This document discusses quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research methods. It provides definitions and characteristics of each research paradigm. Quantitative research uses numerical data and focuses on variables, causation, and correlation. Qualitative research observes qualities in natural settings using phenomenology, ethnography, case studies, grounded theory, and historical research. Mixed research combines quantitative and qualitative methods to answer questions from multiple angles. The document explains key terms used in quantitative research and lists examples of different qualitative research methods. It emphasizes using different approaches to fully understand complex phenomena.

1. Sample of a Qualitative/Quantitative/Mixed
Research and Discusses its components"

2. Student
Nasser Alghadeeri
Ruwaid Alaa Ainaddin
Raja Hussain Alshammari
Mohammed Adel Aldawood
Faris Khalid M Alsuwaidi
Sadiq Habib Alqurain
Dr. Shakir Muhammad Usman

3. Learning Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of quantitative research
• List and explain the different types of variables used in quantitative
research
• Explain the difference between experimental and non experimental
research
• Describe the characteristics of qualitative research
• List and explain the differences among the different types of qualit
ative research
• Describe the characteristics of mixed research

4. What is a research paradigm
• The set of shared perspectives, values, assumptions, c
oncepts and practices shared by a community
• An approach to thinking about and doing research
What is meant by the “incompatibility thesis”?
• A notion or belief that both quantitative and and qualitative resear
ch cannot exist in the same research study. (An either-or position)
• The incompatibility thesis has been pushed out of favor by pragm
atism, which states that whichever approach, even a mixture, that
best answers the question should be used.

5. The Research Continuum
• Quantitative research
• Mixed research
• Qualitative research
Salient characteristics of the three paradigms
 Uses numerical data
 A “narrow-angle lens”
Quantitative
Mixed
 A Blend of both numerical and naturalistic observation
 Borrows from both ends of the continuum
Qualitative
 Observes qualities in their “natural setting”
 Uses verstehen “wearing the other person’s shoes”

6. Emphasis of each Research Paradigm

7. Research Paradigm Emphasis Continued…

8. Research Paradigm Emphasis Continued…

9. Research Paradigm Emphasis Continued…

10. Quantitative Research Methods Terms
• Variable: Condition or characteristic that can take on different value
s or categories
• Constant: A single category of a variable
• Quantitative Variable: Varies by degree or amount (e.g. income)
• Categorical Variable: Varies by type or kind (e.g. religion)
• Independent Variable: Presumed to change another variable
• Dependent Variable: Influenced by independent variable

11. Quantitative Research: Cause and Effect
• Changes in independent variable produce changes in depende
nt variable (one changes causes another)
• Example: More fertilizer produces bigger plants

12. Quantitative Research: Correlation Coefficients
• Positive correlation: When the variable move in the same direction
• Negative correlation: When the variables move in opposite directions
• Strength of correlation: Ranges from +1 to -1 with 0 representing no
correlation at all
Qualitative Research Methods
• Phenomenology: How does the experience of a phenomenon affect
something?
• Example: How does divorce affect learning?
• Ethnography: Interest in how a group’s culture influences a question
• Example: Do skateboarders have a better innate understanding of
physics?

13. Qualitative Research Methods
• Case Study Research: Detailed account(s) of one or more cases
• Example: Students using filmmaking to learn science
• Grounded theory: Generating and developing a theory from qualitative
research
• Example: Factors that affect student’s homework turn-in rate
• Historical Research: Research about people, places and events from
the past
• Example: How did Sputnik affect science education?

14. Mixed Research
• Fundamental principle of mixed research: It is wise to collect multiple
sets of data using different research methods to “cover holes” that m
ight exist with only one type of research.
• Allows confidence to be placed in findings arrived at from more than
one angle.
• If data suggests conflicting conclusions, then more research will be n
eeded to explore the phenomenon.
• The mixed approach often best answers questions in a complex and
ever-changing world.

15. Thank you