IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Quinidine, Albino rats, Pentylenetetrazole, Gap junctionsiosrjce
This document describes a case study involving periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. PAOO involves selective alveolar decortications and bone grafting to induce regional acceleratory phenomenon and reduce orthodontic treatment time. The case report describes performing corticotomy and bone grafting to close a 6.5mm space between teeth in a 27-year-old female patient, achieving the space closure in 4 months, which is significantly faster than conventional orthodontic treatment. PAOO provides benefits like reduced treatment time, increased bone volume, and improved post-treatment stability compared to traditional orthodontics.
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics with Piezoelectric Surgery...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Piezosurgery has been applied in dentistry for many years. This paper reviews specifically the treatment applications that have been used in surgically assisted orthodontic treatment since the last decade. Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) is a surgical technique which results in an increase in alveolar bone width, shorter treatment time, increase post-treatment stability, and decrease amount of apical root resorption. The aim of this case report is to compare the use of micro-motor and piezoelectric surgery unit during decortication in Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics technique.
Key words: Piezoelectric surgery, piezosurgery, Periodontal regeneration , accelerated tooth movement
Abstract: Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment is an established and efficient orthodontic technique that has recently been studied in a number of publications. Corticotomy facilitated orthodontics have been employed in various forms over speed up orthodontic treatment It involves selective alveolar decortication in the form of decortication lines and dots performed around the teeth that are to be moved. It is done to induce a state of increased tissue turnover and a transient osteopenia, which is followed by a faster rate of orthodontic tooth movement. This technique has several advantages, including faster tooth movement, shorter treatment time, safer expansion of constricted arches, enhanced post-orthodontic treatment stability and extended envelope of tooth movement. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review of the literature, including historical background, contemporary clinical techniques, indications, contraindications, complications and side effects. Keywords: Corticotomy, decortication, review, orthodontic treatment
This document describes the periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) technique.
PAOO combines selective alveolar corticotomy, particulate bone grafting, and orthodontic forces to shorten treatment time. It is based on the regional acceleratory phenomenon where corticotomy leads to temporary demineralization and remodeling of alveolar bone. The technique was developed from earlier corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics. It results in increased alveolar bone width and stability. The document then describes the surgical technique for PAOO, including flap design and corticotomy procedures to provide access for grafting and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.
Article teixeira effects of micro-osteoperforationCentric Learning
1. The study examined the effect of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) on the rate of tooth movement in 20 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
2. The experimental group received MOPs on one side of the maxilla prior to canine retraction, while the control group did not receive MOPs.
3. MOPs significantly increased the rate of tooth movement by 2.3-fold and increased inflammatory marker levels. Patients did not report significant pain from the procedure.
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) or Wilckodontics - Rapid orthodontic treatment procedures can be achieved by performing Alveolar Corticotomies (ACS) shortly before the application of orthodontic forces.
This method has been suggested to enhance tooth movement and reduce orthodontic treatment treatment time. WICKO BROTHERS (THOMAS WILCKO AND WILLIAM WILCKO) in 2001 introduced this technique. PAOO has expanded the arena of traditional orthodontic tooth movement protocols. This technique can be especially beneficial for adult patients seeking orthodontic tooth movement.
This research paper examines the use of micro-osteoperforation (MOP) to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. MOP is a minimally invasive procedure that involves creating controlled microtraumas in the bone using specialized devices. This stimulates an inflammatory response and increases the rate of alveolar bone remodeling compared to conventional orthodontics. Several clinical studies showed MOP resulted in 41-50% faster canine retraction and higher levels of inflammatory markers associated with bone remodeling. While MOP reduces treatment time, future research is still needed to further validate its efficacy.
