css-presentation css file with your content add-ins for PowerPoint lets you coordinate the appearance of your add-in with the theme applied to the presentation it's running with
This also means that only one style document has to be downloaded for a single site. Using Cascading Style Sheets. 1/1/97. slide 9. STANFORD UNIVERSITY •
This document provides an overview of cascading style sheets (CSS) through a series of slides presented by Mark Branom of Stanford University's IT Services department. It defines CSS as allowing more control over web page styling through a centralized style sheet. CSS rules cascade from broad to narrow in scope, with more specific rules overriding general ones. The document reviews basic CSS syntax, properties, selectors, and the advantages of using external style sheets to control styling across an entire website through one file.
This document provides an overview of cascading style sheets (CSS) and how they can be used to control the style and formatting of web pages. Some key points:
- CSS allows for more control over fonts, colors, spacing and other aspects of web page appearance through style rules defined in external style sheets or internally in pages.
- Style rules are made up of selectors that target page elements like headings or paragraphs along with declarations that set properties like color and font to specific values.
- CSS styles cascade in order of precedence so rules defined locally or inline override those in external style sheets which override browser defaults.
- External style sheets are best practice as they allow controlling styles for all pages from a
This document provides an overview of cascading style sheets (CSS) through a series of slides presented by Mark Branom of Stanford University's IT Services Technology Training group. It defines CSS as allowing more control over web page styling through a centralized style sheet. Key points include: CSS styles cascade from broad to narrow scopes; common style locations are external style sheets for whole sites and internal style sheets for individual pages; and CSS can change default element displays between inline and block. The document aims to introduce CSS basics and best practices.
This tutorial is in regards to CSS. In this tutorial we are going to discuss all about CSS from the very beginning. This video tutorial covers all the topics from start. Key terms are:
CSS Introduction, Pros and Cons, CSS rules, Grouping styles, selectors, style locations, positioning, span, div, IDs, Classes, Unit measurements, Font and text styling, Modifying List.
For more detail visit our Tech Blog:
https://msatechnosoft.in/blog/
Introduction to cascade style sheets CSS.pdfMahmoud268161
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow users to control the style and layout of web pages and XML files. CSS rules consist of selectors and declarations that specify property-value pairs to control things like colors, fonts, spacing and positioning. CSS styles cascade from broad to narrow in scope, with inline styles overriding internal and external styles. CSS enables separation of document structure and presentation, and improves accessibility.
This document provides an introduction to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It defines CSS as rules that control the look and formatting of HTML elements through properties and values. CSS rules can be applied externally via style sheets, internally to web pages, or inline with HTML tags. The "cascading" nature of CSS means that rules are applied according to their specificity, with more specific or important rules overriding more general ones. Classes and IDs allow targeting specific elements with CSS.
The document discusses various aspects of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), including:
- CSS is used to control the style and layout of HTML documents, and allows separation of document content from document presentation.
- CSS syntax involves selectors that specify the element(s) targeted by style rules, properties to specify element attributes, and property values.
- There are different ways to associate CSS with HTML pages, including internal CSS within <style> tags, inline CSS using the style attribute, and external CSS via <link> to a .css file.
The document discusses various CSS topics including CSS introduction, syntax, selectors, inclusion methods, backgrounds, fonts and text manipulation. It provides examples and explanations of CSS properties like background-color, font-family, selectors etc. The document is a lecture on CSS intended to teach the fundamentals of CSS and cover common CSS topics.
This document provides an overview of cascading style sheets (CSS) through a series of slides presented by Mark Branom of Stanford University's IT Services department. It defines CSS as allowing more control over web page styling through a centralized style sheet. CSS rules cascade from broad to narrow in scope, with more specific rules overriding general ones. The document reviews basic CSS syntax, properties, selectors, and the advantages of using external style sheets to control styling across an entire website through one file.
This document provides an overview of cascading style sheets (CSS) and how they can be used to control the style and formatting of web pages. Some key points:
- CSS allows for more control over fonts, colors, spacing and other aspects of web page appearance through style rules defined in external style sheets or internally in pages.
- Style rules are made up of selectors that target page elements like headings or paragraphs along with declarations that set properties like color and font to specific values.
- CSS styles cascade in order of precedence so rules defined locally or inline override those in external style sheets which override browser defaults.
- External style sheets are best practice as they allow controlling styles for all pages from a
This document provides an overview of cascading style sheets (CSS) through a series of slides presented by Mark Branom of Stanford University's IT Services Technology Training group. It defines CSS as allowing more control over web page styling through a centralized style sheet. Key points include: CSS styles cascade from broad to narrow scopes; common style locations are external style sheets for whole sites and internal style sheets for individual pages; and CSS can change default element displays between inline and block. The document aims to introduce CSS basics and best practices.
This tutorial is in regards to CSS. In this tutorial we are going to discuss all about CSS from the very beginning. This video tutorial covers all the topics from start. Key terms are:
CSS Introduction, Pros and Cons, CSS rules, Grouping styles, selectors, style locations, positioning, span, div, IDs, Classes, Unit measurements, Font and text styling, Modifying List.
For more detail visit our Tech Blog:
https://msatechnosoft.in/blog/
Introduction to cascade style sheets CSS.pdfMahmoud268161
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow users to control the style and layout of web pages and XML files. CSS rules consist of selectors and declarations that specify property-value pairs to control things like colors, fonts, spacing and positioning. CSS styles cascade from broad to narrow in scope, with inline styles overriding internal and external styles. CSS enables separation of document structure and presentation, and improves accessibility.
