The document describes how blockchains work using Bitcoin as an example. It explains that a blockchain is a distributed ledger or database that records transactions in blocks. Miners on the Bitcoin network verify transactions by solving cryptographic puzzles and are rewarded with bitcoins. When a miner solves a puzzle, a new block is added to the blockchain containing the verified transactions. This creates a chain of blocks that records the entire transaction history. The blockchain is distributed across the entire network so there is no central authority.
Cryptocurrency is a digital currency in which cryptography techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds.
- Cryptocurrency operates independent of any central authority or individual.
- The supply of money is regulated by software and the agreement of users of the system.
- Trust based on peer to peer consensus.
- Transactions are irreversible.
Overview-
1. What is cryptocurrency?
2. The Difference
The tabular comparison between Fiat or conventional currency and Cryptocurrency on parameters like durability, portability, type, security etc.
3. Why use cryptocurrency?
Fast and cheap.
Easy to use.
Free to transfer and hold.
Decentralized control- users are the only owner of cryptocurrency.
Central government can’t take it away and there are no chargebacks.
Privacy and Security – Anonymous payments
Due to no intermediary (such as Bank or Credit Card Company) users have freedom to transact.
Transparency is maintained through public ledger system.
Reduced Fraud – eliminates cases of credit card frauds.
4. Evolution of cryptocurrency
Evolution of cryptocurrency from 2009 to 2015. Major Cryptocurrencies include are Bitcoin, Namecoin, Litecoin, Peercoin, Monero and Capricoin.
5. Categories of cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies are divide into various categories based on what type of algorithm used, type of community, investor involved, according to usage and on speed of transaction.
6. Major Cryptocurrencies
List of major Cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, Peercoin, Mastercoin, NXT, Namecoin, Quarkcoin, Worldcoin and Megacoin
7. Bitcoin
First popular Cryptocurrency Bitcoin founded by Satoshi comprehensive details.
8. Technology
Bitcoin utilizes the following technologies which are Distributed ledger technology, Mining, Mining hardware, Mining Software, Blockchain and Bitcoin wallets.
9. Transaction Process
A typical transaction process of a Cryptocurrency namely Bitcoin involving concepts like wallet, block, transaction block-chain and proof-of-work algorithm. It gives step by step procedure on how the transaction is carried out in the case of Bitcoin.
10. Benefits
Fast, Safe and cheap
Ease of use and highly portable
Untraceable (pseudo-anonymous transactions)
Transparent and neutral
Decentralized nature
Active involvement of users
Fewer risks for merchants
Freedom to transact
Low inflation and collapse risk
11. Risks
- Problems in implementation- Hardware restrictions (Computational inefficiency), Instability, Deflation, Lack of Replicability and Growing centrality.
- Risk and failure in policy- Money Laundering, Purchase of illegal goods
- Supporting criminal activity- BTC Theft, Malware, Scams
- Risk for consumers- Fewer Protections, Cost, Lack of awareness and understanding and Still Developing.
This is an academic presentation by Sameer Satyam.
Ethereum cryptocurrency. Source: http://vur.me/cobb/adscash
Cryptocurrency for digital marketing. Cash coins for: advertising agencies, marketing companies, online marketers, network and email marketers, mobile advertisers, seo companies, startups, and other cryptocurrencies exchanges.
Cryptocurrency is the name given to a system that uses cryptography to allow the secure transfer and exchange of digital tokens in a distributed and decentralized manner. These tokens can be traded at market rates for fiat currencies.
Cryptocurrency is a digital currency in which cryptography techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds.
- Cryptocurrency operates independent of any central authority or individual.
- The supply of money is regulated by software and the agreement of users of the system.
- Trust based on peer to peer consensus.
- Transactions are irreversible.
Overview-
1. What is cryptocurrency?
2. The Difference
The tabular comparison between Fiat or conventional currency and Cryptocurrency on parameters like durability, portability, type, security etc.
3. Why use cryptocurrency?
Fast and cheap.
Easy to use.
Free to transfer and hold.
Decentralized control- users are the only owner of cryptocurrency.
Central government can’t take it away and there are no chargebacks.