Quinidine, Albino rats, Pentylenetetrazole, Gap junctionsiosrjce
This document describes a case study involving periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. PAOO involves selective alveolar decortications and bone grafting to induce regional acceleratory phenomenon and reduce orthodontic treatment time. The case report describes performing corticotomy and bone grafting to close a 6.5mm space between teeth in a 27-year-old female patient, achieving the space closure in 4 months, which is significantly faster than conventional orthodontic treatment. PAOO provides benefits like reduced treatment time, increased bone volume, and improved post-treatment stability compared to traditional orthodontics.
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics with Piezoelectric Surgery...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Piezosurgery has been applied in dentistry for many years. This paper reviews specifically the treatment applications that have been used in surgically assisted orthodontic treatment since the last decade. Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) is a surgical technique which results in an increase in alveolar bone width, shorter treatment time, increase post-treatment stability, and decrease amount of apical root resorption. The aim of this case report is to compare the use of micro-motor and piezoelectric surgery unit during decortication in Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics technique.
Key words: Piezoelectric surgery, piezosurgery, Periodontal regeneration , accelerated tooth movement
Abstract: Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment is an established and efficient orthodontic technique that has recently been studied in a number of publications. Corticotomy facilitated orthodontics have been employed in various forms over speed up orthodontic treatment It involves selective alveolar decortication in the form of decortication lines and dots performed around the teeth that are to be moved. It is done to induce a state of increased tissue turnover and a transient osteopenia, which is followed by a faster rate of orthodontic tooth movement. This technique has several advantages, including faster tooth movement, shorter treatment time, safer expansion of constricted arches, enhanced post-orthodontic treatment stability and extended envelope of tooth movement. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review of the literature, including historical background, contemporary clinical techniques, indications, contraindications, complications and side effects. Keywords: Corticotomy, decortication, review, orthodontic treatment
This document describes the periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) technique.
PAOO combines selective alveolar corticotomy, particulate bone grafting, and orthodontic forces to shorten treatment time. It is based on the regional acceleratory phenomenon where corticotomy leads to temporary demineralization and remodeling of alveolar bone. The technique was developed from earlier corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics. It results in increased alveolar bone width and stability. The document then describes the surgical technique for PAOO, including flap design and corticotomy procedures to provide access for grafting and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.
Article teixeira effects of micro-osteoperforationCentric Learning
1. The study examined the effect of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) on the rate of tooth movement in 20 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
2. The experimental group received MOPs on one side of the maxilla prior to canine retraction, while the control group did not receive MOPs.
3. MOPs significantly increased the rate of tooth movement by 2.3-fold and increased inflammatory marker levels. Patients did not report significant pain from the procedure.
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) or Wilckodontics - Rapid orthodontic treatment procedures can be achieved by performing Alveolar Corticotomies (ACS) shortly before the application of orthodontic forces.
This method has been suggested to enhance tooth movement and reduce orthodontic treatment treatment time. WICKO BROTHERS (THOMAS WILCKO AND WILLIAM WILCKO) in 2001 introduced this technique. PAOO has expanded the arena of traditional orthodontic tooth movement protocols. This technique can be especially beneficial for adult patients seeking orthodontic tooth movement.
This research paper examines the use of micro-osteoperforation (MOP) to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. MOP is a minimally invasive procedure that involves creating controlled microtraumas in the bone using specialized devices. This stimulates an inflammatory response and increases the rate of alveolar bone remodeling compared to conventional orthodontics. Several clinical studies showed MOP resulted in 41-50% faster canine retraction and higher levels of inflammatory markers associated with bone remodeling. While MOP reduces treatment time, future research is still needed to further validate its efficacy.
This case report describes using corticotomy-assisted orthodontics to rapidly derotate a maxillary canine tooth. The patient had a Class I malocclusion with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion and a distobuccally rotated upper right canine. Conventional orthodontics failed to derotate the canine over 8 months. Corticotomy, bone grafting, and accelerated orthodontic forces successfully derotated the canine within 4 weeks while reducing overall treatment time. Corticotomy-assisted orthodontics is an effective technique to treat complex malocclusions faster with less root resorption and increased alveolar bone volume compared to conventional orthodontics.