This document provides an introduction to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It defines CSS as rules that control the look and formatting of HTML elements through properties and values. CSS rules can be applied externally via style sheets, internally to web pages, or inline with HTML tags. The "cascading" nature of CSS means that rules are applied according to their specificity, with more specific or important rules overriding more general ones. Classes and IDs allow targeting specific elements with CSS.
The document discusses various aspects of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), including:
- CSS is used to control the style and layout of HTML documents, and allows separation of document content from document presentation.
- CSS syntax involves selectors that specify the element(s) targeted by style rules, properties to specify element attributes, and property values.
- There are different ways to associate CSS with HTML pages, including internal CSS within <style> tags, inline CSS using the style attribute, and external CSS via <link> to a .css file.
The document discusses various CSS topics including CSS introduction, syntax, selectors, inclusion methods, backgrounds, fonts and text manipulation. It provides examples and explanations of CSS properties like background-color, font-family, selectors etc. The document is a lecture on CSS intended to teach the fundamentals of CSS and cover common CSS topics.
This document provides an overview of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) including:
- CSS allows separation of document content from page layout/formatting through external style sheets or internal styles defined in <style> tags.
- CSS has three levels (CSS1, CSS2, CSS3) that add new capabilities. CSS handles properties like fonts, sizes, colors, spacing and positioning of HTML elements.
- Styles can be applied via internal, embedded, or external stylesheets. Inheritance allows CSS rules to apply to child elements. Conflicting styles are resolved through a cascading priority system.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow for more control over the look and style of web pages by providing a central location to define how HTML and XML tags are interpreted. CSS rules consist of selectors that specify elements to style and declarations that define properties and values to apply. CSS styles can be defined internally, inline, or externally in style sheets and rules are applied following the cascade order.
CSS allows separation of document structure (HTML) from presentation (styles). It provides precise control over elements' appearance. CSS rules have selectors that specify elements to style and declarations that define properties (e.g., color) and values (e.g., blue). Multiple style sheets can affect elements through cascading rules, with inline styles having highest priority. DHTML refers to combining HTML, CSS, and scripts to create dynamic and animated web pages.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows separation of design and content on web pages. It was created in 1994 and has become the W3C standard for controlling visual presentation. Using CSS provides advantages like faster downloads, streamlined maintenance, global design control, and cost savings through reduced bandwidth and higher search engine rankings. CSS can be applied through inline styles, embedded style sheets, or external style sheets linked via HTML. Resources for learning more about CSS include various websites documenting its capabilities and best practices.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows control over how HTML elements are displayed on different media. CSS saves work by allowing global control of layout and styles across multiple web pages from a single stylesheet. It provides advantages like faster page loads, easy maintenance through global changes, superior styling capabilities, and compatibility across devices. CSS is created and maintained by the W3C consortium and browser vendors implement CSS specifications. Styles are applied using selectors that target elements by name, id, class, and other attributes. Styles can be defined internally, in external style sheets, or inline in elements.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows separation of design and content of web pages. It was created in 1994 and has become the W3C standard for controlling visual presentation. CSS separates design elements like colors and fonts from the structural HTML markup. This separation allows designers to change the look without altering the content. CSS offers advantages like faster downloads, streamlined maintenance, global design control, and cost savings through reduced bandwidth and higher search engine rankings. Resources for learning more about CSS include w3.org, csszengarden.com, and webmonkey.wired.com.
This document discusses DHTML and CSS. It defines DHTML as a combination of HTML, CSS, and scripting that allows dynamic web pages. It describes the four main components of DHTML - HTML, CSS, scripting languages like JavaScript, and the DOM. It provides details on each component, including how CSS controls formatting, how scripting adds interactivity, and how the DOM defines elements for script access. It also gives examples of using internal, inline, and external CSS stylesheets.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language that allows control over the presentation and layout of web pages. CSS handles the look and feel aspects of a web page by controlling things like colors, fonts, layout, and variations for different devices. CSS provides advantages like time savings through reuse of styles, faster page loads with less code, and easy maintenance through global style changes. The CSS language is created and maintained by the CSS Working Group within the W3C, and the ratified specifications become recommendations for implementation.
1) The document provides resources for a front-end development session including working files, slides, and an agenda.
2) It reviews HTML tags, CSS selectors, the box model, positioning, and Flexbox.
3) Instructions are given to install Atom plugins and review JavaScript and JQuery before adding an Express server to a webpage.
Vskills certified CSS designer Notes covers the following concepts.
1 CSS Basics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why to use CSS
1.3 CSS Editors
1.4 A CSS Example
1.5 Custom CSS
1.6 Cross Browser Testing
1.7 Including CSS
1.8 Validating CSS
Get complete e-book on CSS.
http://www.vskills.in/certification/Web-Development/certified-css-designer
The document covers various topics related to CSS including CSS introduction, syntax, selectors, inclusion methods, setting backgrounds, fonts, manipulating text, and working with images. Key points include how CSS handles web page styling, the advantages of CSS, CSS versions, associating styles using embedded, inline, external and imported CSS, and properties for backgrounds, fonts, text formatting, and images.