Privacy and Security – Anonymous payments
Due to no intermediary (such as Bank or Credit Card Company) users have freedom to transact.
Transparency is maintained through public ledger system.
Reduced Fraud – eliminates cases of credit card frauds.
4. Evolution of cryptocurrency
Evolution of cryptocurrency from 2009 to 2015. Major Cryptocurrencies include are Bitcoin, Namecoin, Litecoin, Peercoin, Monero and Capricoin.
5. Categories of cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies are divide into various categories based on what type of algorithm used, type of community, investor involved, according to usage and on speed of transaction.
6. Major Cryptocurrencies
List of major Cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, Peercoin, Mastercoin, NXT, Namecoin, Quarkcoin, Worldcoin and Megacoin
7. Bitcoin
First popular Cryptocurrency Bitcoin founded by Satoshi comprehensive details.
8. Technology
Bitcoin utilizes the following technologies which are Distributed ledger technology, Mining, Mining hardware, Mining Software, Blockchain and Bitcoin wallets.
9. Transaction Process
A typical transaction process of a Cryptocurrency namely Bitcoin involving concepts like wallet, block, transaction block-chain and proof-of-work algorithm. It gives step by step procedure on how the transaction is carried out in the case of Bitcoin.
10. Benefits
Fast, Safe and cheap
Ease of use and highly portable
Untraceable (pseudo-anonymous transactions)
Transparent and neutral
Decentralized nature
Active involvement of users
Fewer risks for merchants
Freedom to transact
Low inflation and collapse risk
11. Risks
- Problems in implementation- Hardware restrictions (Computational inefficiency), Instability, Deflation, Lack of Replicability and Growing centrality.
- Risk and failure in policy- Money Laundering, Purchase of illegal goods
- Supporting criminal activity- BTC Theft, Malware, Scams
- Risk for consumers- Fewer Protections, Cost, Lack of awareness and understanding and Still Developing.
This is an academic presentation by Sameer Satyam.
Ethereum cryptocurrency. Source: http://vur.me/cobb/adscash
Cryptocurrency for digital marketing. Cash coins for: advertising agencies, marketing companies, online marketers, network and email marketers, mobile advertisers, seo companies, startups, and other cryptocurrencies exchanges.
Cryptocurrency is the name given to a system that uses cryptography to allow the secure transfer and exchange of digital tokens in a distributed and decentralized manner. These tokens can be traded at market rates for fiat currencies.
What is cryptocurrency?, Blockchain, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Mining, Facts about Bitcoin Different types of cryptocurrencies, Cryptocurrency in India, Supreme court on cryptocurrency. Advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies, Do we Invest?, Conclusion.
A cryptocurrency is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange using cryptography to secure the transactions and to control the creation of additional units of the currency.
This slide deck is as part of a online webinar that happened on Mar 18 2017.The meetup was organized to talk more about Cryptocurrency and current Regulatory Environment surrounding it. There was be a presentation followed by Q&A.
For more details please reach out to me on https://twitter.com/twitmyreview or via mail bobquest33@gmail.com
Among the learning objectives:
A. Crypto-currencies :
• The definition, history and evolution of the thousands of
crypto-currencies in the market, with their pros and
cons.
• Getting, mining and trading using cryptocurrencies.
• The legal status of this new technology in Lebanon and
different countries of the world.
• The possible future of crypto-currencies.
B. Blockchain :
• The technology behind crypto-currencies : concepts,
history, security, pros and cons.
• Examples and case studies of Blockchain applications.
C. ICOs :
• A new way for raising capital for companies and start-
ups.
• History and ICO phases.
A lecture for a college course -- CNIT 140: Cryptography for Computer Networks at City College San Francisco
Instructor: Sam Bowne
More info: https://samsclass.info/141/141_F17.shtml
presention about crypto currencies and bitcoins. A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to secure its transactions, to control the creation of additional units, and to verify the transfer of assets.
Basic information about what is Cryptocurrency ,what are there , benefits of cryptocurrency , how its works through blockchain technology, Crypto Mining ,where the currency can be stored, Uses of cryptocurrency and how to be hacker can hack it and caution about it.
