critical-evaluation-and-promotion-of-local-and-oral_compress.pdf

CRITICAL EVALUATION AND
PROMOTION OF LOCAL AND
ORAL HISTORY

A.MUSEUMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Museums has a big role to play in the
process of education.
Not only allows people to experience the
culture but also creates cultural
background of their society.

AGUINALDO SHRINE
 Located in Kawit, Cavite
 The ancestral house of Emilio
Aguinaldo
 The Philippine declaration of
independence from spain (Araw
ng Kalayaan) on June 12, 1898.
 Where the Philippine flag was
raised.
FERDINAND MARCOS
PRESIDENTIAL CENTER
 Batac, Ilocos Norte
 Shows the memorabilia of the
late president.
 A wax replica of Marcos
remains to be displayed
inside the glass coffin.

UITANGCOY SANTOS
HOUSE
(MUSEUM OF THE WOMEN
OF MALOLOS)
 Malolos, Bulacan
 A home belongs to Paulino
Santos and Alberta Uitangcoy
Santos
 Collections of surviving artifacts
and other memorabilia
relevant to the narrative of the
women and the Uitangcoy-
Santos family.
 Destroyed by fire in 1910 but
was rebuilt in 1914.

RIZAL SHRINE
 Calamba, Laguna
 A Spanish-colonial two story
house
 The house was built for two
years by Rizal’s father.
 It provides representation of
the home when Rizal grew up
until his formal schooling in
Binan.
 Recounting the nipa hut in
the garden where he learned
to sleep and sculpt, the
kitchen where he learned the
alphabet, the bedroom
where he leaned to pray, the
library where he discovered
books and the azoeta where
he listened to his
grandmother’s stories.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 Museums are windows of the past
 They are time capsules that put history into perspective.
 With its rich history and culture, the museums in the
Philippines provide a glimpse on this country’s past
enriched by colonization and occupation.
 There are some art galleries as well that promote local
art and artisans.

B. CULTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES
 The Philippine culture is a combination of cultures of the east and west.
 The pre-colonial cultures was merged with the influence of colonizers and
Chinese traders.
 In pre-colonial times, it was divided in set of islands and tribes ruled by their
specific kings, chieftains, lakans, rajahs, datus, and sultans.

B. CULTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines was first settled by Negritos Austronesians (trading)
became U.S territory colonized by Spanish Empire
( English, media and clothing) ( Roman Catholicism)

MANO PO
 A SIGN OF
RESPECT
TO ELDERS.

 Philippines is referred to as “ Melting Pot” of western and eastern
cultures
 The major religions in the country are Christianity and Islam which
have played a significant role in shaping the culture of the
Philippines
 The social beliefs and customs practiced are primarily influenced by
demographics of the region where they are practiced
 The traditional customs of indigenous Filipinos are based on the
beliefs of the Austronesian inhabitants of the country.

C. ARCHITECTURE
 The Spaniards introduced European colonial architecture
 Spaniards introduced stones and rocks as housing and building
materials.
 Can still be seen in centuries old buildings such s Filipino baroques,
houses, schools, monasteries and government buildings around the
nation.
 The best collection of Spanish architecture can be found in the
walled city of Intramuros in Manila and in the historic town of Vigan.
 Spanish Baroques Architecture like the Colonial Era Churches(
Earthquake Baroques) can be found in Ilocos Norte and Sur,
Pampanga, Bulacan, Laguna, Cebu and Quezon.

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
There have been proposals to establish a policy
where each municipality and city will have an
ordinance mandating all constructions and
reconstructions to be inclined with the
municipality or city’s architecture and
landscape styles to preserve and conserve the
country’s dying heritage sites.

BAHAY NA
BATO
 A traditional
Filipino
colonial house

BAHAY KUBO
(NIPA HUT)
 Common form of
housing among the
native Filipinos.
 Uses materials such as
bamboo and
coconut as main
source of wood.
 Cogon grass, nipa
palm leaves and
coconut fronds used
to make roofs.