Using Templates And Cascading Style Sheets10Sutinder Mann
Templates and cascading style sheets (CSS) are both methods for establishing consistent styles across multiple web pages in Dreamweaver. Templates allow for content to be edited within designated regions while keeping other regions like banners fixed, and changes made to the template are automatically reflected on all linked pages. CSS separates style rules from HTML content by defining styles in an external .css file linked to pages via <link> tags. This results in cleaner HTML and faster loading times compared to templates. Both achieve consistent styles but templates are easier to set up while CSS produces simpler code.
CSS is used to control the style and formatting of web documents. It allows for creating stunning web sites by controlling colors, fonts, layouts, and other design elements. CSS is also important for web designers and developers because it provides powerful but easy to learn controls over HTML formatting and applies styles consistently across pages. The basic structure of a CSS stylesheet uses selectors to target HTML elements and declarations to specify property values that control the appearance of those elements.
This document provides an overview of styles, themes, and master pages in chapter 8. It discusses styles and CSS, including inline, internal, and external CSS. It defines selectors and declarations. It also covers themes in ASP.NET which provide a centralized way to define a website's appearance. Master pages are mentioned as a way to simplify the use of themes across content pages. Examples are provided of CSS code and using classes to change styles on click events in ASP.NET codebehind files.
The document provides an overview of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), which is the language used to style HTML elements and tell the browser how elements should be rendered. It covers CSS basics like selectors, properties, values, and rules. It also discusses CSS concepts like the cascade, specificity, inheritance, and adding CSS via links, style tags, and inline styles. The history of CSS is summarized, from its origins in the 1990s to modern features like Grid, Flexbox, and custom properties. Key sections are highlighted, including selectors, the cascade, specificity, and adding CSS to HTML.
The document describes a 3 hour tutorial on using cascading style sheets (CSS) to make websites accessible, attractive, and usable, covering basic CSS implementation, practical techniques like alternative row shading and focus styling, and providing an HTML page example with accompanying CSS styles. The tutorial is intended for web developers, designers, and maintainers and assumes a basic knowledge of HTML.
The document describes a 3 hour tutorial on using cascading style sheets (CSS) to make websites accessible, attractive, and usable, covering basic CSS implementation, practical techniques like alternative row shading and focus styling, and providing an HTML page example with accompanying CSS styles. The tutorial is intended for web developers, designers, and maintainers and assumes a basic knowledge of HTML.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow users to separate a web page's content from its presentation. CSS defines rules for formatting elements like fonts, colors, and layout. These rules can be defined within an HTML file or in an external style sheet. Using an external style sheet keeps presentation separate from content and results in cleaner HTML code that loads faster in browsers. CSS provides flexibility over exact page appearance and simplifies accessibility for users of screen readers.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
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Similar to css-presentation css file with your content add-ins for PowerPoint lets you coordinate the appearance of your add-in with the theme applied to the presentation it's running with
This document provides an overview of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) including:
- CSS allows separation of document content from page layout/formatting through external style sheets or internal styles defined in <style> tags.
- CSS has three levels (CSS1, CSS2, CSS3) that add new capabilities. CSS handles properties like fonts, sizes, colors, spacing and positioning of HTML elements.
- Styles can be applied via internal, embedded, or external stylesheets. Inheritance allows CSS rules to apply to child elements. Conflicting styles are resolved through a cascading priority system.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow for more control over the look and style of web pages by providing a central location to define how HTML and XML tags are interpreted. CSS rules consist of selectors that specify elements to style and declarations that define properties and values to apply. CSS styles can be defined internally, inline, or externally in style sheets and rules are applied following the cascade order.
CSS allows separation of document structure (HTML) from presentation (styles). It provides precise control over elements' appearance. CSS rules have selectors that specify elements to style and declarations that define properties (e.g., color) and values (e.g., blue). Multiple style sheets can affect elements through cascading rules, with inline styles having highest priority. DHTML refers to combining HTML, CSS, and scripts to create dynamic and animated web pages.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows separation of design and content on web pages. It was created in 1994 and has become the W3C standard for controlling visual presentation. Using CSS provides advantages like faster downloads, streamlined maintenance, global design control, and cost savings through reduced bandwidth and higher search engine rankings. CSS can be applied through inline styles, embedded style sheets, or external style sheets linked via HTML. Resources for learning more about CSS include various websites documenting its capabilities and best practices.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows control over how HTML elements are displayed on different media. CSS saves work by allowing global control of layout and styles across multiple web pages from a single stylesheet. It provides advantages like faster page loads, easy maintenance through global changes, superior styling capabilities, and compatibility across devices. CSS is created and maintained by the W3C consortium and browser vendors implement CSS specifications. Styles are applied using selectors that target elements by name, id, class, and other attributes. Styles can be defined internally, in external style sheets, or inline in elements.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows separation of design and content of web pages. It was created in 1994 and has become the W3C standard for controlling visual presentation. CSS separates design elements like colors and fonts from the structural HTML markup. This separation allows designers to change the look without altering the content. CSS offers advantages like faster downloads, streamlined maintenance, global design control, and cost savings through reduced bandwidth and higher search engine rankings. Resources for learning more about CSS include w3.org, csszengarden.com, and webmonkey.wired.com.