An Introduction to Bitcoin, Blockchain and CryptocurrencyAmarpreet Singh
Heard that bitcoin value doubled again? or new cryptocurrency IPO’s are taking over the stock market! Well, cryptocurrency is just the tip of the iceberg. Blockchain technology is a lot more than just cryptocurrency and can revolutionize almost everything which surrounds us. This presentation will help you grab a quick introduction to Bitcoin, Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
It was my first presentation on cryptocurrency during my sophomore year in college. This presentation covers the basic understanding of cryptocurrency, working of cryptocurrency, bitcoin, blockchain and it's the difference between normal currency and cryptocurrency.
In this case study, we are providing information about the Introduction of Blockchain Technology, Bitcoin and its environment setup, Ethereum coin, other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin in education, and a case study of healthcare using blockchain.
What is cryptocurrency?, Blockchain, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Mining, Facts about Bitcoin Different types of cryptocurrencies, Cryptocurrency in India, Supreme court on cryptocurrency. Advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies, Do we Invest?, Conclusion.
A cryptocurrency is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange using cryptography to secure the transactions and to control the creation of additional units of the currency.
This slide deck is as part of a online webinar that happened on Mar 18 2017.The meetup was organized to talk more about Cryptocurrency and current Regulatory Environment surrounding it. There was be a presentation followed by Q&A.
For more details please reach out to me on https://twitter.com/twitmyreview or via mail bobquest33@gmail.com
Among the learning objectives:
A. Crypto-currencies :
• The definition, history and evolution of the thousands of
crypto-currencies in the market, with their pros and
cons.
• Getting, mining and trading using cryptocurrencies.
• The legal status of this new technology in Lebanon and
different countries of the world.
• The possible future of crypto-currencies.
B. Blockchain :
• The technology behind crypto-currencies : concepts,
history, security, pros and cons.
• Examples and case studies of Blockchain applications.
C. ICOs :
• A new way for raising capital for companies and start-
ups.
• History and ICO phases.
A lecture for a college course -- CNIT 140: Cryptography for Computer Networks at City College San Francisco
Instructor: Sam Bowne
More info: https://samsclass.info/141/141_F17.shtml
presention about crypto currencies and bitcoins. A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to secure its transactions, to control the creation of additional units, and to verify the transfer of assets.
Basic information about what is Cryptocurrency ,what are there , benefits of cryptocurrency , how its works through blockchain technology, Crypto Mining ,where the currency can be stored, Uses of cryptocurrency and how to be hacker can hack it and caution about it.
An Introduction to Bitcoin, Blockchain and CryptocurrencyAmarpreet Singh
Heard that bitcoin value doubled again? or new cryptocurrency IPO’s are taking over the stock market! Well, cryptocurrency is just the tip of the iceberg. Blockchain technology is a lot more than just cryptocurrency and can revolutionize almost everything which surrounds us. This presentation will help you grab a quick introduction to Bitcoin, Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
It was my first presentation on cryptocurrency during my sophomore year in college. This presentation covers the basic understanding of cryptocurrency, working of cryptocurrency, bitcoin, blockchain and it's the difference between normal currency and cryptocurrency.
In this case study, we are providing information about the Introduction of Blockchain Technology, Bitcoin and its environment setup, Ethereum coin, other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin in education, and a case study of healthcare using blockchain.
Foreword
This paper is the result of a research project carried out by Labs
in EVRY Financial Services during the fall of 2015. The content of
this report is the result of a comprehensive study, featuring online
sources, literary works, as well as recordings of financial
conferences such as Consensus 2015 and Fintech Week 2015.
We aim to provide a comprehensive report detailing the
opportunities, challenges and key success factors for financial
institutions looking to leverage the opportunities presented by
blockchain technology.
We hope you enjoy this study and that it helps give you greater
understanding.
A Primer on Blockchain and its Potential, with a Focus on the GCCZeyad T. Al Mudhaf
During my summer internship at BECO Capital, a technology-focused Venture Capital firm based in Dubai, I put together this primer on blockchain that demystifies this hyped up technology, covers key investment trends in the space both globally and regionally within the GCC*, and highlights both the barriers and enablers for wider blockchain adoption in the region. *The GCC is the Gulf Cooperation Council - comprised of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman.
