fjncdjbcxfknvswykbfdbkvcsibcxjvxjbcfjcfbvbcjvgbcbbcbPrediction in petroleum simulations refers to the process of forecasting and estimating various aspects of oil and gas reservoir behavior and production performance using simulation models. Petroleum simulations involve modeling and simulating the complex processes that occur in underground reservoirs, such as fluid flow, phase behavior, rock properties, and well interactions. In the context of petroleum engineering, simulation models are used to predict and analyze key reservoir parameters and production behavior. These predictions can include: 1. Reservoir Performance: Simulation models can predict the behavior of fluids (oil, gas, and water) within the reservoir, including flow rates, pressure changes, and fluid movement. These predictions help engineers understand how the reservoir will perform over time, including factors such as production rates, recovery factors, and pressure depletion. 2. Well Performance: Simulations can predict the performance of individual wells, including productivity, pressure drawdown, and fluid compositions. This information is crucial for well planning, optimization, and decision-making related to drilling, completion, and production strategies. 3. Fluid Behavior: Simulation models can predict the behavior of hydrocarbon fluids under different reservoir conditions, such as phase behavior (vapor-liquid-gas equilibrium), fluid compositions, and fluid properties. This information is vital for understanding fluid flow, reservoir drive mechanisms, and the potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. 4. Reservoir Management: Simulations help in predicting the effectiveness of reservoir management strategies, such as water flooding, gas injection, or steam injection for enhanced oil recovery. Engineers can simulate different scenarios and predict their impact on reservoir performance, production rates, and ultimate recovery. 5. Uncertainty Analysis: Simulations can also incorporate uncertainty analysis to assess the range of possible outcomes and quantify the associated risks. By considering uncertainties in parameters such as reservoir properties or production data, engineers can generate probabilistic predictions that provide insights into the range of potential outcomes. Overall, prediction in petroleum simulations plays a crucial role in reservoir characterization, field development planning, production optimization, and decision-making in the oil and gas industry. It helps engineers and decision-makers understand reservoir behavior, evaluate different strategies, and make informed decisions to maximize hydrocarbon recovery and optimize production.define about prediction in simulationsPrediction in simulations refers to the process of estimating or forecasting the future behavior or outcomes of a system based on its current state and known dynamics. Simulations are often used to model complex systems, such as physical phenomena, economic systems, or

1. Project Proposal Title:
Using PLT Logging to evaluate and determine water zone inplace for three
oil wells at Amal field
Prepared by:
National Board for Technical & Vocational Education
College for Energy Technologies - Jikharra
Department of Oil and Gas Technology
Abdul Rhman Shawat Abdul Basit [2101192054]
Abd Elbasit Mohammed Hadia [2101191032]
Mortada Salem Muhammad [2101192127]
Moatasem Ahmed Mohammed [2101181034]
Supervised By: Ibrahim M. Yaquob
Spring : 2024

2.  Introduction
 Problem statement
 Objective of research
 Significance
 Background
 Methodology
 PLT
 Problems
 Timetables
 Amal Field data

3.  Introduction
 A Production Logging Tool (PLT) is any instrument that is used in the preparation
of production logs. These tools are run through wells that are complete and ready
to operate. These tools help in analyzing the dynamic well performance and also
determine the contribution of each in the total production or injection.
 Production logging tools (PLT) are run down the wellbore and record the
behavior and nature of fluids inside the well during production or injection..
These tools provide real-time production data and generate logs at continuous
intervals during the production. Some of the tools used include:
 Full bore flow meters
 Inline flow meters
 Basket flow meters
 Continuous flow meters

4.  Introduction
Full bore Spinner Basket flow meter continuous spinner Inline flow meter Diverter flow meter

5.  Problem statement
A distinction is made in the water encroachment in oil wells; water
is the unavoidable bottom water influx which helps to displace the
oil. On the other hand, the "bad water" is possibly avoidable water
which is produced by the phenomenon of the water coning or
"water fingering" in the high permeability layer(s). It is the "bad
water" caused by the water coning which is sought after to be shut
off or more precisely "delayed". The water coning is difficult to be
permanently avoided but can be delayed. The success of the water
shutoff should be judged by the incremental oil production due to
the increase in the oil production before the water coning again
returns.

6.  Objective of project
The objective of this study is to identify the excessive water from entering in
production oil well and to understand a water control technique in oil wells and the
methodology for identification and resolving the source of water production
problem. In this work, a dataset has been generated from Amal field and from
12/2007 to current time. This study also seeks, investigation of objectives
following:
 To monitor reservoir performance efficiency throughout the life of a well.
 To define completion problems which are detrimental to maximum well
Performance.
 To gauge treatment effectiveness by injection/production profiles.

