Mixed method by Dr.Johan @ Eddy Luaran

1. Mixed methods research
Hafiz, Luthfi, Amirul, Aiman
ED702
ED7701A1

2. MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
What does it mean?
- Involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative
methods in a single study.
- Those who engage in such research argues that the
use of both methods provides a more complete
understanding of research problems than does the
use of either one.

3. • Started in the early 1950s.
• only has achieved a significant place in
educational research.
• The first journal devoted to it began
publication in 2005.
• There are different views to what
a MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is.
What does it mean?

4. Examples of the kinds of mixed-methods studies
• “Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies in
Research on Teachers’ Lives, Work, and Effectiveness.”
• “Closed and Open-Ended Question Tools in a Telephone
Survey About ‘The Good Teacher’.”
• “Emotions and Change During Professional Development for
Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study’.”
• “Telling It All: A Story of Women’s Social Capital Using a Mixed
Methods Approach’.”

5. There are different views to what a
MIXED METHOD RESEARCH is.
• Numerical and statistical analysis.
• In-depth information, often in narrative form,
frequently obtained through the analysis of
written communication.

6. What does it mean?
- Qualitative – Developing a holistic picture and
analysis of the phenomenon being studied with an
emphasis on ‘thick’ rather than ‘selective’
description.
• - Quantitative – Observation and interviewing,
prominent instruments used in qualitative research,
are also commonly found in quantitative studies.

7. Why do mixed-methods
research
IT HAS SEVERAL STRENGTHS:
1. Clarify and explain relationships
found to exist between variables.
2. Explore relationships between variables IN DEPTH.
3. Mixed method studies can help to confirm or
cross-validate relationships discovered between
variables, as when quantitative and qualitative
methods are compared to see if they converge
on a single interpretation of a phenomenon.

8. Drawbacks of Mixed-Method Studies.
• You might ask “Why all research problems are
not addressed using mixed methods designs?”
1. Extremely time-consuming and expensive to
carry out.
2. Many researchers are only experienced in
only one type of research.

9. Avoiding the drawbacks
• 1. Multiple researchers with differing areas of
expertise work as a team.
• 2. Better off doing a purely quantitative or
qualitative study and doing it well.

11. 1)THE EXPLORATORY DESIGN
• Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze data
separately)
• QUALITATIVE data collection precedes quantitative data
collection.
• Greater emphasis is placed on the QUALITATIVE data in the
study.
• Example: You first conduct interviews and then follow up
with a few individuals who answered positively to the
questions by giving out survey forms.

12. • SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY DESIGN
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
QUAL DATA
COLLECTION
QUAL DATA
ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA
COLLECTION
QUAN DATA
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION

13. 2) THE EXPLANATORY DESIGN
• Viewing the study as a two-phase project. (analyze data
separately)
• Collecting QUAN data first followed by collecting QUAL
data second
• Greater emphasis is placed on the QUAN data in the
study
• Example: You first conduct a survey and then follow up
with a few individuals who answered positively to the
questions through interviews.

14. SEQUENTIAL OF EXPLORATORY
DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
QUAL DATA
COLLECTION
QUAL DATA
ANALYSIS
QUAN DATA
COLLECTION
QUAN DATA
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION

15. 3) THE TRIANGULATION DESIGN
• Collecting both QUAN and QUAL data
• Collecting these data at the same time in the research
procedure
• Analyzing the QUAN and QUAL data separately
• Comparing or combining the results of the QUAN and
QUAL analysis
• Example: collect survey data (quantitative) and collect
individual interviews (qualitative) and then compare the
results

16. SEQUENTIAL OF TRIANGULATION
DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
QUAN DATA COLLECTION QUAL DATA COLLECTION
QUAN DATA ANALYZE QUAL DATA ANALYZE
DATA RESULTS ARE
COMPARED/COMBINED

17. OTHER MIXED-METHODS RESEARCH
DESIGN ISSUES
“I’m Aiman”
- Advocacy lenses -
- Sampling -
- Mixed-model studies -

18. - Advocacy lenses -
• Presence or absence of an ‘advocacy lens’ – a factor used to categorized
the mixed-method designs.
• Occurs when – the researcher’s worldview implies that the purpose of
the research is to recommend the improved treatment to participants in
the world outside the research.
• ‘Worldview’ is a comprehensive view of the world and human life.
– (including everything)
• Example of worldview that involve advocacy lens are:
– feminist theory, race-based theory and critical theory

19. • Example of research:
• A research wanted to triangulating(dividing) quantitative and qualitative
methods.
• A research on the student academic performance.
• Between white suburban school with primarily black inner-city (poorer
central section of city) school.
• Purposes of research might be:-
– Improve condition and academic school black inner-city student

20. - SAMPLING -
• Qualitative researchers - use purposive sampling.
– Researchers select participants who have experience with central concept being
investigate.
– Small sample size (to get considerable amount of details)
• Quantitative researchers - choose individual who are representative of a
larger population.
– to get generalize result
• Generally random sampling strategies are preferred, however, it is often not
suitable in educational research.
• Thus, convenience, systematic or purposive sampling must be used.
• Sample sizes are much larger than qualitative studies.

21. • Example of the research
• A researcher might randomly select two high schools for the study
on drug. (suburban schools)
• Survey the 800 graduating.
• Then conduct six focus group using purposive sample of students.
• Finally conclude by randomly selecting 40 students as subjects.
• *researcher must make a number of decisions with regard to
sampling before beginning a mixed-methods study.

22. - MIXED-MODEL STUDIES -
• Tashakkori and Teddlie (1998) defined
– Mixed model studies as those that ‘combine qualitative and quantitative aproches within
several different phases of the research proses.
• Single study- involve an experimental study, then qualitative data
collection after it has been converted to numbers.
• Mixed-model study- qualitative and quantitative study ma be
addressed in three phases. (refer book page 563)
• Complicated system for classifying research design.
– Because the three phases occur very rarely in practice.

23. STEPS IN CONDUCTING A MIXED-METHODS STUDY

24. EVALUATINGA
MIXED-METHODSSTUDY

25. EVALUATINGA
MIXED-METHODSSTUDY

26. - ETHICS IN MIXED-METHODS
RESEAERCH -
• Three ethical concern
• Protecting participant identity
– privacy
• Treating participants with respect
– sensitivity
• Protecting participants from both physical and psychological
harm
– Injury and pressure

27. - SUMMARY -
• Mixed method studies becoming popular and common in
educational research.
• The values lies in combining qualitative and quantitative
methods (complement each other)
• Requires time, energy and resources in both quantitative and
qualitative methods.