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Cr java concept by vikas jagtap
1.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:1 CORE-JAVA By SimiBy Simi
2.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:2 First, a bit of background… 11stst Generation – machine languageGeneration – machine language (raw machine code – lots of binary 0100101010001000111) 22ndnd Generation – assembly languageGeneration – assembly language (mnemonic representation – short series of chars to represent binary) 33rdrd Generation – structured programmingGeneration – structured programming (e.g. Pascal, C, C++, Java) 44thth Generation – application specificGeneration – application specific (SQL, Mathematica, RPG II, PostScript) 55thth Generation – combining artificial intelligenceGeneration – combining artificial intelligence (best not mentioned…)
3.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:3 Towards Structured Programming As computer programs become largerAs computer programs become larger and more complex, more errors areand more complex, more errors are introduced.introduced. It has been estimated that there are 15It has been estimated that there are 15 bugs in every 1000 lines of commercialbugs in every 1000 lines of commercial code.code. Windows 2000 had 40 million lines ofWindows 2000 had 40 million lines of code!code! Most bugs are caused by poor memoryMost bugs are caused by poor memory management.management.
4.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:4 Contd: Clearly there is a need for a structuredClearly there is a need for a structured programming language that helps inprogramming language that helps in reducing the number of errors andreducing the number of errors and speeds development for programmingspeeds development for programming teams.teams. CC →→ C++C++ →→ JavaJava
5.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:5 Contd: Functional ProgrammingFunctional Programming →→ ObjectObject OrientationOrientation ““C makes it easy to shoot yourself in theC makes it easy to shoot yourself in the foot; C++ makes it harder, but when itfoot; C++ makes it harder, but when it happens you tend to take off the wholehappens you tend to take off the whole leg!”leg!”
6.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:6 What is Object-Oriented code? Procedural coding is just a list of instructions.Procedural coding is just a list of instructions. Object-oriented code has a lot of similarity withObject-oriented code has a lot of similarity with code from other procedural languages.code from other procedural languages. Basically, a lot of the ‘words’ are the same but theBasically, a lot of the ‘words’ are the same but the way the words are put together (the structure) isway the words are put together (the structure) is different.different.
7.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:7 Contd: Object-oriented coding does also contain lists ofObject-oriented coding does also contain lists of instructions but these lists are bound to specificinstructions but these lists are bound to specific objects.objects. What an object actually represents is up to theWhat an object actually represents is up to the programmer.programmer.
8.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:8 Simple Example AA car is an object (in the real world) and in ourcar is an object (in the real world) and in our program we can make a software object toprogram we can make a software object to represent it.represent it. Fundamentally, an object contains data andFundamentally, an object contains data and methods which can act on that data.methods which can act on that data. The data we might want to have in our ‘software’The data we might want to have in our ‘software’ car could be things like: body colour, engine size,car could be things like: body colour, engine size, current speed, whether it has electric windows etc.current speed, whether it has electric windows etc. Basically it’s up to you.Basically it’s up to you.
9.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:9 Simple Example The methods we might want our ‘car’ to haveThe methods we might want our ‘car’ to have could be things like: accelerate, brake, respraycould be things like: accelerate, brake, respray body, open passenger window etc. Again, it’s up tobody, open passenger window etc. Again, it’s up to you.you. Whatever you need your software car to modelWhatever you need your software car to model from the real world object must be present in yourfrom the real world object must be present in your code.code. The OO syntax enables you to do this intuitively.The OO syntax enables you to do this intuitively.
10.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:10 What technology does it replace? Procedural programming (C, Visual Basic, FortranProcedural programming (C, Visual Basic, Fortran etc.)etc.) In procedural programming, functions were theIn procedural programming, functions were the most important part of the software.most important part of the software. Where and how the data was stored was secondaryWhere and how the data was stored was secondary (at best).(at best). Procedural code is process-oriented, OO code isProcedural code is process-oriented, OO code is data-oriented.data-oriented. In procedural programming, if your code is in errorIn procedural programming, if your code is in error then it is relatively easy to fix but incorrect datathen it is relatively easy to fix but incorrect data may bemay be impossibleimpossible to fix!to fix!
11.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:11 Java (why use it?) Advantages over C & C++Advantages over C & C++ WORA - Write Once, Run Anywhere (portable).WORA - Write Once, Run Anywhere (portable). Security (can run “untrusted” code safely).Security (can run “untrusted” code safely). Robust memory management (opaque references,Robust memory management (opaque references, automatic garbage collection)automatic garbage collection) Network-centric programming.Network-centric programming.