This document discusses dental implants and immediate loading protocols. It provides background on the history and development of dental implants, including the concept of osseointegration. Primary stability and bone quality are important factors for implant success. Immediate loading was introduced as an alternative to delayed loading protocols, offering benefits of shortened treatment time and early rehabilitation. Research suggests immediate loading may stimulate bone formation through mechanical strain. The document then focuses on treatment of edentulism with implant overdentures, including benefits over conventional dentures. It describes different attachment systems and reviews evidence on immediate loading for mandibular overdentures, finding it is clinically well documented but not scientifically validated to the same degree as conventional loading.
This study analyzed the position and angulation of 300 maxillary central incisors using cone beam imaging to provide data to help clinicians achieve good esthetic results for immediate dental implants. The thickness of buccal and palatal bone and apical bone height were measured. Incisors were classified according to their position (buccal, midline, palatal) and angulation (toward buccal, anterior to A point, parallel to alveolus). Most incisors were positioned buccally. Recommendations for implant placement based on tooth classification aim to maintain adequate buccal bone thickness and prevent complications.
This document provides an overview of Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO). It discusses the history and development of PAOO, the biological mechanisms underlying rapid tooth movement using this technique, the surgical procedures involved, indications and contraindications for its use, advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional orthodontics, and case reports. PAOO combines selective alveolar corticotomy, particulate bone grafting, and orthodontic forces to accelerate tooth movement based on the regional acceleratory phenomenon response to the corticotomy injury.
This finite element analysis compared the stress distribution of two implant-supported prosthesis systems - one with implants placed in a straight line (straight system) and one with angled implants creating an offset (angled system). Both systems had three implants supporting a metal-ceramic prosthesis in the posterior mandible. Vertical and horizontal loads were applied. The results found that the peak stresses occurred at the neck of the mesial implant in the straight system and the distal implant in the angled system, but the values were similar between systems. There was no significant difference found in stress concentration between the two systems.
Extraction and Immediate Implant Placement, and Provisionalization with two Y...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Extraction and Immediate Implant Placement, and Provisionalization with two Years Follow-up: A Case Report. PDF
Abu-Hussein Muhamad, Bajali Musa, Abdulgani Azzaldeen
This research article compares graft uptake and resorption between chin and ramal bone grafts used to reconstruct atrophic maxillary ridges for dental implant placement. 5 patients received chin grafts and 5 received ramal grafts. Cone beam CT scans after 5 months found mean resorption of 16.8% for ramal grafts and 18% for chin grafts. Ramal grafts had advantages of a minimally invasive approach, more graft volume, and less postoperative morbidity compared to chin grafts. Patient compliance was also better with ramal grafts due to less immediate postoperative pain. The survival of ramal grafts was better than chin grafts due to the higher resorption rate of chin grafts.
This document summarizes two clinical cases where minimally invasive antral membrane balloon elevation was used to perform sinus lift procedures for single tooth implant placement in the posterior maxilla with reduced bone height. In both cases, the procedure allowed for sufficient bone augmentation to subsequently place dental implants. The procedure was found to be a relatively simple and safe method for rehabilitation of missing teeth in the challenging posterior maxilla, avoiding the need for more invasive sinus lift surgeries.
Immediate implant placement following tooth extraction can help preserve alveolar bone and provide benefits like fewer treatment visits. However, it also carries risks like increased mucosal recession on the facial aspect due to normal bone resorption after extraction. For optimal esthetic outcomes with immediate implants, it is important to have adequate facial bone volume, perform bone grafting if needed, and consider the patient's gingival biotype and bone defect morphology. Careful case selection and experience with the technique are important to minimize esthetic complications.
full mouth rehabilitation of partially and fully edentulous patient with crow...Merenguita
This case report describes the full mouth rehabilitation of a patient with short clinical crowns in the mandibular anterior teeth and edentulous maxilla. A thorough examination including diagnostic wax-up determined 2mm of additional crown length was needed via crown lengthening surgery. Single crowns were placed on the anterior teeth along with a maxillary complete denture and mandibular removable partial denture with a lingual plate. The treatment aimed to prevent extrusion of the anterior teeth and reduce forces on the maxilla to avoid combination syndrome. A 4 month recall found healthy gingiva and the patient was satisfied with function and esthetics.
