The document discusses the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century when reason and science flourished. It mentions influential figures like Adam Smith, John Locke, and Sir Isaac Newton. It then covers Victorian values like family roles, morality, and restraint. It outlines Cesare Beccaria's views on deterrence in criminal punishment. Finally, it discusses Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian philosophy and his panoptic prison model that aimed to humanely reform prisoners through surveillance.