one of eight colors on the wheel, presents the colloquial or cultural meaning of the selected color. For example, if you select Yellow you will find that yellow is most associated with happiness and positivity and that yellow can promote creativity and activity. A little bit of yellow goes a long way, and too much can create a feeling of anxiety. Due to its energetic nature, yellow can seem unstable. Culturally, yellow tends to take on many meanings including courage and commerce.
The Color section of the IBM Design Language can be found at the following address:
https://www.ibm.com/design/language/experience/visual/color/
Let’s take a closer look at the science of color and why it is important. Color allows us to perceive objects and how they relate to each other. Without color or contrasts in color, objects can appear camouflaged and difficult to discern.
Without light, there is no color.
Image on this slide purchased through Shutterstock.com, image vector id: 514067857 under Standard Image License. Do not redistribute.
Through his experiments using prisms, Sir Isaac Newton showed us that white light could be dispersed into a visible color spectrum of varying wave lengths. He identified 7 basic colors, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. On this slide we have a prism that shows red has the longest wavelength in the visible color spectrum while violet has the shortest.
Image purchased through Shutterstock.com, image id 400076566 under standard license. Do not reuse or redistribute.
When light reflects off objects, some colors are absorbed by the object while others reflected. In this example we see green light being absorbed by an object while the colors red and blue are reflecting mixing to make magenta or purple. It is the purple light that we perceive by subtracting the green.
Ask for volunteers. Which blue is darker. Holding two pieces of card stock, one of light blue and one of dark blue with blue squares centered in the middle, see if the audience can determine what is different about each square. The squares look darker on the light background and lighter on the dark background when in reality they are the same color.
In this optical illusion, we are demonstrating how our brains perceive two squares, A and B, on a checkerboard as being different shades of gray based on our knowledge of the pattern they are following, alternating light and dark squares, and the fact that the green cylinder is casting a shadow onto the checkboard. In reality, both A and B squares are the same color. Testing with the Paciello Group’s Colour Contrast Analyser shows both squares having the same hex color value of #787877.
Checkerboard images provided under Creative Commons license: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grey_square_optical_illusion.svg and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checker_shadow_illusion#/media/File:Grey_square_optical_illusion_proof2.svg
So we have seen how color is impacted by emotions, context and illumination. Let’s take a closer look at how color is impacted by biology or physiology.
In our retinas we have cone cells that are sensitive to the differing wavelengths of visible light. Some cone cells are sensitive to the longer wavelengths of red light, some are more sensitive to the medium wavelength of green light and some to the shorter wavelengths of blue light. For people with color blindness or color deficiency, most of whom suffer from red-green color blindness, we find either a mutation or a lack of these cone cells.
Image of photoreceptor cell purchased through Shutterstock.com under standard license. Stock illustration ID: 138348818. Do not reuse or redistribute.
Let’s now take a closer look at how we can make good color choices in our design.
How do you choose good colors to enhance the human experience?
In the Lighthouse Handbook on Vision Impairment and Vision Rehabilitation, Barbara Silverstone, Mary Ann Lang, Bruce Rosenthal and Eleanor E. Faye cite two studies (Knoblauch, Arditi, Szlyk, 1991 and Legge, Parish, et al. 1990) that stress “the most important factor in readability is the luminosity contrast between the foreground text and its background, ‘hue and saturation per se are irrelevant’.”
Also called the luminosity factor. In Optics, the definition of luminosity reads “the brightness of a light source of a certain wavelength as it appears to the eye, measured as the ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux at that wavelength.” – Dictionary.com
Basically what we are saying is that the most important thing in readability is the contrast of the foreground color with its background. Hue, or the shade of a font color, and saturation, the intensity of the font color are not as important as the contrast with its background.
Any technology or print that produces visual output – web, documentation or print – must provide enough contrast between text and background colors. Why is this important?
The IBM Design Language tells us that “Contrast distinguishes words and images through a perceived difference in color. It separates elements and groupings in a layout and plays a crucial role in accommodating all types of users” such as users with moderately low vision, users with congenital, acquired color deficiencies, or the loss of contrast sensitivity that typically accompanies aging. Good contrast enables these users to read the text without contrast enhancing technology. The WCAG 2.0 standards require it, It is also good design.