Yao Yao, Jack Rasmus-Vorrath, Ivelin Angelov
https://github.com/yaowser/basic_blockchain
https://www.slideshare.net/YaoYao44/blockchain-security-and-demonstration/
Distributed ledger technology over a network of computers, which provides an alternative to the centralized system
Distributed Database
Peer-to-Peer Transmission
Transparency with Pseudonymity
Records are immutable
Computational Logic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ArZxRdhyPc
A blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records or public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties. Each transaction in the public ledger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participants in the system. And, once entered, information can never be erased. The blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made. To use a basic analogy, it is easy to steal a cookie from a cookie jar, kept in a secluded place than stealing the cookie from a cookie jar kept in a marketplace, being observed by thousands of people. In the report, it distinguishes between multiple types of blockchains and explains the two biggest platforms, namely Bitcoin and Ethereum. While introducing those two platforms we explain the most important technology and algorithms used such as proof of work concept. Some of the security issues and solutions are also covered. We conclude with some concrete Ethereum based applications that demonstrate the usage of blockchain technology beyond cryptocurrency and illustrate current developments in this field.
Blockchain Computing: Prospects and Challenges for Digital Transformation Pr...eraser Juan José Calderón
Blockchain Computing: Prospects and Challenges for Digital Transformation . Professor Syed Akhter Hossain.
Abstract:
A revolutionary trustable sharable computing outcome, the blockchain is essentially a distributed database of records or public ledger of all transactions originated from digital events and shared among participating parties within a computing framework. Each transaction of the chain in the public ledger is verified by consensus of a majority of the participants in the system and its constituents. Once recorded, information can never be erased and neither altered. The blockchain contains a certain and verifiable record of every single transaction ever made during the business operations. In general sense, the blockchain could be described simply as being a way of storing the information of a transaction, between multiple parties in a trustable way. Recording, sharing, storing and redistributing contents in a secure and decentralized way. Being owned, run and monitored by everybody and without anyone controlling it. Besides, avoiding any kind of modifications or abuses from a central authority. Blockchain technology is non-controversial and has worked flawlessly over the last few years and is being successfully applied to both financial and non-financial world applications and listed as as the most important invention since the Internet itself. Besides, digital transformation is taking off as rapid agent for change as part of the global business convergence. In this article, detail of blockchain technologies is presented from the pe
Blockchain's Smart Contracts: Driving the Next Wave of Innovation Across Manu...Cognizant
By eliminating intermediaries and by enabling smart contracts with embedded, trusted business rules, blockchain offers extraordinary opportunities for manufacturing on every level of the supply chain. To profitably ride this wave of disruptive innovation, any stakeholder in the manufacturing value chain should be familiar with the basics and guidelines for proceeding.
On the compensation plan side of things, affiliates for PlatinCoin are tasked with investing their money into PlatinCoins — a form of cryptocurrency being offered by PlatinCoin.
http://www.rsiyengar.com
cryptocurrency mining and digital currencies Bitcoin, Ethereum underlying technology blockchain.
how to become good trader Bitcoin, Ethereum and its underlying technology – the blockchain., Genesis Mining, Omnia Tech, online cryptocurrency world,
United Capital is a wealth counseling company assisting clients achieve ... We are a partnership of exceptional advisers, unified to accomplish one objective, ..