7.  Significance
Production logging tools are one of the leading operating services especially for cased-hole
drilling, which entails monitoring the cement displacement, pipeline corrosion, and contacts.
Moreover, it has been utilized in the setting of the packers, plug equipment, and perforation
procedures. The most exceptional appeal of using production logging tools is to diagnose the
problems which are caused by production operations such as leakage and occurring cross flow
through the wellbore.

8.  Background
The main applications of production logging tools are determination of well
mechanical problems, analysis of the efficiency of completion processes,
observation and monitoring of the profiles of production and injection scenarios,
obtainment of the reservoir characteristics, and detection of cemented channels.
During production or injection profiling, a wide range of production logging tools
are used for all type of downhole environments in vertical, deviated, and horizontal
wells. Standard Production Logging tools are completely modular and combinable
with Array Production Logging sensors to provide accurate measurements of flow
velocity, gas hold up, fluid velocity and other auxiliary measurements. These tools
are conveyance independent and can be run in real time with E-line or in Memory
Production Logging (MPL) mode with similar data quality

9.  Background
Producer Well
1.GR
2.CCL
3.Caliper
4.Centralizers
5.Flow-meter ( spinner)
6.Temperature
7.Pressure
8.Density
9.Capacitance

10.  Methodology
PLT Tools – Standard tools
Gamma- Ray
Usually, the depth matching is done thanks to the GR log Needs to load the open
hole GR Could give good indications of water source if scales are radio actives with
gravel pack, Frac-Pack, the natural radioactivity is not more visible.
CCL
CCL could help in depth matching if particular completion elements can be
identified Perforations may sometimes.
Caliper
Caliper diameter is measured thickens to perpendicular arms Diameter is mandatory
to compute flow rate Even with an accurate completion sketch, caliper data has to
be examined Scales could be observed thanks to the caliper.
Centralizers
To keep the tool in the middle of the wellbore is important to get a representative
data (downhole recirculation).

11.  Methodology

12.  Methodology
The platform supports GOWell portfolio of Well Integrity tools and
can be customized for client specific processing measurements or
workflows, View offers a comprehensive view of well integrity data
through a consolidated analysis and visualization of cement, casing
and tubing conditions.

13.  Production logging tools (PLT)
Production logging tool which one primary function is to evaluate the flow of fluid
both in the wellbore and outside the pipe. As in most logging applications, we
measure certain physical properties and then use interpretation techniques to
determine reservoir characteristics and extent of mechanical problems.
Cross flow channeling Casing Leak

14.  Production logging tools (PLT)
There are many applications in both open hole and cased hole environments.
Openhole applications can include locating loss of circulation zones and
underground blowouts. Besides flow profiling in cased holes, other uses include
locating top of cement, evaluating gravel pack quality, location of perforations,
effectiveness of well treatments, and numerous others.
Coning up Coning down fracture

15.  Production logging tools (PLT)
Various types of production logging tools are listed below:
 Temperature logging
 Radioactive tracer logging
 Noise logging
 Focused gamma ray density logging
 Unfocused gamma ray density logging
 Fluid capacitance logging
 Fluid identification logging in high-angle wells
 Continuous and full-bore spinner flow meters
 Diverting spinner flow meter

16. Well select of PLT operations
Well productivity ( low , medium , high )
 Well trajectory ( vertical , deviated , horizontal )
 Well type ( injector , producer )
 Check the well sketch ( single completion , commingle )
 This well produce natural flow or Artificial lift
 If this well produce ( ESP ) , have Y- tools or not
 Well situation ( sand , asphalt )
 Production logging tools (PLT)

17.  Problems in project
The problems are expected due to working on this project
are:
 No PLT operations in Amal field these days, So, the project
will base on history data of PLT has done in 2021.
 Need to visit any contract company for more information
about tools and function of work.

18.  Timetable of project
Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul.
Proposal & Data
Gathering
Introduction
Lecture review
Data &
Methodology
Amal field
history
Case Study and
field visit
Result analysis
Thesis Preparation
Thesis Presentation
& Submission

19.  Amal field history
Amal Field is located along the eastern flank of the Sirte Basin in
Concession 12. As shown in fig1, it comprises an area about 120 km
by 35 km, and its production is grouped into 10 substations.
The Amal Field was discovered in 1959 and oil production started
1966 with a total of 165 wells, Amal “B” reservoir is located in the
southern most area reservoir of the Amal field. There are two main
producing formations, Maragh and Amal, Oil recovery mechanism
of Amal "B" reservoir. by an active bottom water drive.