This study evaluated the clinical performance of tooth-supported overdentures compared to conventional dentures. 42 overdenture prostheses were constructed for 37 patients using remaining teeth as abutments. Most were lower complete overdentures retaining anterior teeth. The results showed that overdentures provided much better denture stability and retention, improved patient acceptance, higher chewing performance, fewer post-insertion sore spots, less alveolar bone loss, and a shorter adjustment period compared to conventional dentures. The overdenture technique was found to be suitable for treating patients planned for full lower extractions and conventional dentures.
Immediate Placement and Provisionalization of Maxillary Posterior Single Impl...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Functional immediate load is the most recent concept. This describes a load, within physiological limits, applied to implants before the osseo-integration process is completed. One of the treatment options offered to patients requiring replacement of one or more teeth is the use of prostheses supported by implants. Patients nowadays demand greater aesthetic and functional restorations; therefore, the clinician tries to reduce implant load time. All this leads to the implementation of several modifications to the conventional surgical and prosthetic protocol leading to a reduction in the load time of the implant. This is a case report of the immediate loading of posterior implant.
This case series evaluated a protocol for selecting the implant diameter during immediate implant placement in fresh extraction sockets. 20 patients received immediate implants in the maxillary anterior region. Implant diameter was selected based on preoperative CBCT measurements to maintain a 3mm gap between the implant and buccal bone wall. Autogenous bone graft was used to fill the gap. Postoperative CBCTs found no significant changes in socket dimensions and minimal buccal bone resorption up to a mean follow up of 35 months, indicating the protocol helped preserve buccal bone stability.
This document summarizes a clinical case study of immediate implant placement and loading in the esthetic zone. A patient with a fractured maxillary canine was treated with immediate post-extraction implant placement and provisionalization to reduce treatment time and cost. The implant achieved osseointegration and the final restoration demonstrated favorable aesthetic and functional outcomes at 36 months follow up. Key factors for success of immediate loading discussed include primary implant stability, surgical technique, implant dimensions and surface characteristics.
The document discusses temporary anchorage devices (TADs) used in orthodontic treatment. It defines TADs as devices that are temporarily fixed to bone to enhance orthodontic anchorage and are later removed. The document covers the history of TADs, classifications based on materials and design, indications for use, surgical procedures for placement, and factors involved in success and failure. It provides examples of different TAD systems and discusses considerations for biomechanics, long-term stability and failure of implants.
This presentation has videos and more surgical aspects of recent advances in Implant dentistry.This is different from other presentations in this platform since it is stuffed with most recent articles and informations
Immediate Implant Placement And Restoration With Natural Tooth In The Maxilla...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Anterior tooth loss and restoration in the esthetic zone is a common challenge in dentistry today. The prominent visibility of the area can be especially distressing to the patient and requires a timely and esthetically pleasing solution. Immediate single-tooth implantation followed by immediate provisionalization is becoming an increasingly desirable treatment that offers numerous benefits over conventional delayed loading. Provisionalization for immediately-placed implants using the patient’s existing tooth can enhance the final aesthetic outcome if certain steps are
followed. If the natural tooth is intact and can be used as a provisional, the emergence profile can be very similar to the preoperative condition. This article outlines a technique to use the patient’s natural tooth after extraction to provisionalize an implant.
Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisor with Orthodontics, Bone Grafting and Sin...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
This case report describes the interdisciplinary treatment of a congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor. The treatment involved orthodontics to create sufficient space, a chair-side bone graft using autograft bone harvested with trephine drills to augment the alveolar ridge width, and placement of a single dental implant. After orthodontic space opening, bone was harvested from the mandibular ramus using trephine drills and grafted to the alveolar ridge. Then a dental implant was placed. The patient underwent supportive periodontal therapy and prosthetic rehabilitation with an implant-supported crown, providing an esthetic replacement for the missing lateral incisor.