Shopping Sherlock is a web app that helps the consumer find the best price while shopping online. It is free to use and pays the distributor as people search and when they make purchases.
http://www.shoppingsherlock.com/81258
Shopping Sherlock - Finding You The Best Deals and Lowest Prices
Dear Fellow Entrepreneur, We are looking for Independent Affiliates to help expand local area in one of the fastest Premier Technology Affiliate Companies growing around the world. Make a residual income sharing invitation only free shopping App. Your customers save on their daily shopping and you make residual income. We are expanding fast in many countries all over the world. Our team, including the first Diamond in the company, is looking for energetic people to join our team. Our Company has an excellent track record. We have been able to develop relationships with many major retailers around the world. We recently also partnered with a company which allows us to bring residual income to Non Profits, for Profits and Affiliates. If you are looking to:
1. Save money shopping
2. Share a Free App and Make money when your customers use the App
3. Improve Fundraising and Efficiency for Non-Profits and make money
4. Start an Affiliate Business
5. For info rsiyengar@rsiyengar.com
http://www.shoppingsherlock.strikingly.com
KEVA INDUSTRIES BUSINESS PLAN Keva Business Plan is a great business opportunity that is open to everyone. We offer limitless opportunities to earn. However the actual income varies in accordance to the distributor goals, commitment & dedication level. It allows you to build your business through retailing products and sponsoring other people who, in turn, can retail products and offer the business opportunity to others. The income depends on one’s efforts. By sharing this business plan with other, you can simply boost your business and also you enable others to build their own business
FG Xpress Powerstrips are Doctor Formulated and listed by the FDA as a Class 1 Medical Device. FGXpress is designed to bless millions of people with billions of dollars, residually! Our intent is to move money and commodity around the world at record pace. Money is a major part of our health and well being. It is there to serve humanity, not vice versa. The more the merrier, it makes good people better! Xpress yourself today! Easy, simple seamless, global. Discover What Others Are Saying About The Proprietary FG Xpress Powerstrips!
FGX PowerStrips & SolarStrips Share the Love! This is what you see when you first open the FGXpress Powerstrips gift card.
When you open up the words are clear.
...Our Human race, in need of a lift
Found within, for you a gift.
Use it, share it, take a stand.
Here and now, It's in your hands!
Love and abundance for us all,
Welcome Home, your opportunity calls.
The package is wrapped with care with the word love everywhere.
The powerstrip ship to the world for you to share. Chronic Pain,Knee Pain,Elbow Pain,Muscle Pain,Abdominal Pain,Nerve Pain,Joint Pain,Foot Pain,Neck and Shoulder Pain,Pain Medicidnes,Sciatica, acne, fg xpress powerstrips improve skin, fg xpress powerstrips improve skin's look. FG Xpress PowerStrips, heal skin with powerstrips, how can powerstrips improve skin, improve look and feel of skin, improve skin, improve skin with powerstrips, powerstrips improving skin, skin blemishes, skin healing, spider veins, varicose veins, FG Xpress Team International IN FG XPRESS, FG XPRESS Power Strips, Germanium, Korean Red Ginseng, Look and Feel of Skin, Marine Phytoplankton. http://www.fgxpresspowerstrips.in
A Global Solution for Millions for People...
Powerstrips are a Patented Fusion of Modern Breakthrough Technology and Ancient Herbs providing an All-Natural Solution for Pain Relief.
http://www.fgxpresspowerstrips.in
Top 5 Reasons to Join FG Xpress:
FG Xpress Powerstrips are Doctor Formulated and listed by the FDA as a Class 1 Medical Device.
http://www.fgxpresspowerstrips.in
A Marketers Dream Come True, Powerstrips can be shipped to any address in the world for $4.95.
Since our Pre-Launch in Jan 2013 we now have over 12,000 Distributors Globally in 150+ Countries.
A Very Simple and Duplicatable Global Compensation Plan designed for Massive Income Growth Potential.
The Best of Both World's with all the advantages of a Brand New Pre-Launch Opportunity but backed by a Publicly Traded (FVRG) 10 Year Old Company.
http://www.fgxpresspowerstrips.in
TRACK YOUR INCOME...I think this is one of Great Passive Online income opportunities. With only 35 $ to start, possibilities seem to be endless and long term too! Rare thing to have Great & Passive in the same phrase..But this is it. I happen to know Admins of Track Your Income and we know these are NOT scamers.