This document discusses DHTML and CSS. It defines DHTML as a combination of HTML, CSS, and scripting that allows dynamic web pages. It describes the four main components of DHTML - HTML, CSS, scripting languages like JavaScript, and the DOM. It provides details on each component, including how CSS controls formatting, how scripting adds interactivity, and how the DOM defines elements for script access. It also gives examples of using internal, inline, and external CSS stylesheets.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language that allows control over the presentation and layout of web pages. CSS handles the look and feel aspects of a web page by controlling things like colors, fonts, layout, and variations for different devices. CSS provides advantages like time savings through reuse of styles, faster page loads with less code, and easy maintenance through global style changes. The CSS language is created and maintained by the CSS Working Group within the W3C, and the ratified specifications become recommendations for implementation.
1) The document provides resources for a front-end development session including working files, slides, and an agenda.
2) It reviews HTML tags, CSS selectors, the box model, positioning, and Flexbox.
3) Instructions are given to install Atom plugins and review JavaScript and JQuery before adding an Express server to a webpage.
Vskills certified CSS designer Notes covers the following concepts.
1 CSS Basics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why to use CSS
1.3 CSS Editors
1.4 A CSS Example
1.5 Custom CSS
1.6 Cross Browser Testing
1.7 Including CSS
1.8 Validating CSS
Get complete e-book on CSS.
http://www.vskills.in/certification/Web-Development/certified-css-designer
The document covers various topics related to CSS including CSS introduction, syntax, selectors, inclusion methods, setting backgrounds, fonts, manipulating text, and working with images. Key points include how CSS handles web page styling, the advantages of CSS, CSS versions, associating styles using embedded, inline, external and imported CSS, and properties for backgrounds, fonts, text formatting, and images.
Using Templates And Cascading Style Sheets10Sutinder Mann
Templates and cascading style sheets (CSS) are both methods for establishing consistent styles across multiple web pages in Dreamweaver. Templates allow for content to be edited within designated regions while keeping other regions like banners fixed, and changes made to the template are automatically reflected on all linked pages. CSS separates style rules from HTML content by defining styles in an external .css file linked to pages via <link> tags. This results in cleaner HTML and faster loading times compared to templates. Both achieve consistent styles but templates are easier to set up while CSS produces simpler code.
CSS is used to control the style and formatting of web documents. It allows for creating stunning web sites by controlling colors, fonts, layouts, and other design elements. CSS is also important for web designers and developers because it provides powerful but easy to learn controls over HTML formatting and applies styles consistently across pages. The basic structure of a CSS stylesheet uses selectors to target HTML elements and declarations to specify property values that control the appearance of those elements.
This document provides an overview of styles, themes, and master pages in chapter 8. It discusses styles and CSS, including inline, internal, and external CSS. It defines selectors and declarations. It also covers themes in ASP.NET which provide a centralized way to define a website's appearance. Master pages are mentioned as a way to simplify the use of themes across content pages. Examples are provided of CSS code and using classes to change styles on click events in ASP.NET codebehind files.
The document provides an overview of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), which is the language used to style HTML elements and tell the browser how elements should be rendered. It covers CSS basics like selectors, properties, values, and rules. It also discusses CSS concepts like the cascade, specificity, inheritance, and adding CSS via links, style tags, and inline styles. The history of CSS is summarized, from its origins in the 1990s to modern features like Grid, Flexbox, and custom properties. Key sections are highlighted, including selectors, the cascade, specificity, and adding CSS to HTML.
The document describes a 3 hour tutorial on using cascading style sheets (CSS) to make websites accessible, attractive, and usable, covering basic CSS implementation, practical techniques like alternative row shading and focus styling, and providing an HTML page example with accompanying CSS styles. The tutorial is intended for web developers, designers, and maintainers and assumes a basic knowledge of HTML.
The document describes a 3 hour tutorial on using cascading style sheets (CSS) to make websites accessible, attractive, and usable, covering basic CSS implementation, practical techniques like alternative row shading and focus styling, and providing an HTML page example with accompanying CSS styles. The tutorial is intended for web developers, designers, and maintainers and assumes a basic knowledge of HTML.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) allow users to separate a web page's content from its presentation. CSS defines rules for formatting elements like fonts, colors, and layout. These rules can be defined within an HTML file or in an external style sheet. Using an external style sheet keeps presentation separate from content and results in cleaner HTML code that loads faster in browsers. CSS provides flexibility over exact page appearance and simplifies accessibility for users of screen readers.
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The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
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Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
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You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headed
css-presentation css file with your content add-ins for PowerPoint lets you coordinate the appearance of your add-in with the theme applied to the presentation it's running with
1. STANFORD UNIVERSITY • INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES
Using Cascading Style Sheets
Mark Branom
IT Services Technology Training
650.725.1717
markb@stanford.edu
http://www.stanford.edu/people/markb/
This handout accompanies classroom instruction provided by the IT Services Technology Training group at Stanford University.
While it is not intended as a stand-alone tutorial, it may be helpful for review of materials taught in the course.
2. STANFORD UNIVERSITY • INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES
5/10/2024 Using Cascading Style Sheets slide 1
What are Cascading Style Sheets?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) were established by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C). The CSS specification allows for more control over
the look, or style, of web pages or other XML files by providing a
central location, or sheet, where you can define how certain HTML
(Hyper-Text Markup Language) or XML (eXtensible Markup
Language) tags are going to be interpreted by the browser.
