Students must submit a single electronic file containing two 1,250 word essays by April 5th, 2019 on two of the following topics: how Marxist ideas have been applied to understand crime and punishment; the differences between earlier 20th century cultural understandings of crime and modern cultural criminology; the policy implications of labelling theory; criticisms of control theories of crime; differences between right and left realist criminology; whether modern prisons are effective; how probation services have changed since the early 20th century; and shortcomings of modern rehabilitative approaches to punishment.