KALESA
A traditional
urban
transportation

 American Colonization
 Formation of government buildings from the city all the way to
municipal level
 The classic material used are wood, stone, and brick while for modern
material uses cast iron, structural steel and concrete.
 Today, architecture continue to be vibrant and with the country opening
up to the world, more first rate architecture is pouring in
 BANAUE RICE TERRACES
 2,000 years ago
 Uses stones and mud walls to carefully carve and construct terraces
that could hold the flooded pond fields for the cultivation of rice.

D. RELIGION
 Before the arrival of Spaniards and western cultures, Philippines were
adherents of syncretic religions composed of shamanistic Animism,
Polytheism, Islam, Hinduism, and Budhism.

 The Philippines is one of the two predominantly Roman Catholic (80.58%)
nations in Asia Pacific, the other being East Timor.
 from the survey of 2014, Christianity is about 90.07% of the population ,
while Islam is 5.57% and others are 4.37% of the total population.

PROTESTANT CHRISTIANITY
 2ND largest in population
 Introduced by American Missionaries
RIZALIST
 Claiming Jose Rizal as the second son of God and are
reincarnation of Christ
 Most members are those who are poor, possessed and who feel
alienated from the Catholic Church.
 Claim that one can find salvation and heaven by joining.

 Filipinos began creating paintings in the European
tradition during 17th century Spanish period.
 The earliest of the paintings were church frescoes,
religious imagery, sculptures and lithographs featuring
Christian icons.
 between 19th and 20th century paintings was
produced for religious, political and landscape works
with qualities of sweetness, dark and light.
 ARTHUR HANSEN - “ Ama ng Makabayang Pintor” who
uses his hair as paint brush and signs his painting using
his own blood. He develop his skills without any training
and guidance from professionals.
E. VISUAL ARTS

 It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced
through the archipelago.
 Early Philippine painting can be found in red slip ( clay mixed with water)
designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines like the:
 Manunggul Jar
 Found in Sanga – Sanga Cave, Sulu and Cagayan’s Laurente Cave

 Further evidence of painting manifest in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos called
Pintados or the painted people of the Visayans.
 Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their
bodies in various colored pigmentation.
PINTADOS THE NAGA DRAGONS THE SARIMANOK CARVED

LETRAS Y FIGURAS
 Founded by
Jose Honorato
Lozano

 Visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting,
sculpture, and photography
 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
 Artistic paintings were introduced to the Filipinos in the 16th
century
 Spaniards used paintings as religious propaganda to spread
Catholicism
 POST SPANISH PERIOD
 The art of Juan Luna showed a trend for political statement
 Fernando Amorsolo produces paintings that illustrated Philippine
culture, nature and harmony

F. INDIGENOUS ART
 Some indigenous materials are used as a medium of art
works especially in painting by Filipino artist like Elito Circa.
He is a folk artist of Pantabangan who uses indigenous
materials, raw materials including human blood.
 Filipino painters was influenced and later uses onions,
tomatoes, coffee, molasses and others as paints.
 Wooven fabrics of Ga’dang people usually have bright red
tones
 Can be identified by beaded ornamentation
 Other people like the Ilongot make jewelry from pearl, red
hornbill beaks, plants and metals.

KUT-KUT ART
 Practiced in Samar between
early 1600 and late 1800 A.D.
 A technique combining
ancient oriental and European
art process.
 An exotic Philippine art form
based on sgraffito, encaustic
and layering.
 A unique artwork
characterized by delicate
swirling interwoven lines, multi-
layered texture and an illusion
of 3D space.

BINAKOL
 A blanket which features
designs that incorporate
optical illusions.

SANGI
 Cordillera Region or
KaIgorotan
 The people displays their art
in tattooing, weaving bags
like the Sangi.
 A traditional backpack and
carving woods

DYEING
ABACAFIBERS
(IKAT)
 Practiced by the Lumad
people of Midanao such as
B’laan, Mansaka, Mandaya,
and T’boli.
 ABACA – closely related to
bananas and its leaves are
used to make fibers known
as Manila Hemp.
 IKAT – method of dyeing
 IKAT FIBERS – Woven into
cloth with geometric
patterns depicting human,
animal and plant themes.