12.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:12 Java (why use it?) Multi-threaded (multiple simultaneous tasks).Multi-threaded (multiple simultaneous tasks). Dynamic & extensible.Dynamic & extensible. Classes stored in separate files Loaded only when needed Can dynamically extend itself to expand its functionality (even over a network and the Internet!)
13.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:13 How does it help? Large projects can be broken down into modulesLarge projects can be broken down into modules more easily.more easily. Aids understanding.Aids understanding. Groupwork is easier.Groupwork is easier. Less chance of data corruption.Less chance of data corruption. Aids reusability/extensibility.Aids reusability/extensibility. Maintaining code is far easier.Maintaining code is far easier. Hides implementation details (just need to knowHides implementation details (just need to know what methods to call but no need to understandwhat methods to call but no need to understand how the methods work to use them).how the methods work to use them).
14.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:14 What is Java? Java (with a capital J) is a high-level, third generation programming language, like C, Fortran, Smalltalk, Perl, and many others. You can use Java to write computer applications that crunch numbers, process words, play games, store data or do any of the thousands of other things computer software can do.
15.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:15 Contd: Compared to other programming languages, Java is most similar to C. However although Java shares much of C's syntax, it is not C. Knowing how to program in C or, better yet, C++, will certainly help you to learn Java more quickly, but you don't need to know C to learn Java. Unlike C++ Java is not a superset of C.
16.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:16 Contd: A Java compiler won't compile C code, and most large C programs need to be changed substantially before they can become Java programs. What's most special about Java in relation to other programming languages is that it lets you write special programs called applets that can be downloaded from the Internet and played safely within a web browser.
17.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:17 Applets embed into web page using applet tagembed into web page using applet tag <APPLET src = "myprogram.class" width = "100" height = "100"> < /APPLET> source code extends Java Applet classsource code extends Java Applet class has skeleton user interfacehas skeleton user interface programmer can add code to be executedprogrammer can add code to be executed when applet is initialised and paintedwhen applet is initialised and painted programmer can easily add GUI componentsprogrammer can easily add GUI components such as buttons, labels, textfields, scrollbars….such as buttons, labels, textfields, scrollbars…. and respond to their eventsand respond to their events
18.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:18 Java applications stand-alone programsstand-alone programs not GUI by defaultnot GUI by default text input and output to a console can add user interface components execution always starts at aexecution always starts at a main()main() methodmethod
19.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:19 Applets vs. applications Java appletsJava applets a program embedded into a web page download and run on user's browser (or applet viewer) internet programming
20.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:20 Applets vs. Applications Java applicationsJava applications stand-alone programs – Java is a fully-fledged programming language many Java class libraries for GUI, graphics, networking data structures database connectivity we will be writing applications in thiswe will be writing applications in this module.module.
21.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:21 A Brief History January 1996: first official release JDK 1.0 February 1997: JDK 1.1 May 2000: J2SDK v1.3 May 2001: J2SDK v1.4 beta 2002(?): J2SDK v1.5
22.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:22 Java is a Platform Java (with a capital J) is a platform for application development. A platform is a loosely defined computer industry buzzword that typically means some combination of hardware and system software that will mostly run all the same software.
23.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:23 Java is a Platform Java solves the problem of platform- independence by using byte code. The Java compiler does not produce native executable code for a particular machine like a C compiler would. Instead it produces a special format called byte code. Java byte code written in hexadecimal, byte by byte, looks like this: CA FE BA BE 00 03 00 2D 00 3E 08 00 3B 08 00 01 08 00 20 08
24.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:24 This looks a lot like machine language, but unlike machine language Java byte code is exactly the same on every platform. This byte code fragment means the same thing on a Solaris workstation as it does on a Macintosh PowerBook.
25.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:25 Java is a Platform Java programs that have been compiled into byte code still need an interpreter to execute them on any given platform. The interpreter reads the byte code and translates it into the native language of the host machine. The most common such interpreter is Sun's program java (with a little j)
26.
Copyrights© 2008 BVU Amplify
DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:26 Java is a Platform Since the byte code is completely platform independent, only the interpreter and a few native libraries need to be ported to get Java to run on a new computer or operating system. The rest of the runtime environment including the compiler and most of the class libraries are written in Java. All these pieces, the javac compiler, the java interpreter, the Java programming language, and more are collectively referred to as Java.
27.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:27 Java is Simple Java is an excellent teaching language, and an excellent choice with which to learn programming. The language is small so it's easy to become fluent. The language is interpreted so the compile-run-link cycle is much shorter.
28.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:28 Java is Platform Independent Java was designed to not only be cross- platform in source form like C, but also in compiled binary form. Since this is frankly impossible across processor architectures Java is compiled to an intermediate form called byte-code. A Java program never really executes natively on the host machine. Rather a special native program called the Java interpreter reads the byte code and executes the corresponding native machine instructions.
