Privacy right under it act, 2000 and under other lawNitya Nand Pandey
After coming the computer age our privacy is not so secure. We are bening followed and traced if we are using multimedia mobile with internet connection. What are the remedies against this, this Notes reply.
Whether legal jurisdiction is able to check cyber-crime where there are no territorial borders and even where the criminal does not have any physical presence in the forum
Important section of IT Act 2000 & IPC sections related to cyber law. KOMALMALLIK
Important section of IT Act 2000 & IPC sections related to cyber law. these will help each one of us and give us details about these which are very important in our life.
The most common stumbling points and effective ways to get past them; DAS system leasing for in-building networks as a growth area; advice on problematic situations of concern to members of the audience
April 2011 - Business Law & Order - Richard (Rick) HoffmannAnnArborSPARK
This is the much anticipated sequel to SPARK’s smash hit IP–1 session last Fall. In this installment, we have assembled a star-studded cast of IP experts to discuss the ins and outs of licensing intellectual property (IP), as well as a “best practices” approach to avoiding the dreaded “cease & desist” letter from a competitor. Matt Bell from the UofM Tech Transfer Office will talk about the many opportunities that exist for entrepreneurs to acquire cutting edge technology from universities, and to engage university researchers to solve specific technical problems. Attorney Mark G. Malven will cover IP licensing for entrepreneurs. Attorney Richard (Rick) Hoffmann will share ways that startups and emerging businesses can reduce the risk of infringing third-party IP rights.
28 Nov 2012 1ABCT Weekly Newsletter: please pass along to Soldiers, Family and Friends of 1ABCT. You can always stay up to date with local events by going to 1st Infantry Division page at http://www.riley.army.mil/default.aspx or if you are having issues reading this you can click on this link to read the weekly news. http://www.riley.army.mil/UnitPage.aspx?unit=1bct
Privacy right under it act, 2000 and under other lawNitya Nand Pandey
After coming the computer age our privacy is not so secure. We are bening followed and traced if we are using multimedia mobile with internet connection. What are the remedies against this, this Notes reply.
Whether legal jurisdiction is able to check cyber-crime where there are no territorial borders and even where the criminal does not have any physical presence in the forum
Important section of IT Act 2000 & IPC sections related to cyber law. KOMALMALLIK
Important section of IT Act 2000 & IPC sections related to cyber law. these will help each one of us and give us details about these which are very important in our life.
The most common stumbling points and effective ways to get past them; DAS system leasing for in-building networks as a growth area; advice on problematic situations of concern to members of the audience
April 2011 - Business Law & Order - Richard (Rick) HoffmannAnnArborSPARK
This is the much anticipated sequel to SPARK’s smash hit IP–1 session last Fall. In this installment, we have assembled a star-studded cast of IP experts to discuss the ins and outs of licensing intellectual property (IP), as well as a “best practices” approach to avoiding the dreaded “cease & desist” letter from a competitor. Matt Bell from the UofM Tech Transfer Office will talk about the many opportunities that exist for entrepreneurs to acquire cutting edge technology from universities, and to engage university researchers to solve specific technical problems. Attorney Mark G. Malven will cover IP licensing for entrepreneurs. Attorney Richard (Rick) Hoffmann will share ways that startups and emerging businesses can reduce the risk of infringing third-party IP rights.
28 Nov 2012 1ABCT Weekly Newsletter: please pass along to Soldiers, Family and Friends of 1ABCT. You can always stay up to date with local events by going to 1st Infantry Division page at http://www.riley.army.mil/default.aspx or if you are having issues reading this you can click on this link to read the weekly news. http://www.riley.army.mil/UnitPage.aspx?unit=1bct
APPLICAZIONI INTERNET A SERVIZIO DELLA PROMOZIONE TURISTICA
Strumenti e opportunità per la rete di informazione turistica regionale
Bologna, 17 gennaio 2011
Intervento a cura di Cristina Ceccarelli
Redazione Web Turismo Comune di Cervia
seminario promosso dalla Regione Emilia Romagna, organizzato da E-Gov Maggioli Editore
Moderatore: Claudio Forghieri
28 March 2012 1HBCT Weekly News Update: please pass along to Soldiers, Family and Friends of 1HBCT. You can always stay up to date with local events by going to 1st Infantry Division page at http://www.riley.army.mil/default.aspx or if you are having issues reading this you can click on this link to read the weekly news. http://www.riley.army.mil/UnitPage.aspx?unit=1bct. We are always up and posting new information on FaceBook! Join us on the Official 1HBCT FaceBook Page at www.facebook.com/1HBCTDEVILBRIGADE?v=wall&ref-sgm
Presentation on the State of Social to seniors at DePaul University that expands beyond the idea that social is contained only to Facebook and Twitter.