 Indigenous artists have adapted new techniques and materials in parallel with
earlier traditional materials.
 Artists uses photography, music and jewelries as mediums
 Continues to live and grow as time pass by
 Are now prized by collectors around the world, mostly the artworks are
expressions of a unique and sophisticated culture.
 The development of indigenous art, both traditional and contemporary,
requires continued support and encouragement if growth with vitality is to be
maintained.
POSTER ART
 New and important vehicle for modern indigenous art.
 Convey powerful messages about important issues

I. PERFORMING ARTS
DANCES
Panderetas
Carinosa
Tinikling
Singkil

MUSIC
 The early music is a mixture of indigenous, Islamic and a variety
of Asian sounds during European and American colonization in
the 16th and 20th century.
 Spanish settlers and Filipinos played instruments such as flutes,
guitar, ukulele, violin, trumpets and drums.
 Songs and dances were performed during festive occasions.
 Folk songs and dances were performed by the groups: the
bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay- Barrio, Hariraya, and Fort
Santiago Theatres.
 Filipino composers are Antonio Molina and Felipe De Leon
 Modern music uses genres like rock, hip hop, and others.

DANCE
 LANGKA-BALUAG – performed
by male dancers as angry
monkeys
 APAYAO COURTSHIP DANCE –
performed by having a couple
swing their arms in the air to
similate a flying bird
 MAGLALATIK – a war dance,
a depiction of a fight between
Christians and moros
MUSIC
 KUNDIMAN – sung by women
and talks about being heart
broken
 INSTRUMENTS
 Kudyapi – two stringed lute
 Kulintang – gong ensemble
 Gimbal – war drums, same
with the solibao
 Kubing – bamboo jew’s
harp

J. LITERATURE
 Philippine literature started with traditional folktales and legends
made by the ancient Filipinos before Spanish colonization.
 Themes are on pre-colonial cultural traditions and socio-political
histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions.
 Philippine literature illustrates the prehistory and European colonial
legacy written both in indigenous and Hispanic writing system
 Some well known work of literature were created from the 17th to
19th century.
 There have been proposals to revive all indigenous ethnic scripts or
suyat

IBONG ADARNA
 by Jose De la Cruz /
“Huseng Sisiw”
 A famous epic about a
magical bird

FLORANTE AT
LAURA
 By Francisco Balagtas
 Considered as his
greatest work and
one of the
masterpieces of
Philippine literature
 Wrote during his
imprisonment

Dr. JOSE RIZAL
NOLI ME TANGERE
(TOUCH ME NOT)
 EL FILIBUSTERISMO
( THE REIGN OF GREED)

 English is the preferred language during World War II
 Poetry has always been seen as somehow local and not intended for
foreign audiences
 Contemporary and late 20th century writers who have gained critical
acclaim include:
 Resil Majores
 Alfred Yuson
 Jose Dalisay
 Ian Casocot
 Cirilo Bautista
 Marjorie Evasco
 Dr. Jose Rizal
 “ Father of Indigenous Philippine Literature”

K. CINEMA AND MEDIA
 Philippines is one of Asia’s earliest film industry producers
 The formative years of Philippine cinema starting from 1870s were a time of discovery of film as a new
medium of expressing artworks.
 1897 – the advent of cinema was traced back when a Spanish theater owner screened imported
moving pictures
 1950s – golden age of Philippine cinema, with emergence of more artistic and mature films and
improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. Award winning filmmakers and actors were first
introduced.
 1960s – Rampant commercialism in films
 1970s and 1980s – turbulent years for film industry, bring both positive and negative changes. Dealt with
more serious topics following the Martial law. Brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema.
 1990s – Popularity of drama, teen-oriented, romantic comedy, adult, and action films.
 2004- 2007 – Philippine film industry production rate was declined
 21st century – rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and once again
earned nationwide recognition and prestige.

 Growing a lot
 Now a social media sensation
 Getting Digital
 Been able to make films with lower production cost
 Has created an environment where young directors can
produce experimental and artistic works.
 Now a restoration of faith
 Another interesting and overdue development is the release of
restored classic films
 STRUGGLES
 Philippine Cinema does’t have a bright future
 According to Erick Matti - “Producers should make insightful,
progressive, relevant and fresh stories.