Why is it called “cascading”? In CSS, multiple styles can be applied to
a particular document (usually a web page or XML file). The browser
will interpret these styles in a cascading fashion:
• Style rules set up site-wide are overridden by styles located within individual pages.
• Individual pages are overridden by styles inside an individual tag.
• In addition, the end user can set up styles in the browser that will override the author’s
styles.
• All matching rules for a particular selector will be applied, except where they conflict
with each other (in which case, the latter rule would be applied, as determined by the
cascade). In the following example, <h2> tags would be displayed in red and italics
(but not blue):
h2 {font-style: italic;}
h2 {color: darkblue;}
h2 {color: red;}
3. STANFORD UNIVERSITY • INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES
5/10/2024 Using Cascading Style Sheets slide 2
What are Cascading Style Sheets? continued
To properly see the effects of the Style Sheets, your visitors will need to use a
web browser that is version 4.0 or newer. Fortunately, using CSS does not cause
web pages to break when viewed on older browsers; however, the styles won’t
appear as defined. Since most people these days are using Internet Explorer 6,
Netscape 7, or Firefox 1 or newer, most browsers can properly display CSS.
CSS-aware browsers apply their own stylesheet for every HTML element as the
first set of rules in the cascade, and this set of rules form the default display for
every element. For example, most browsers treat the <p> tag as a block
element, as though there were the explicit declaration p { display: block;}
By using CSS, you modify the default settings by overriding these implicit styles
with an explicit declaration (for more on the block display, see slide 17).
By using CSS, you can also control text formatting and location on the page.
Using CSS can eliminate the need for tables as a layout tool. With CSS, logos
can be created using just text, instead of having to rely on graphics. These
changes make pages more accessible to a wider audience.
CSS Specifications:
• CSS 1: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS1-961217.html
• CSS 2: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/
• CSS 2.1: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/
Differences between CSS 1, CSS 2, and CSS 2.1:
• Between CSS 1 and CSS 2: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/changes.html
• Between CSS 2 and CSS 2.1: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/changes.html
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Pros and Cons of Using CSS
Pros
• Greater designer control of the appearance of the page
• Easier management of site-wide changes
• Greater accessibility to web sites by non-graphical browsers and
web-page-reading software
Cons
• Different browsers may interpret Style Sheets in different ways
• Some styles may not be seen at all on some browsers
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CSS Examples
The CSS Zen Garden shows some of the most advanced uses of CSS:
http://www.csszengarden.com/
CSS in the real world: ajc.com's 'News Break'
http://www.holovaty.com/blog/archive/2002/09/28/2340
Web Standards Tech Briefing – with CSS:
http://techbriefings.stanford.edu/web_standards/example1.html
Web Standards Tech Briefing – without CSS :
http://techbriefings.stanford.edu/web_standards/example2.html
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CSS Basics
Under standard HTML, to create a web site with
<h2> tags that have the standard features of a Header
tag (that is, their own paragraph, bold, with a size
change) and also are dark blue, you have to code each
one as follows:
<h2><font color="darkblue">This is a darkblue H2 tag</font></h2>
That’s a lot of information to type every time you
want to use a dark blue <h2> tag. Using CSS, all you
need to do is type a regular <h2> tag. The style
information will be included in the Style Sheet as
follows:
h2 { color: darkblue;}
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CSS Rules
To change the color of ALL <h2> tags from darkblue to green,
simply change the called for color to “green.” The next time
anyone sees the site, all the <h2> tags on all the pages will be
green instead of darkblue.
These styles are called rules. Each rule consists of a selector and
a declaration (which is made up of a property and a value).
In the example below, h2 is the selector, color is the property,
and darkblue is the value. When used with web pages, selectors
are usually HTML tags.
h2 { color: darkblue;}
Syntax for a CSS rule:
selector { property: value; }
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Grouping Styles and Selectors
Each rule can include multiple styles by simply separating them by semicolons:
h2 { color: darkblue; font-style: italic;}
Additionally, multiple selectors that have the same styles can be grouped by separating them with commas:
h1, h2, h3 { color: darkblue; font-style: italic;}
Contextual selectors allow you to specify that something will change, but only when it is used in conjunction
with something else. With the following style, strong will be displayed in red, but only when it occurs
within li within ul.
ul li strong { color: red;}
Elements being modified by contextual selectors need not appear immediately inside one another (using
this style, blah would still be red text: <ul><ol><li><strong> blah </strong></li></ol></ul>).
Direct child selectors allow you to specify that something will change, but only those that are immediately
inside of another element. With the following style, only those strong elements that are directly inside of
an h1 will be purple; no strong tags deeper within the sheet will be purple.
h1 > strong { color: purple;}
Adjacent selectors allow you to specify that something will change, but only when preceded by something
else. With the following style, only those links (a) that are preceded by an h2 will be green.
h2 + a { color: green;}
Elements being modified by adjacent selectors appear immediately after one another. Using this style, this
link would be green: <h2>Visit Stanford!</h2><a href="http://www.stanford.edu">click here</a>.
This link would not: <h2>Visit Stanford! <a href="http://www.stanford.edu">click here</a></h2>.
You can also group selectors by attribute. With the following style, centered h2 tags (<h2 align="center">)
will be surrounded by a dotted border:
h2[align="center"] { border: dotted;}
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Where do you put the styles?