16 May 2012 1HBCT Weekly News Update: please pass along to Soldiers, Family and Friends of 1HBCT. You can always stay up to date with local events by going to 1st Infantry Division page at http://www.riley.army.mil/default.aspx or if you are having issues reading this you can click on this link to read the weekly news. http://www.riley.army.mil/UnitPage.aspx?unit=1bct.
Vancouver, BC – August 11, 2011. The British Columbia Real Estate Association (BCREA) reports that Multiple Listing Service® (MLS®) residential unit sales in the province rose 12.9 per cent to 6,533 units in July compared to the same month last year. The average MLS® residential price climbed 10 per cent to 540,877 last month compared to July 2010.
The cyber threat to our Army and Nation is pervasive and most often target, human behavior through social engineering. The best mitigation measure for this risk is to increase cyber awareness by educating our Soldiers, Family Members, Government Civilians, and Contractors. HQDA has directed Army Antiterrorism Quarterly Theme Cyber Threat Awareness (2Q/FY13). For more information on Cyber Security, visit http://www.staysafeonline.org/stay-safe-online/
Ft Riley hosts a monthly Network Meeting at Riley’s Conference Center to share information about local agencies on and off post that have events, functions, and information. The next Network meeting is Sept 27th at 1030- Free childcare with RSVP and this is open to everyone! Please take a moment to look thru the slides and also note that the majority of these are also listed in the monthly albums on our FB!
El desarrollo de las personas de nuestra empresa debe ser una preocupacion actual, por ello considero pertinente compartir mi enfoque de las competencias genericas que un gerente en marketing debe desarrollar y maximizarlas en beneficio de nuestros clientes (internos y externos) y nuestra compañia
The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) offers legal, ethical and practical guidance for public relations professionals who record conversations and media interviews to ensure accuracy in reporting and transcription.
Your Rights When Performing A Freedom Of Speech Event In A Public Venueguest07b3f268
A guide to help you know your rights when out in the public domain so that you don’t break the law and so that your rights don’t get breached by the police and members of the public.
Marcia Hofmann is a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, where she works on a broad range of digital civil liberties issues including computer security, electronic privacy, free expression, and copyright. She is also a non-residential fellow at the Stanford Law School Center for Internet and Society and an adjunct professor at the University of California Hastings College of the Law. She tweets about law and technology issues at @marciahofmann.
Legal Issues in Mobile Security Researchmarciahofmann
I gave this talk at CanSecWest in 2012. Abstract:
This presentation will identify and discuss sticky legal problems raised by researching the security of mobile devices. Using American law as a jumping-off point, I'll discuss common legal issues that arise in mobile security research such as jailbreaking, reverse engineering, and interception of communications. We'll also talk about practical ways to reduce the risks of your research so that you can go about your work with less potential for legal trouble.
2014 Crowdfunding and Intellectual Property 101Charles Mudd
A presentation from 2014 on intellectual property concerns and crowdfunding in which I addressed copyright, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, the DMCA, and litigation.
Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you should be ab.docxsmile790243
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the business tort of misappropriating a trade secret.