L. CUISINES
 Filipinos cook a variety of foods influenced by Indian, Chinese, influences
indigenous ingredients.
 Spanish colonizers in the 16th century brought with them produce from the
Americas such as chili peppers, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, and the method
of sautéing garlic ad onions.
 Eating out is our past time
 Filipino diet consist of six meals a day, breakfast, snacks, lunch, snacks,
dinner and midnight snack before sleep.
 Popular dishes: Adobo, lumpia, pancit and La Paz Batchoy and lechon
baboy
 Southeast Asian and Spanish influences: Afritada, empanada, paksiw, pan
de sal, kilawen, sinigang, and sisig.
 Unappetizing to the western palate: Balut, longanisa and dinuguan.

SNACKS AND DESSERTS
BEVERAGES CONDIMENTS

 Historians say that 80% of the Philippine cuisine originated from Spanish dishes like
Adobo (Spanish term for sauce)
 Almon Bigas
 Old tagalog dish that combines the secret food preparations of the Chinese,
Spaniards and Tagalogs
CHINESE
 Hopia – Rice Cake
AMERICAN
 Introduced fast food chains
Other dishes:
 Daing
 Nilagang baka
 Tinola
 Pinakbet

M. EDUCATION
 Influenced by Western and Eastern ideology and philosophy from US, spain
and its neighboring Asian countries.
 Nursery school to Kindergarten (4-5 yrs. Old)
 Elementary School (enters at 7 yrs. Old) - 6-9 yrs. Including grade 7 to 10 as
junior high school
 Senior High School ( 2 year course) – preparation for college with chosen
track such as ABM, STEM, HUMMSS and TECH-VOC
 College – students can make a choice to continue in college (3 to 5 yrs.) or
start working.
 Other type of schools: preparatory schools, international schools, laboratory
schools, science high schools and catholic schools.
 School year starts in June and ends on March, 2 month summer break from
April to May, 2 week semestral break in October, Christmas and new year
holidays.
 Some universities have copied Westernized academic calendar and now
start the school year in August

AMERICAN COLONIZATION
 English was introduced as the primary language of institution
and a system of public education was first established.
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Chartered on 1908, representing the first comprehensive public
university in the nation’s history
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
 Institutions that offers technical and vocational and practical
arts
 Programs offered vary in duration from a few weeks to 2 year
course.

N. SPORTS
 The Palarong Pambansa, a national sports festival started on 1948 but
became known on 1976. It serves as National Olympic Games for students.
 The year 2002 event included football, golf, archery, badminton, baseball,
chess, gymnastic, tennis, softball, swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, track
and field and volleyball.
 Arnis is a martial art which is the national sport of the philippines.

 Most popular sports: horse racing, sepak takraw, dodgeball and
cockfighting
 The Philippine National Basketball Team is a powerhouse in Asia and
has the best performance of all Asian teams in the Olympics and
the FIBA World Cup
 Filipinos have gained international success in sports mainly in:
BOXING: Manny Pacquiao, Flash Elorde and Francisco Guilledo
BASKETBALL: Carlos Loyzaga, Robert Jaworski and Ramon
Fernandez
FOOTBALL: Paulino Alcantara
BILLIARDS: Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante
TENPIN BOWLING: Rafael Nepomuceno
CHESS: Eugene Torre and Renato Naranja
MMA: Mark Munoz

PALARONG PAMBANSA
 First called as Bureau of Public Schools-Interscholastic Athletics
Association (BPSIAA) and changed as Palarong Pambansa on 1948.
 One of its objectives is to promote the spirit of discipline, teamwork,
excellence, fair play, solidarity, sportsmanship, and other values
inherent to sports.
OTHER SPORTS
SIKARAN – A form of kick boxing which utilizes only the feet and hands
are only used for blocking.
DUMOG – A Filipino style for wrestling while standing upwright
TRIVIA
 One of the greatest Filipino tennis player of all time, Felicisimo Ampon
with 4’11, shortest ever male competitor

O. TRADITIONAL FILIPINO
GAMES
LUKSONG TINIK YOYO PATINTERO

SUNGKA BAHAY KUBO TONG-ITS
PIKO PUSOY

 Games commonly played by children usually using native materials
or instruments
 Due to limited resources of toys, they usually invent games without
the need of anything but the players themselves.
 Laro ng Lahi was coined and popularized by the Samahang
Makasining with the help of National Commision for Culture and Arts
OTHER TRADITIONAL GAMES
 Syatong, Dama, Lusalos, Holen, Tumbag Preso, Turumpo,and Sipa
 One of the main reason why some children stop playing Filipino
games is because of western sports activities (basketball and
volleyball) are more prominent organized by local Barangays and in
Schools.