29.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:29 Java is Platform Independent Thus to port Java programs to a new platform all that is needed is to port the interpreter and some of the library routines. Even the compiler is written in Java. The byte codes are precisely defined, and remain the same on all platforms.
30.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:30 Java is Platform Independent The second important part of making Java cross-platform is the elimination of undefined or architecture dependent constructs. Integers are always four bytes long, and floating point variables follow the IEEE 754 standard for computer arithmetic exactly. You don't have to worry that the meaning of an integer is going to change if you move from a Pentium to a PowerPC. In Java everything is guaranteed.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:31 Java is High Performance Java byte codes can be compiled on the fly to code that rivals C++ in speed using a "just-in- time compiler.“ Several companies are also working on native- machine-architecture compilers for Java. These will produce executable code that does not require a separate interpreter, and that is indistinguishable in speed from C++.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:32 Java is Multi-Threaded Java is inherently multi-threaded. A single Java program can have many different threads executing independently and continuously. Three Java applets on the same page can run together with each getting equal time from the CPU with very little extra effort on the part of the programmer.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:33 Java is Dynamic(ly linked) Java does not have an explicit link phase. Java source code is divided into .java files, roughly one per each class in your program. The compiler compiles these into .class files containing byte code. Each .java file generally produces exactly one .class file.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:34 Java is Dynamic(ly linked) The compiler searches the current directory and directories specified in the CLASSPATH environment variable to find other classes explicitly referenced by name in each source code file. If the file you're compiling depends on other, non-compiled files the compiler will try to find them and compile them as well.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:35 Java is Garbage Collected You do not need to explicitly allocate or deallocate memory in Java. Memory is allocated as needed, both on the stack and the heap, and reclaimed by the garbage collector when it is no longer needed. There's no malloc(), free(), or destructor methods.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:36 Characteristics of Java • Simple • Object-oriented • Compiled • Architecture neutral • Garbage collected • Multi-threaded • Robust • Secure • Extensible
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:37 Packages • Java provides mechanisms to organize large- scale programs in a logical and maintainable fashion. – Class --- highly cohesive functionalities – File --- one class or more closely related classes – Package --- a collection of related classes or packages
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:38 A simple Java application class HelloJava { public static void main (String args[]) { System.out.println("Hello Java!"); } }
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:39 Writing Java code When you've chosen your text editor, type or copy the above program into a new file. Like C and unlike Fortran, Java is case sensitive so System.out.println is not the same as system.out.println. CLASS is not the same as class, and so on. there are three steps to creating a Java program: – writing the code – compiling the code – running the code
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:40 First Java Program Under Windows, it's similar. You just do this in a DOS shell. C:> javac HelloWorld.java C:> java HelloWorld Hello World C:> • Notice that you use the .java extension when compiling a file, but you do not use the .class extension when running a file.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:41 First Java Program Under Windows (98 and before) you set the CLASSPATH environment variable with a DOS command like C:> SET CLASSPATH=C:JDKJAVACLASSES;c:javalib classes.zip For Newer Windows platforms (including Windows XP), type the following- C:> set path=C:j2sdk1.4.0-rcbin And press ENTER (where j2sdk1.4.0 is the folder in your root (C:>) drive, where Java2SDK is installed)
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:42 First Java Program The CLASSPATH variable is also important when you run Java applets, not just when you compile them. It tells the web browser or applet viewer where it should look to find the referenced .class files. If the CLASSPATH is set improperly, you'll probably see messages like "Applet could not start."
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:43 If the CLASSPATH environment variable has not been set, and you do not specify one on the command line, then Java sets the CLASSPATH to the default.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:44 The class and its method in JAVA name of class is same as name of filename of class is same as name of file (which has(which has ..java extension)java extension) body of class surrounded by { }body of class surrounded by { } this class has one method called mainthis class has one method called main all Java applications must have a main method in one of the classes execution starts here body of method within { } all other statements end with semicolon;all other statements end with semicolon;
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:45 Java keywords keywords appear in boldkeywords appear in bold reserved by Java for predefined purpose don’t use them for your own variable, attribute or method names! publicpublic visibility could be private
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:46 Java keywords voidvoid method does not return a value staticstatic the main method belongs to the Hello class, and not an instance (object) of the class.
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:47 Comments important for documentation!!!!important for documentation!!!! ignored by compilerignored by compiler //// single line (or part of line)single line (or part of line) /* multiple line comments go here/* multiple line comments go here everything between the markseverything between the marks is ignored */is ignored */
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DITM Core JavaCore Java Page:48 THANK YOUTHANK YOU
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