2. Describe how an invention can be patented under federal patent laws and the penalties for patent infringement.
3. List the items that can be copyrighted and describe the penalties of copyright infringement.
4. Define trademark and service mark and describe the penalties for trademark infringement.
5. Define cyber piracy and describe the penalties for engaging in cyber infringement of intellectual property rights.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Intellectual Property and Cyber Piracy
2. Intellectual Property
3. Trade Secret
1. Ethics • Coca-Cola Employee Tries to Sell Trade Secrets to Pepsi-Cola
4. Patent
1. Case 7.1 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
2. Contemporary Environment • Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA)
5. Copyright
1. Critical Legal Thinking Case • BMG Music v. Gonzalez
2. Case 7.2 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Digital Law • Digital Millennium Copyright Act
6. Trademark
1. Case 7.3 • Intel Corporation v. Intelsys Software, LLC
2. Case 7.4 • V Secret Catalogue, Inc. and Victoria’s Secret Stores, Inc. v. Moseley
3. Global Law • International Protection of Intellectual Property
“The Congress shall have the power . . . to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.”
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution
Introduction to Intellectual Property and Cyber Piracy
The U.S. economy is based on the freedom of ownership of property. In addition to real estate and personal property, intellectual property rights have value to both businesses and individuals. This is particularly the case in the modern era of the Information Age, computers, and the Internet.
Federal law provides protections for intellectual property rights, such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Certain federal statutes provide for either civil damages or criminal penalties, or both, to be assessed against infringers of patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Trade secrets form the basis of many successful businesses, and they are protected from misappropriation. State law imposes civil damages and criminal penalties against persons who misappropriate trade secrets.
“And he that invents a machine augments the power of a man and the well-being of mankind.”
Henry Ward Beecher
Proverbs from Plymouth Pulpit—Business
This chapter discusses trade secrets, patents, copyrights, and trademarks and how to protect them from infringement, misappropriation, and cyber piracy.
Intellectual Property
Intellectual property is a term that describes property that is developed through an intellectual and creative process. Intellectual property falls into a category of property known as intangible rights, which are not tang ...
Background TLG has explained to the GC owners that it is vital to ucameroncourtney45
Background: TLG has explained to the GC owners that it is vital to understand the legal system and processes, including the court system and jurisdiction of the courts. This is especially important as GC plans to conduct business over the internet and thus, will have potential transactions throughout the U.S. and, possibly, globally.
For an in initial meeting between GC owners and TLG, Winnie and Ralph asked you to present an overview of the law and the legal system. You explained federalism, common law, and the court system.
In addition, your presentation discussed the nature of law and the legal process. Some of the points included in your presentation are:
(1) the primary purpose of law is to establish a set of rules and guidelines for Society to promote order and to create parameters for acceptable and prohibited behavior;
(2) laws are inevitably subject to interpretation and reinterpretation by courts;
(3) laws must be reasonably specific, and yet sufficiently general, with an inherent flexibility, to withstand the rigors of interpretation and the "test of time";
(4) laws that strike a balance as described in (3) above, usually endure as relevant, applicable rules, even with societal changes and reinterpretations;
• example: arguably, the U.S. Constitution has withstood the test of time, partly because of an inherent balance of specificity, generality, and flexibility
(5) laws are promulgated and interpreted by human beings, and thus, are imperfect;
(6) some laws have a worthy purpose, but are difficult to adequately enforce, i.e., speed limit laws;
(7) all laws are not necessarily ethical; some conduct can be legal, but considered unethical;
(8) U.S. law has a very dominant protective purpose – protecting all citizens, as well as providing special protections for certain groups of people, in certain circumstances, i.e., minors;
(9) fairness to all is a primary goal of law, but what is fair to one group may be unfair to another group; what is fair in one situation may be unfair in another situation - every right granted to an individual or group, to some extent, impinges on the rights of another individual or group;
(10) legislatures enacting laws, and courts interpreting laws, must weigh and balance the right(s) granted v. the rights restricted by a specific law to determine if the law is justifiable and fair - this weighing and balancing involves determining if there a compelling public interest or purpose for the law that justifies granting certain rights while restricting other rights;
• example: highway speed limit laws protect everyone (drivers, passengers, and pedestrians), but also restrict the freedom of drivers to drive at a speed of their choice - on balance, the restriction is easily justified as there is an important purpose in protecting drivers, passengers, and pedestrians
• example: laws that prohibit alcohol consumption/purchase by minors grant rights to those 21 years and older, and restr ...