P. INDIGENOUS GROUP
Consist of a large number of
Austronesian ethnic groups
They are the descendants of the
original Austronesian inhabitants of
the Philippines, that settled thousand
years ago.

IGOROT
(HIGHLAND PEOPLE)
 A primitive ethnic group
ranged from various groups , a
group that includes Bontoc,
Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga
and Kankanaey who built the
rice terraces.
 Displayed a variety of native
cultural expressions and artistic
skills in production of bowls,
baskets, clothing and
weapons.

LUMAD
 People of the
highlands of
Mindanao
 Remained isolated
from Western and
eastern influences

 Philippines is culturally diverse country with an estimated 14-17 million
belonging to no ethno linguistic groups
 CAR (33%), Visayas (6%), Mindanao (61%)
 Some remain the most poor, least privileged and hindered members
of society and not affected by Spanish and American colonization
OTHER INDIGENOUS GROUPS
BADJAO – Known as the sea tribes
ATI AND TUMANDOK – From Panay Island and still carry animistic beliefs
and rituals
AETAS/AGTA/AYTA – Earliest known habitants of the country which are
nomadic and called by the Spanish “Negritos”

INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS OR
SHAMANISM
 Due to arrival of Christianity, Islam and other world religions, the
indigenous rituals and spiritual practices are fast disappearing.
 Cultural workers suggest the Paiwan Model, which are made by
Taiwanese government to preserve indigenous religions.
 The indigenous practices and shamanism of the Paiwan people of
Taiwan was the fastest declining religion in the country.
 Each indigenous religions is distinct from each other, possessing
unique epics and belief system

SHAMANISM / DAYAWISM
Gallant religions
that give thanks to
all living and non-
living things.

 They have regular sacrifices and prayers offered to calm deities and
spirits
 They are benevolent and some are malevolent
 Wood and metal images represented ancestral spirits, and no
distinction was made between the spirits and their physical symbol.
 Reward or punishment after death was dependent upon behavior
in this life
 PAG-IPAT - when a family member is ill, the belief is that ancestral
spirit (tinungunan) has caused disease. the ritual can last from a
day to several days performed by a folk healer.
SHAMAN/PRIEST
 Had the ability to develop anting-anting

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL
HERITAGE
 Philippines was invited by UNESCO to nominate intangible heritage
elements for the inclusion to the proclamation of Masterpieces of
the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
 This prompted the proclamation of the Hudhud Chant of Ifugao
(2001) and Darangen Epic Chants of Maranao (2005)
 “Punnuk”, tugging ritual of Ifugao was included (2015)
 The Pinagmulan was published on 2012
 2016, The Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage (PIICH)
LISTED 367 elements

 Between 2015 and 2017, UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural
Heritage Center Courier of Asia and the Pacific featured:
 Darangen Epic Chant
 Punnuk Tuggig Ritual
 Traditional healing practices (Manghihilot, Albularyo and
belief of Buhay na Tubig)
 Quezon city’s Baglan and Mandadawak
 Stone beliefs of the Itneg
 Mantatawak of Tagalog
 The Buklog of the Subanen people was nominated by the
National Commission for Culture and Arts in the list for
urgent safeguarding.

 These are oral traditions, expressions, social practices, performing
arts, rituals, knowledge and practices concerning nature and
universe.
 Some elements in the initial inventory include:
 INDARAPATA – a maranao folk narrative
 PECHEN – peace pact of Bontoc
 HINALAWOD EPIC – epic of Sulod of Panay
 KURATSA – dance of the Waray
 AGSANA – salt making of Ilocos Norte
 And various agricultural, burial and religious practices and
traditions of the country

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