Questions About Aloe Vera
Questions About Aloe Vera
Q. What does 100% stabilized Aloe Vera Gel mean?
A. Aloe Vera Gel comes from the inner part of the plant (the so called inner gel). The photo shows this being hand filleted from the leaf. The term Aloe Vera Juice is often used to describe the gel, but is properly only used to describe Aloe Latex a substance found just under the skin of the leaf that contains Aloin, a powerful laxative. Aloe Vera Gel (as with most vegetable matter) has limited keeping properties, and will decay quite quickly. It is essential therefore to stabilize the gel quickly to prevent this natural decay. The preservation process involves adding natural preservatives so the maximum possible concentration of Aloe Vera Gel is about 98% of actual plant derived gel. The term 100% stabilized refers to the concentration of the stabilized product used in manufacture, and when you see this term you can be sure that the gel has not been diluted or bulked up with other substances. Forever Living Aloe Vera Gel varies in concentration from about 85% (Bits n Peaches) to about 98% (Plain Gel).
Q. Are Juice and Gel the same thing?
A. No they are not, and there is much confusion over this. Juice strictly refers to Aloe Latex a bitter substance just under the skin of an aloe Vera leaf. Gel refers to the translucent interior of the leaf (inner leaf gel). In terms of consumer products the International Aloe Science Council (IASC) allows the term "Juice" to be used for a liquid containing only 15% certified Aloe Vera. To qualify as "Gel" the product must contain at least 85% certified Aloe Vera. Certified means that the Aloe Vera content has been tested for purity and concentration. All Forever Living Aloe Vera Gel contains at least 85% certified Aloe Vera Gel from the inner leaf.
Q. I have not seen your products in the shops?
A. The range of Forever Living Products (FLP) is only available through Independent Distributors, and is not made available for retail sales. FLP always has the interests of it's distributors at heart, and permitting the products to be sold retail would undermine the distributor network. This would be contrary to the wish of Rex Maugham, founder of Forever Living Products, to empower ordinary people to achieve success through selling the FLP range.
Q. Why should I buy Forever Living Aloe Vera products?
A. Forever Living Products (FLP) are the world’s largest grower and distributor of Aloe Vera, with extensive plantations in the USA and Caribbean. FLP knows exactly where and how its Aloe Vera was grown, and can be sure that no pesticides or herbicides were used in its production. FLP controls the whole process, and its Aloe Vera gel is extracted by hand from freshly harvested mature leaves, and stabilized to protect its essential content within hours. FLP do not add any artificial coloring or flavoring to the gel!
FLP use Aloe Vera as the main ingredient in its products not as an addition.
Your BonVoyage1000 Membership allows you to book accommodations directly through our travel partner, a 28-year old global consolidator of cruise, condo, and hotel and resorts inventory all over the world. They buy travel wholesale, and pass the incredible values on to you. In fact, you’ll always receive the best available price on condos, cruises, hotels, and resorts with BonVoyage1000!
Forever Living is another multi-level marketing player whose longevity in this market speaks volumes about their credibility and product quality. For over 25 years, Forever Living has manufactured process patented, high quality aloe vera products. The company has diversified by getting into nutrition, skin care, cosmetics, personal care, bee products and animal care.
Their website states "that our idea of a new economy is a business that adapts to your lifestyle instead of the other way around." That’s why over 7 million people world wide choose to be Forever Living distributors.
Distributors can attend rallies to get tools, advanced training, and support from a 2 billion dollar company helping at each step of the way. Karl Jensen and Rex Maughn, cofounders of Forever Living have stressed best quality manufacturing processes since 1981. The company’s clients are remarkably loyal to the brand.
I have not been able to discover the compensation program for this MLM giant because of the password protected distributor site. I’d appreciate that information from anyone reading this that might be in the know. My sources tell me that the products are pricey, but well worth it, but I’d like to hear from distributors about their experience as reps for Forever Living.
I can only at this time recommend the products based on the consistent high remarks made about them. I’ll refrain from comment on Forever Living as a business opportunity at this time.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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cryptocurrency mining and digital currencies Bitcoin, Ethereum underlying technology blockchain.
1. Figure 1. How the Bitcoin blockchain works
The app alerts
Bitcoin ‘miners’
around the world
of the impending
transaction.
‘Miners’ provide
transaction
verification
services.
The miners verify
that Bob has
enough bitcoins
to make the
payment.