ODI Queensland - Open Data Essentials - Law and LicensingAusGOAL
This presentation was conducted for ODI Queensland by Baden Appleyard. It examines the law and licensing issues associated with open data, in particular from a Queensland perspective. It was presented on 21 October 2015. Links to further resources exist within the presentation.
10 Criminology in the FutureCriminology in the FutureKristop.docxhyacinthshackley2629
10 Criminology in the Future
Criminology in the Future
Kristopher Freitag, Javielle Watson, Michael Westphal, Starcia Zeigler
CJA/314
April 7, 2014
Judy Mazzucca
Technology is advancing in every aspect of the criminal justice system, from the investigation to the prosecution of the crimes. Crime fighting methodologies have the potential to greatly assist law enforcement in the war on crime. Some experts even think that some software and tools will be able to help prevent crime. (Yeung, n.d.). Methodologies, such as mandating DNA collection programs, biometrics, and implementing cybercrime spyware programs are on the list of the next big things of the future, when it comes to fighting crime. DNA testing helps law enforcement investigate and prosecute crimes, as well as clear the names of those who have been wrongfully convicted. There are currently about twenty states with laws requiring DNA collection at the time of the person’s arrest. The federal government also has this requirement. As, with any controversial subject, DNA testing has its critics. Some are saying that DNA testing is in violation of the Fourth Amendment, especially for those who have not been convicted of a crime. Others are concerned that DNA testing may open the doors for abuse of the genetic information being stored in the databases. (Berson, n.d.). Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Some of the features measured using biometrics are handwriting, voice, iris, hand geometry, vein, retinal, and fingerprints. Biometric based solutions provide personal data privacy, and confidential financial transactions, and are starting to become the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. The need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is great, due to the increased number of transaction fraud and security breaches. This need is especially great in the areas of local, state, and federal governments. Infrastructures such as electronic banking, health and social services, law enforcement, and retail sales are already taking advantage of, and seeing the benefits of biometric technology. ("The Biometrics Consortium", n.d.).
As we become more and more dependent on technology, the increase of cybercrimes are skyrocketing, which has forced law enforcement to figure out ways of combatting cybercrimes. We have become extremely vulnerable to many cybercrimes, including social media fraud, which consists of cyber criminals using social media to steal the identities of unsuspecting people; and luring people to download malicious materials, or reveal their passwords; corporate security breaches, which consists of cyber criminals exploiting company employees via scams; and phishing, which involves cyber criminals targeting company employees by sending emails that appear to be from someone within the company. ("Homeland .
DVR Networking: How to Connect Your DVR to the LANChristian Watson
View step-by-step instructions for connecting your DVR to the LAN, along with screen shots.
http://www.supercircuits.com/resources/learn/dvr-networking-guide/connecting-your-dvr-to-the-lan
Dallas PD Nabs Car Thieves with Covert Vehicle Monitoring ProgramChristian Watson
Case study shows how the Dallas Police Department established a covert vehicle program that included covert vehicle monitoring systems to catch car thieves.
Take a look at the latest crime facts and statistics from the FBI and other agencies, so you can be prepared and stay projected.
http://www.supercircuits.com/resources/blog/learn-the-facts-about-crime
6 Steps To protect your baby’s IP camera from HACKERSChristian Watson
There are many ways that your baby can be unsafe that you aren't aware of, and hacking an IP camera is one way hackers can invade your privacy. Keep them safe by recognizing these 6 tips
Common tactics to circumvent illegal border crossing, and effective deterrents of law enforcement to combat them.
When border security comes to mind, people typically think of long lines at border crossing stations, fence lines, and the reported apprehension of illegal immigrants. Although those quintessential images accurately depict daily life at the border, they certainly don’t tell the whole story.
As a private, non-profit organization, Starr Ranch and its parent organization depend on private funding. Encouraging financial support is an ongoing objective at Starr Ranch. Programs and activities that involve and build a fan base from the larger community are essential.