Style information can be located in three places:
• External to the pages in a site
• Internal to each page
• Inline with individual tags
Generally, creating an external style sheet file is the
preferred method. To take full advantage of CSS, the
Style Sheet for a site should be in this one external
file, so that any changes will apply throughout the
site. This also means that only one style document
has to be downloaded for a single site.
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Style Location: External
The most common place to put style information is in an external
document that each page of a web site points to directly.
Any changes made to this single document will then be applied
throughout the entire web site as each page is accessed by users.
External Style Sheets have a .css extension.
When linking to an external style sheet, you can also specify separate
style sheets by media type:
• all - Suitable for all devices.
• aural - Intended for speech synthesizers.
• braille - Intended for braille tactile feedback devices.
• embossed - Intended for paged braille printers.
• handheld - Intended for handheld devices (typically small screen, monochrome,
limited bandwidth).
• print - Intended for paged, opaque material and for documents viewed on screen in
print preview mode.
• projection - Intended for projected presentations
• screen - Intended primarily for color computer screens.
• tty - Intended for media using a fixed-pitch character grid, such as teletypes, terminals,
or portable devices with limited display capabilities.
• tv - Intended for television-type devices
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External example
Text that appears in the basic.css style sheet document:
h2 {font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: italic; color: green;}
p {font-family: Courier, monotype; font-style: bold; color: red; }
Text that appears in the print.css style sheet document:
h2 {font-family: Book Antiqua, Times, serif; font-style: italic; }
p {font-family: Courier, monotype; font-style: bold; }
HTML document, using the <link> tag method
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="basic.css" media="all" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="print.css" media="print" />
</head>
HTML document, using the @import and @media method
<head>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
@import url("basic.css") all;
@media url("print.css") print;
-->
</style>
</head>
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Style Location: Internal
Style information can also be included in the <head>
section of an individual web page. This tends to work
best when a single page needs to have a slightly
different look than the rest of the site.
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Style Location: Inline
For extreme control, style information can be
included in an individual tag. The style effects only
that tag and no others in the document. This option
is most useful for those rare occasions when a single
tag needs to have a slightly different style.
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Hierarchy of styles
When style information is located in all three places in one site,
the hierarchy is as follows:
• External Style Sheets affect the entire site.
• Internal styles affect only their own pages and override external styles.
• Inline styles affect only their own tags and override both internal and
external styles.
For example, if an external Style Sheet sets <h2> tags to purple
and a particular page has an internal style that changes that
color to orange, the <h2> tags will be orange only on that page
and nowhere else in the site. If there is a single <h2> tag on that
page which specifies green as its color, then the color for that
one tag will be green. All other <h2> tags on that page would
be orange; the <h2> tags on the rest of the site would be purple.
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!important
Normally, the last rule listed in the cascade will take precedence
over previous rules. In this example, the body font will be
Verdana, not Times.
body {font-family: Times;
font-family: Verdana;}
However, by entering !important in a rule, that rule will take
precedence, regardless of its location. In this example, the body
font will be Times, not Verdana.
body {font-family: Times !important;
font-family: Verdana;}
Note: !important does not work with all properties in Internet Explorer.
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Classes and IDs
HTML has two attributes that make CSS even more useful: class and ID. They
make it easy to apply style to just about any tag.
Classes can describe a generic style that can be applied to any HTML element, or
can be created for specific elements.
When defining a style for elements with a particular class attribute in the Style
Sheet, declare a rule using a dot (.) followed by the class name. To limit the style
to a particular element with that class attribute, use a selector combining the tag
name with a dot followed immediately by the class name.
• The following rule would apply to any element with the attribute class=“shade"
.shade { background: yellow; }
• The following rule would apply only to paragraph tags with the class shade (<p class="shade">)
p.shade { background: red; }
IDs are similar to classes, but IDs are unique – they can only be used with one
instance of an element within a document.
When defining a CSS rule using an ID-based selector, use a
number/pound/hash sign (#) followed by the style name. To limit the style to a
particular element with that id attribute, use a selector combining the tag name
with a # and then the id name.
• The following rule would apply to any element with the attribute id="intro"
#intro { font-size: 2em; }
• The following rule would apply only to heading 1 tags with the id intro (<h1 id="intro">)
h1#intro { color: green; }
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Class example
Here’s an example of a web page with an internal CSS
style with a class called “highlight”:
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Inline vs. Block Display (HTML)
All HTML elements (tags) are assigned a display
property value of either inline or block.
Inline elements display in browsers horizontally.
[INLINE ELEMENT 1] [INLINE ELEMENT 2] [INLINE ELEMENT 3]
Block elements display in browsers vertically (stacked
one on top of the other).
[BLOCK ELEMENT 1]
[BLOCK ELEMENT 2]
[BLOCK ELEMENT 3]
Examples of inline elements:
<a> <img> <strong> <em> <span>
Examples of block elements:
<p> <h1-h6> <div> <hr> <table> <ul> <ol>
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Inline vs. Block Display (CSS)
Using CSS, you can change this inherent display
property:
• To force a block display, use the declaration display: block;
• To force an inline display, use the declaration display: inline;
• To force a list, use the declaration display: list-item;
• To hide elements matching the selector, use the declaration
display: none;
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Example – display: block;
Normally, <a> tags display inline.