Bob gets Alice’s
public key by
scanning a QR
code from her
phone, or by
having her email
him the payment
address, a string of
seemingly random
numbers and
letters.*
To pay her, he
needs two pieces
of information:
his private key and
her public key.
Bob owes Alice
money for lunch.
He installs an app
on his smartphone
to create a new
Bitcoin wallet.
A wallet app is like a
mobile banking app
and a wallet is like a
bank account.
*Anyone who has a public key can send money to a Bitcoin address, but only a signature generated by the private key can release money from it.
Graphic: Deloitte University Press. Source: American Banker20
Many transactions
occur in the
network at any
time. All the
pending
transactions in a
given timeframe
are grouped (in
a block) for
verification. Each
block has a unique
identifying number,
creation time and
reference to the
previous block.
How does a blockchain work?
In his original Bitcoin white paper, Satoshi Nakamoto
defined an electronic coin – the Bitcoin – as “a chain
of digital signatures” known as the ‘blockchain’.19
The blockchain enables each coin owner to transfer
an amount of currency directly to any other party
connected to the same network without the need for a
financial institution to mediate the exchange.
We can illustrate how a blockchain works by using
Bitcoin as an example, as shown in Figure 1. Bitcoin,
like other blockchains, uses cryptography to validate
transactions, which is why digital currencies are often
referred to as ‘cryptocurrencies’. Bitcoin users gain
access to their balance through a password known as a
private key. Transactions are validated by a network of
users called ‘miners’, who donate their computer power
in exchange for the chance to gain additional bitcoins
using a shared database and distributed processing.
What is a blockchain?
“The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity.
Nodes work all at once with little coordination.”18
Satoshi Nakamoto
4
2. What is in a blockchain?
Despite its apparent complexity, a blockchain is just
another type of database for recording transactions –
one that is copied to all of the computers in a
participating network.21
A blockchain is thus sometimes
referred to as
a ‘distributed ledger’. Data in a blockchain is stored in
fixed structures called ‘blocks’. The important parts of
a block are:
• its header, which includes metadata, such as a
unique block reference number, the time the block
was created and a link back to the previous block
• its content, usually a validated list of digital assets
and instruction statements, such as transactions
made, their amounts and the addresses of the
parties to those transactions.22
Given the latest block, it is possible to access all
previous blocks linked together in the chain, so a
blockchain database retains the complete history of
all assets and instructions executed since the very first
one – making its data verifiable and independently
auditable. As the number of participants grows, it
becomes harder for malicious actors to overcome the
verification activities of the majority. Therefore the
network becomes increasingly robust and secure.
Indeed, blockchain solutions are being discussed as
a potential means of protecting data from the UK’s
nuclear power stations, flood-defence mechanisms and
other critical infrastructure.23
The algorithm
rewards the
winning miner with
25 bitcoins, and the
new block is added
to the front of
the blockchain.
Each block joins
the prior block so
a chain is made –
the blockchain.
Within ten minutes
of Bob initiating
the transaction,
he and Alice each
receive the first
confirmation that
the bitcoin was
signed over to her.
All the transactions
in the block are now
fulfilled and Alice
gets paid.
When a miner solves
the cryptographic
problem, the
discovery is
announced to the
rest of the network.
The new block is put
in the network so
that miners can
verify if its
transactions are
legitimate.
Verification is
accomplished by
completing complex
cryptographic
computations.
Blockchain Enigma. Paradox. Opportunity 5
3. What are the differences between public and
private blockchains?
Like many other types of database, blockchains can be
public or private. The Bitcoin network is public (also
called “permission-less”) because anyone can read or
write data from or to the ledger if they are running the
appropriate Bitcoin software. Private blockchains, on
the other hand, are networks where the participants
are known a priori and have permission to update
the ledger. Participants may come from the same
organisation or from different organisations within
an industry sector where the relationships between
them are governed by informal arrangements, formal
contracts or confidentiality agreements.
In the absence of trust, public blockchains typically
require additional mechanisms to arbitrate disputes
among participants and protect the integrity of the
data. This involves added complexity because there
is no central authority to arbitrate in a decentralised
network. In the Bitcoin blockchain, for example, new
transactions can only be added to the blockchain
after a participant on the network solves a complex
mathematical problem, known as a ‘proof-of-work’.