One effective way to encourage people to conserve and support nature in general, and Starr Ranch in particular, is by engaging them virtually—with live video of wildlife living on the Sanctuary.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Covert Audio and the Law
1. Covert Audio and the Law
At Supercircuits, we work closely with law
enforcement agencies to provide a wide array of
covert surveillance technologies including covert
audio gear. Our commercial sales division routinely
receives calls with questions about covert video
surveillance and covert audio surveillance from both
businesses and end-users.
The biggest question regarding covert audio is if it’s
legal. Covert audio is legal, but you need to
understand exactly when and how to legally use it—
or your evidence will not be admissible in court and you could be in serious trouble. Below are
common questions we hear with explanations as to what can and can’t be done with covert audio
and video surveillance.
1. What is covert audio equipment?
In general, the law defines covert audio devices as anything that is intentionally designed to
covertly intercept oral communication. Most of these laws do not cover the components that make
up covert devices such as microphones, batteries, transmitters or recorders. Instead, most laws
restrict these devices once they are constructed.
To illustrate the threshold of most laws, a common camcorder with a built-in microphone by itself is
completely legal. However, when the camcorder is concealed in something that is designed for
covert use, the person using the camcorder as a covert device to capture video and audio from a
hidden location would be in violation of federal law and many state laws dealing with
manufacturing and possession of covert and audio devices.
2. Why do the laws regulate audio and not video—it seems backwards?
To most people, video seems like the superior technology. With this reasoning, many wonder why
the laws are so strict concerning covert audio and in many cases silent when it comes to covert
video.
2. It is important to note that when most of the laws around covert devices were written video
technology did not exist as it does today and audio was the dominate means of covertly obtaining
information.
Additionally, audio technology has a higher propensity to do harm by covertly recording
conversations. Everyone, regardless of their walk in life, has a reasonable expectation to privacy in
their daily lives like when they see the doctor or parent a child.
If those private conversations fell into the wrong hands it would devastate relationships, break
down trust and even in some cases, ruin a person’s life.
Business managers are another example. They need to have private conversations with other
managers or employees about things like the health of the business or employment. However if
these conversations were made public, business security or even careers may be at stake.
3. Are there any laws covering surveillance video?
It wasn’t until the 1990s that legislation began to appear about the legal use of video surveillance
equipment. States were prompted to pass legislation after law enforcement agencies uncovered
horrific stories of voyeurism but had no law in which to press charges.
These laws can be found under statutes covering criminal trespass, disorderly conduct, invasion of
privacy, and revised peeping tom laws.
The spirit of the laws states that video cannot be used in areas where people have a reasonable
expectation of privacy such as homes, bathrooms or locker rooms. In 2004 the federal government
followed state legislation and enacted the Video Voyeurism Act of 2004 covering the use of covert
video. (Voyeurism Statutes 2009 PDF)
We’re glad to see the establishment of these laws and, on rare occasion, we have assisted
agencies in the prosecution of the inappropriate use of video equipment. It is worth pointing out
that these cases are rare. The general trend for the use of video equipment is for good people to
use video to catch bad people doing bad things. Just ask any criminal, they hate video cameras.
3. 4. My state allows covert audio, why does the federal law matter?
Federal law, known as the USC (United States Code), supersedes state law when it comes to
covert audio. Many well-intentioned individuals believe that because their particular state law does
not address or even allow the use of covert audio that it is perfectly legal for them to use it.
Unfortunately that belief is faulty and criminally dangerous. It is true that federal and state laws
conflict from time to time such as recent state legislation allowing medicinal use of cannabis. In all
of those states, federal law enforcement agents are still enforcing USC drug laws on cannabis
regardless of the state laws. The use of covert audio is no different—federal law trumps state law.
5. Both state and federal law seem to allow one-party consent for audio recording. Does this
mean I can covertly record conversations?
Clauses about recording with one-party consent are mostly applied to recording telephone
conversations where at least one person of the conversation is the rightful owner or controller of
the telephone in use.
These clauses are also designed to restrict the highly illegal practice of wiretapping where no party
has given consent to the recording or interception of the conversation. Under federal law it is illegal
for a person to even possess covert audio equipment – making the question of one-party consent
irrelevant.