But, if you add the style a {display: block;},
they will display as a vertical navigation menu:
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Example – display: inline;
Normally, the heading tags display in block format:
But, to have them display inline, add the style
h1,h2,h3 {display: inline;}:
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Span and Div
There are two tags that are particularly useful when
using CSS: <span> and <div>. They are both
container tags that have minimal formatting
associated with them.
The <span> tag is an inline element that simply
holds text without doing anything special to it.
The <div> tag is a block element and causes the text
it encloses to start on a new line.
Using <span> and <div> tags in conjunction with
classes and IDs allows for great flexibility in creating
pages.
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Example using SPAN, DIV, Class, and ID
Here’s an example of a web page using a class, an id,
and the span and div tags:
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Unit Measurements
In CSS, you can measure units either in absolute values or in relative values.
Absolute values are fixed, specific values. Since they are exact measurements, they allow
the designer complete control over the display of the web pages.
mm, cm, in, pt, pc, xx-small, x-small, small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large
Relative values have no fixed, specific values, and are calculated in comparison to
something else (usually the size of the default font or line size). Because different computers
have different video cards, screen sizes, and users have differing eyesight abilities, relative
values tend to be a better choice. They give the designer less absolute control but it often
creates a better experience for the visitor.
em, ex, px, larger, smaller, num%
Examples:
body { font-size: 12px; }
h1, h2, h3 { line-height: 200%;}
Note – a warning about using percentages: if you use percentages, and nest an element
inside of that same element, the percentages will be cumulative.
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Font and Text Styling
When choosing a font, there are several things to keep in mind:
1. Not everyone has the same set of fonts.
2. If you use a font that the visitor doesn’t have, the page will display in the
default font (usually Times), unless you provide more choices. To do this,
add more than one font in your declaration, and always end with the font
family (serif, sans-serif, or monospace):
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
3. Documents designed to be printed tend to look better in Serif fonts (Times,
Georgia, Book Antiqua, etc.)
4. Documents designed to be viewed onscreen tend to look better in Sans-serif
fonts (Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, etc.)
To apply a font to the entire web page, modify the body tag:
body {font-family: Verdana;}
To apply a font to a specific section of text, create a class, and use
the span tag with that class:
.neatstuff {font-family: Comic Sans MS;}
<span class="neatstuff">This is in Comic Sans</span>
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Modifying List Elements
By default, unordered lists (<ul>) appear as bullets and ordered
lists (<ol>) appear as numbers in HTML.
Using CSS, you can modify how list items will appear:
• Properties:
list-style, list-style-type, list-style-image, list-style-position
• Values:
disc, circle, square, decimal, decimal-leading-zero, lower-roman,
upper-roman, lower-alpha, upper-alpha, lower-greek, lower-latin,
upper-latin, hebrew, armenian, georgian, cjk-ideographic, hiragana,
katakana, hiragana-iroha, katakana-iroha, none, url("graphic.gif")
Examples:
ul { list-style: disc; }
ol { list-style: upper-roman;}
li { list-style: url("blackball.gif");}
ul li { list-style-position: inside;}
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The Box Model
When the browser draws an object on a page, it places it into an
invisible rectangular space called a “bounding box.”
You can specify the size, look, and feel of the margins, the
padding, the border, and the content of the box.
Internet Explorer interprets CSS box styles differently than
most other web browsers.
In CSS1, the width property is defined as the distance between
the left and right edges of the bounding box that surrounds the
element's content.
Likewise, the height property is defined in CSS as the distance
between the top and bottom edges of the bounding box.
In Internet Explorer, however, the width and height
properties also include the border and padding belts that
surround the element's bounding box.
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The Box Model: IE vs. CSS
CSS Standard Internet Explorer
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Pseudo-elements and Pseudo-classes
Two special predefined groupings, called pseudo-elements and pseudo-
classes, are used in CSS to deal with special situations that do not exist
with standard HTML. For example, under standard HTML, there is no
way to automatically change the look and feel of the first letter or line of
a paragraph. But by using the pseudo-element :first-letter you
can specify a style that affects it:
p:first-letter { font-size: 200%; color:red;}
Under standard HTML, there is no mechanism to deal with mouse
movements. But with CSS, the pseudo-class :hover can be used to
change the style of a link. In this example, a:hover is used to change
the link color to red and the underlining to disappear whenever a
mouse hovers over links:
a:hover {color: #ff0000; text-decoration: none;)
To change the style of links, use the pseudo-class :link
To change the style of visited links, use the pseudo-class :visited
a:link {color: #00f; font-weight: bold;)
a:visited {color: purple; border: groove;}
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Positioning
Using CSS, you can place elements exactly on a page
using a technique called “positioning.” Positioning is
determined by an X axis and Y axis. To specify a
specific point on the screen, you can use the X and Y
coordinate for that point.
There are several ways to specify position in CSS:
absolute, relative, fixed, inherit, and static.
The three most often used are absolute, relative, and
fixed.
Internet Explorer 6 only recognizes absolute and
relative.
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Absolute, Relative, Fixed, Inherit, and Static Positioning
Absolute positioning defines the position of a given bounding box from
the top and left side margins of the web page. This not only allows
objects to be placed in an exact location, it also allows objects to be
placed one on top of another.
Relative positioning defines the positioning in such a way that
elements are offset from the previous element in the HTML code. This
allows objects to be placed in relation to one another.