This process is called ‘mining’. The effort miners have
to expend on finding a solution to this mathematical
problem acts as a sign that the transactions are valid,
even though the miners may not know one another.
What alternatives are there to the Bitcoin
blockchain?
Blockchains come in many different types. As well as
the Bitcoin blockchain, a number of other independent
blockchains have emerged in recent years. None has
yet achieved the same scale as Bitcoin but they do
offer other benefits, such as increased speed, larger
data capacities, different consensus methods or
more advanced functionality. Litecoin, for example,
is a smaller competitor of Bitcoin but offers faster
transaction times.24
The Ripple Transaction Protocol
is a variant of a distributed ledger providing instant,
certified and low cost international payments targeted
at banks and non-bank financial services companies.25
Transactions on Ripple’s distributed ledger are validated
by consensus rather than using a proof-of-work
approach like Bitcoin because a level of trust is assumed
between the parties to a transaction.
Ethereum, on the other hand, is an open-source,
crowd-funded project, much like the Bitcoin blockchain
but which allows a network of peers to administer their
own ‘smart contracts’ – short computer programmes
carried on the blockchain that execute their instructions
once certain criteria have been met.26
It is these smart
contracts that have the potential to transform business
processes in many industry sectors. For example, Figure
2 illustrates how Bitcoin-based smart contracts could
enhance transparency in investment banking.
Graphic: Deloitte University Press, DUPress.com
An option contract between
parties is written as code into
the blockchain. The individuals
involved are anonymous, but the
contract is in the public ledger.
1 Regulators can use the block chain to understand the activity in the
market while maintaining the privacy of individual actors’ positions.
3A triggering event like an
expiration date and strike
price is hit and the contract
executes itself according to
the coded terms.
2
010101011001101
010101101010110
010101011001101
010101101010110 010101011001101
010101101010110
Figure 2. Using the Bitcoin blockchain for smart contracts
6
4. In addition, technology companies like Microsoft are
now providing ‘Blockchain-as-a-Service’ (BaaS) on their
existing cloud platforms.27
BaaS enables developers
from any organisation to deploy private or semi-
public blockchains using Bitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum and
other protocols, and experiment with decentralised
applications without incurring the capital costs
associated with setting up their own networks.
What elements are common to all blockchains?
• A blockchain is digitally distributed across a
number of computers in almost real-time: the
blockchain is decentralised, and a copy of the entire
record is available to all users and participants of a
peer-to-peer network. This eliminates the need for
central authorities, such as banks, as well as trusted
intermediaries, such as brokerage firms.
• A blockchain uses many participants in the
network to reach consensus: the participants use
their computers to authenticate and verify each
new block – for example, to ensure that the same
transaction does not occur more than once. New
blocks are only adopted by the network once a
majority of its participants agree that they are valid.
• A blockchain uses cryptography and digital
signatures to prove identity: transactions can be
traced back to cryptographic identities, which are
theoretically anonymous, but can be tied back to
real-life identities with some reverse engineering.
• A blockchain has mechanisms to make it hard
(but not impossible) to change historical records:
even though all data can be read and new data can
be written, data that exists earlier in a blockchain
cannot in theory be altered except where the rules
embedded within the protocol allow such changes
– for instance, by requiring more than 50 per cent of
the network to agree on a change.
• A blockchain is time-stamped: transactions on the
blockchain are time-stamped, making it useful for
tracking and verifying information.
• A blockchain is programmable: instructions
embedded within blocks, such as “if” this “then”
do that “else” do this, allow transactions or other
actions to be carried out only if certain conditions
are met, and can be accompanied by additional
digital data.
Blockchains come in many
different types. As well as the
Bitcoin blockchain, a number of
other independent blockchains have
emerged in recent years. None
has yet achieved the same scale
as Bitcoin but they do offer other
benefits, such as increased speed,
larger data capacities, different
consensus methods or more
advanced functionality.
Blockchain Enigma. Paradox. Opportunity 7