6. What are the specific laws about covert audio?
USC Title 18 Section 2512 (18 USC § 2512) is the federal law that regulates the manufacturing,
possession, sales and solicitation of covert audio surveillance equipment. State laws vary from
state to state, but most are similar to USC Title 18 Section 2512. Some even further outline the
legal and illegal use of covert audio equipment.
7. I am a private investigator; can I buy and use covert audio?
Unfortunately, no – private investigators provide a much needed service to our nation, but the
federal law provides no special provision for private investigations. However, if a private
investigator is fulfilling a government contract that requires the use of covert audio, there may be
some legal allowance for the investigator to use this gear.
4. This potential allowance would also apply to security, military and training contractors. If this
allowance is applicable, the purchase would most likely need to be done through the government
agency issuing the contract.
8. Is a tiny microphone considered illegal?
No. Microphones themselves regardless of their size are completely legal and easily obtained from
a variety of legitimate sources. However, as with many things that are legally benign, how they’re
used can make them highly illegal.
9. I’m from another country that has no laws regarding audio, can I buy covert audio?
It’s possible that you may be able to purchase covert audio in the US and export it to another
country. However, US export laws require companies exporting such devices to obtain prior
authorization and licensing from federal controlling bodies.
United States export laws also dictate that the export of covert audio can only occur to certain
countries, organizations and individuals. All parties involved in export of covert audio equipment
are criminally liable and because of this, many companies choose not to export any surveillance
equipment.
10. If I am a full time police officer; can I purchase covert audio equipment for personal
use?
Federal law does not allow for the personal purchase, use or possession of covert audio
equipment. Any use or purchase must be made in pursuit of official duties as a government agent.
However, individuals and non-government organizations donating to government agencies can
fund, or in other words pay for, the purchase but the use and possession must be done by the
government agency.
11. I provide goods and services to government agencies; can I buy covert audio for resale
purposes?
Yes. However, prior to any solicitation or purchase a verified contract from a government agency
must be received that specifies the need for covert audio equipment. Most providers will require
the delivery of such goods to be made directly to the government agency.
5. 12. Can I legally use audio equipment at all?
Absolutely! There are hundreds of applications of audio equipment that are completely legitimate
and legal. In the realm of security, audio has played a pivotal role in solving cases, providing
protection against lawsuits and more. Crooks in the commission of crimes often reveal names and
discuss key element or plans to cover their tracks, should they be discovered.
When using audio for surveillance purposes there are a couple of important things to keep in mind.
First, placement of audio equipment should be done in such a way that no one could reasonably
consider it hidden or covert. Secondly, state laws should be studied carefully as most will have
specific parameters for how audio is used in the security of a business or home.
Generally, states require the property to include conspicuous signs that make others aware that
audio surveillance equipment is in use.
If you have questions about covert audio surveillance, we encourage you to seek legal counsel
prior to the use of audio surveillance. They can provide you with specific information of how the law
applies to your specific needs and provide you with a legal avenue for your application.
http://www.supercircuits.com/resources/blog/covert-audio-and-the-law
6. 12. Can I legally use audio equipment at all?
Absolutely! There are hundreds of applications of audio equipment that are completely legitimate
and legal. In the realm of security, audio has played a pivotal role in solving cases, providing
protection against lawsuits and more. Crooks in the commission of crimes often reveal names and
discuss key element or plans to cover their tracks, should they be discovered.
When using audio for surveillance purposes there are a couple of important things to keep in mind.
First, placement of audio equipment should be done in such a way that no one could reasonably
consider it hidden or covert. Secondly, state laws should be studied carefully as most will have
specific parameters for how audio is used in the security of a business or home.
Generally, states require the property to include conspicuous signs that make others aware that
audio surveillance equipment is in use.
If you have questions about covert audio surveillance, we encourage you to seek legal counsel
prior to the use of audio surveillance. They can provide you with specific information of how the law
applies to your specific needs and provide you with a legal avenue for your application.
http://www.supercircuits.com/resources/blog/covert-audio-and-the-law