Fixed positioning defines the position of a given box relative to the
window and remains in its specified location even as the content scrolls
underneath it. This value does not work in Internet Explorer 6 or
earlier. In IE 7, the browser must be in “standards-compliance mode”.
Inherit positioning explicitly sets the value to that of the parent (if the
parent is position:absolute, the child will be position:absolute; if the
parent is position:fixed, the child will be position:fixed).
Static positioning is the default. It defines the position of a given box
essentially as an unpositioned element – it flows in the normal
rendering sequence of the web page.
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Absolute Positioning Example
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Relative Positioning Example
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Fixed Positioning – code view
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=iso-8859-1" />
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
#links {
position:fixed;
border:dotted;
border-color:#000000;
width:20%;
height:100%;
z-index:1;
left: 0px;
top: 0px;
background-color: #FFFFCC;
}
#main {
position:absolute;
left:25%;
top:0px;
width:70%;
}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="main">
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing
elit. Quisque ultrices, nibh ac rhoncus fermentum,
orci sem dapibus nisi, sed tincidunt lectus lectus at
augue. In consectetuer vehicula enim. In hac habitasse
platea dictumst. Donec a nisl vitae tortor tristique
viverra. Sed at lorem a ante lobortis molestie.
Nulla ullamcorper urna accumsan diam. Aliquam non
eros. Pellentesque egestas ultricies enim. Aenean
lobortis. Nulla interdum commodo turpis. Sed ut mi id
elit vehicula sollicitudin. Sed lobortis, ligula sit
amet euismod egestas, mi ante iaculis nunc, ut
rhoncus magna lectus ac arcu. In hac habitasse platea
dictumst. Proin quis ligula vitae quam pharetra
adipiscing. Pellentesque tincidunt suscipit nibh. Ut
fermentum suscipit justo. </p>
<p>Fusce purus lectus, ultricies nec, aliquam at,
facilisis id, arcu. Vestibulum quis mi vel massa
porta hendrerit. Nulla ullamcorper ligula nec lectus.
Quisque tempor, augue in molestie gravida, eros arcu
luctus tortor, eu dignissim diam urna sed urna. Ut
dictum ultrices lacus. In hac habitasse platea
dictumst. Suspendisse sed purus blandit metus
ultricies suscipit. Proin diam justo, consequat id,
rhoncus eget, facilisis ut, lacus. Vivamus dignissim
dui in justo. Suspendisse elit. Nam nulla tortor,
fringilla sed, faucibus quis, ullamcorper a, leo.
Fusce blandit condimentum turpis. Pellentesque vel
odio et odio suscipit egestas. Nullam ullamcorper
sagittis ipsum. Maecenas fringilla malesuada pede.
Duis ut quam. </p>
</div>
<div id="links">
<p>This area is fixed and will never move. It's good for
things like navigation bars.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="page1.html">Page 1</a></li>
<li><a href="page2.html">Page 2</a></li>
<li><a href="page3.html">Page 3</a></li>
<li><a href="page4.html">Page 4</a></li>
<li><a href="page5.html">Page 5</a></li>
</ul>
</div></body></html>
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Fixed Positioning – Firefox web browser
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Layers and the “Bounding Box”
When the browser draws an object on a page, it places it into an
invisible rectangular space called a “bounding box.” You can set
the box’s exact location on the page or offset it from other
objects on the page. As mentioned in the previous slides, you
can also specify the size of the box.
With CSS, these boxes can be stacked one on top of another as
layers. Horizontal and vertical positioning happen along the X
and Y axes, and the layered positioning happens along the Z
axis.
The Z axis is set using the CSS style z-index, which allows you
to specify which layer appears on top of the others. By setting
the z-index higher or lower, an object can move up and down
a stack. The higher the z-index, the more “on top” it is.
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Layering Example 1
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Layering Example 2
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Float
If you want to wrap content around other content
(such as text around a picture), you can use the
float property.
The float property determines on which side of the
bounding box the element aligns so that the other
content wraps around it.
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Float Example 1 – float: right
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Float Example 2 – float: left
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Resources
A List Apart – articles on practical issues and suggestions for working with CSS correctly
http://www.alistapart.com/topics/code/css
Example XHTML Pages, with and without the CSS Style Sheet:
http://techbriefings.stanford.edu/web_standards/example1.html
http://techbriefings.stanford.edu/web_standards/example2.html
http://techbriefings.stanford.edu/web_standards/example.css
The CSS Zen Garden shows some of the most advanced uses of CSS:
http://www.csszengarden.com/
CSS in the real world: ajc.com's 'News Break':
http://www.holovaty.com/blog/archive/2002/09/28/2340
Microsoft's CSS Information:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/workshop/author/css/reference/attributes.asp
Microsoft's Style Sheet Demonstrations:
http://www.microsoft.com/typography/css/gallery/extract1.htm
http://www.microsoft.com/typography/css/gallery/slide1.htm
W3C Style Examples
http://www.w3.org/Style/Examples/007
W3C CSS 2.1 Specifications:
http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/
W3Schools CSS Tutorial:
http://www.w3schools.com/css
W3Schools CSS Reference:
http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_reference.asp
Webmonkey’s Cascading Style Sheet Guide:
http://www.webmonkey.com/reference/stylesheet_guide/
Brian Wilson’s Cascading Style Sheet Reference Guide:
http://www.blooberry.com/indexdot/css/index.html