The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) define minimum contrast requirements in Success Criteria 1.4.3 [v]. The success criteria uses the Knoblauch et al. study findings on text readability using luminosity as the key factor in determining proper contrast between the foreground text and its background.
Notes on formula
Conversion from nonlinear to linear RGB values is based on IEC/4WD 61966-2-1 [IEC-4WD] and on "A Standard Default Color Space for the Internet - sRGB" [sRGB].
The formula (L1/L2) for contrast is based on [ISO-9241-3] and [ANSI-HFES-100-1988] standards.
But don’t freak out. There are tools that help us determine if we meet minimum contrast requirements of 4.5 to 1 for text or 3 to 1 for large text. Only if you are a tool developer do you need to worry about the formula.
The IBM Design Language offers a simpler approach to ensuring sufficient contrast in the IBM Design Full-Spectrum color palette. The color palette contains ten grades, from 10 to 100. Black text is WCAG 2.0 AA accessible on grades ranging from 10 to 50. White text is accessible on grades from 50 to 100.
Beyond black and white text, IBM colors provide a range of accessible combinations. Subtracting the foreground color grade from the background color grade (or vice versa), helps you determine whether that color combination meets the WCAG AA contrast ratio success criterion. If the difference between two grades is above 50, the colors are accessible. Anything below a difference of 50 fails accessibility standards.
https://www.ibm.com/design/language/experience/visual/color/
Complementary colors, colors which sit exactly opposite each other on the color wheel, may provide some help when choosing colors of good contrast. In her article on Basic Color Theory, Jill Morton suggests “These opposing colors create maximum contrast and maximum stability” For instance, on a tertiary color wheel, purple is directly across from light green. Analyzing the contrast between these two colors using a Color Contrast Analyzer shows that they provide a contrast ratio of 4.8 to 1 which is sufficient contrast for all font sizes.
Morton, Jill. “Basic Color Theory.” Color Matters. N.p., n.d. Web. Graphics and Text: Copyright (c) 1995-2016, J.L. Morton, All rights reserved.
So how do you know that you have good contrast? No fret. There are tools, such as the Colour Contrast Analyser from the Paciello Group, which help ensure your foreground and background colors have sufficient contrast to meet the WCAG 2.0 requirements. The image on the slide from the IBM Accessibility website demonstrates good contrast with different foreground texts, such as white and dark yellow on a black background, that provides minimum contrast for all font sizes.
Ok, let’s give it a try. We have card stock of varying light and dark colors. Select two colors from the card stock and test for color contrast. Our colleagues have download the Color Contrast iOS App from User Light. Selecting each color in the application allows us to determine if the two colors meet the WCAG 2.0 AA Contrast Minimum Requirements.
Ok, so let’s discuss when we would use color and what considerations we should take when doing so.
Equally important, is to ensure that color is not used as the only means to convey information.
Users who are colorblind or depend upon different color schemes, such as a high contrast theme, may not detect the differences in colors used and may fail to understand the information that is being conveyed. This is why it is important to also have a physical shape change in any icons that are communicating a status change, have additional styling or have a text alternative to further convey the information. Having a color change alone can be a cognitive load on users as they try and understand the meaning behind the change in color.
The example on the slide demonstrates a form which uses styling to add an asterisk (*) to the required field labels in addition to using a red font. The first picture of the form uses red styling in addition to the asterisk. The second photo shows the same form under Protanopic simulation. The red turns almost black. This is how a person with red-green color blindness sees the form. Without the asterisk they would not be able to detect the required fields.
On this slide we have the same screen under standard contrast with a white background ground and dark gray fonts. The second screen shot shows the same user interface with a black background and yellow fonts. For someone with light sensitivity high contrast, or the black background is essential. And remember in high contrast we only have a limited number of colors usually around 3 or 4. So it important to test your user interface in high contrast to ensure you have not lost any meaning due to loss of color.
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