Crystalloids iv fluids management anaesthesia
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Crystalloids are a type of intravenous fluid used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including dehydration, shock, and electrolyte imbalances. These fluids are made up of water and electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, that are essential for maintaining proper fluid balance in the body. There are several different types of crystalloids, including normal saline, lactated Ringer's solution, and dextrose solutions. Each type has its own specific composition and is used for different medical conditions. Normal saline, also known as 0.9% sodium chloride, is the most commonly used crystalloid. It is isotonic, meaning it has the same concentration of electrolytes as the blood, and is often used to replace fluid losses from vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating. It can also be used to treat dehydration and to dilute medications for intravenous administration. Lactated Ringer's solution is another commonly used crystalloid that contains electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. It is often used to treat dehydration and to replace fluid losses from surgery, trauma, or burns. Dextrose solutions, such as 5% dextrose in water, contain a small amount of glucose in addition to electrolytes. These solutions are often used to provide a source of energy for the body and to treat hypoglycemia. Crystalloids are generally safe and well-tolerated, but they can cause complications if given in excessive amounts. These complications can include fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and swelling of the tissues. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to carefully monitor the administration of crystalloids and adjust the dosage as needed based on the patient's condition. In conclusion, crystalloids are an important tool in the treatment of various medical conditions and are used to maintain proper fluid balance in the body. They are safe and effective when used appropriately and can help improve patient outcomes in a variety of clinical settings.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Crystalloids iv fluids management anaesthesia
- 1. Crystalloids
- 2. TYPES OF CRYSTALLOID S โข When the concentration of the particles is similar to that of plasma, it doesn't move into cells and remains within the extracellular compartment thus increasing intravascular volume โข Eg: 0.9% NaCl, Ringerโs lactate, D5W 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 2
- 3. 2. Hypotonic solutions โข Compared with intracellular fluid , hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes โข These solutions will hydrate cells, although their use may deplete fluid within the circulatory system โข Eg: 0.45% sodium chloride , 0.33% sodium chloride, 0.2% sodium chloride, and 2.5% dextrose in water 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 3
- 4. 3. Hypertonic solutions โข Solution that have a higher tonicity or solute concentration โข The osmotic pressure gradient draws water out of the intracellular space, increasing extracellular fluid volume, so they are used as volume expanders 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 4
- 5. 7. FLUID CHART โข provide major EC electrolytes โข corrects both water and electrolyte deficit 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 5
- 6. Contra indications โข Avoid in pre eclamptic patients, CHF, renal disease and cirrhosis Dehydration with severe hypokalemia โ deficit of IC potassium 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 6
- 7. Indications WAT E R A N D S A LT D E P L E T I O N โ D I A R R H O E A , V O M I T I N G , E X C E S S I V E D I U R E S I S H Y P O V O L E M I C S H O C K 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 7
- 8. WHEN TO BE GIVEN? 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 8
- 9. DISADVANTAGE 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 9
- 10. RINGERโS LACTATE โข Osmolarity = 273 mOs/L The most physiologically adaptable fluid because its electrolyte content is most closely related to the composition of the body's blood serum and plasma 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 0
- 11. Indications D 5 W 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 1
- 12. DISAVANTAGE S โข D5W is not good for patients with renal failure or cardiac problems since it could cause fluid overload โข patients at risk for intracranial pressure should not receive D5W since it could increase cerebral edema D5W shouldn't be used in isolation to treat fluid volume deficit because it dilutes plasma electrolyte concentrations Never mix dextrose with blood as it causes blood to hemolyze โข Not used for resuscitation, because the solution won't remain in the intravascular space 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 2
- 13. DNS โข Composition : Na Cl โ 154 mEq, glucose 50 gm Pharmacological basis : Supply major EC electrolytes, energy and fluid to correct dehydration 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 3
- 14. Effects of large volume crystalloids infusion โข Delayed healing of anastomosis Large volume ,rapid infusion crystalloids causes hypercoagulability due to reduction in AT 3 Ruttmann TG, James MF โข Effects on coagulation due to intravenous crystalloid or colloid in patients undergoing vascular surgery โข Br J Anesth 2002 ; 89 : 999 - 1003 2 / 1 1 / 2 0 2 4 S A M P L E F O O T E R T E X T 1 4