The document discusses the clinical evaluation of implant patients, including case types and indications, risk factors and contraindications, and the pre-treatment evaluation process. A comprehensive evaluation is needed to determine if implant therapy is possible, practical, and indicated for the patient. The evaluation should assess the patient's medical history, medications, habits, motivations, and oral examination to analyze the dentoalveolar condition and feasibility of implant placement. The patient's goals and expectations must also be evaluated to ensure realistic outcomes.
This document discusses the treatment of anterior open bite malocclusions through either orthodontic treatment alone or combined orthodontic and surgical treatment.
It describes how anterior open bites in children are usually caused by thumb sucking and can be treated by removing the habit and expanding the maxilla with orthodontics. For adolescents and adults, open bites are often due to excessive vertical growth of the maxilla and require either orthodontic treatment alone using vertical mechanics or combined orthodontic and surgical treatment with Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy.
Presurgical orthodontics should align the maxillary teeth but not attempt to close the bite. The goal of surgery is to superiorly reposition the maxilla to an
This case report describes using corticotomy-assisted orthodontics to rapidly derotate a maxillary canine tooth. The patient had a Class I malocclusion with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion and a distobuccally rotated upper right canine. Conventional orthodontics failed to derotate the canine over 8 months. Corticotomy, bone grafting, and accelerated orthodontic forces successfully derotated the canine within 4 weeks while reducing overall treatment time. Corticotomy-assisted orthodontics is an effective technique to treat complex malocclusions faster with less root resorption and increased alveolar bone volume compared to conventional orthodontics.
This document discusses dental implants and immediate loading protocols. It provides background on the history and development of dental implants, including the concept of osseointegration. Primary stability and bone quality are important factors for implant success. Immediate loading was introduced as an alternative to delayed loading protocols, offering benefits of shortened treatment time and early rehabilitation. Research suggests immediate loading may stimulate bone formation through mechanical strain. The document then focuses on treatment of edentulism with implant overdentures, including benefits over conventional dentures. It describes different attachment systems and reviews evidence on immediate loading for mandibular overdentures, finding it is clinically well documented but not scientifically validated to the same degree as conventional loading.
This study analyzed the position and angulation of 300 maxillary central incisors using cone beam imaging to provide data to help clinicians achieve good esthetic results for immediate dental implants. The thickness of buccal and palatal bone and apical bone height were measured. Incisors were classified according to their position (buccal, midline, palatal) and angulation (toward buccal, anterior to A point, parallel to alveolus). Most incisors were positioned buccally. Recommendations for implant placement based on tooth classification aim to maintain adequate buccal bone thickness and prevent complications.
This document provides an overview of Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO). It discusses the history and development of PAOO, the biological mechanisms underlying rapid tooth movement using this technique, the surgical procedures involved, indications and contraindications for its use, advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional orthodontics, and case reports. PAOO combines selective alveolar corticotomy, particulate bone grafting, and orthodontic forces to accelerate tooth movement based on the regional acceleratory phenomenon response to the corticotomy injury.
This finite element analysis compared the stress distribution of two implant-supported prosthesis systems - one with implants placed in a straight line (straight system) and one with angled implants creating an offset (angled system). Both systems had three implants supporting a metal-ceramic prosthesis in the posterior mandible. Vertical and horizontal loads were applied. The results found that the peak stresses occurred at the neck of the mesial implant in the straight system and the distal implant in the angled system, but the values were similar between systems. There was no significant difference found in stress concentration between the two systems.
Extraction and Immediate Implant Placement, and Provisionalization with two Y...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Extraction and Immediate Implant Placement, and Provisionalization with two Years Follow-up: A Case Report. PDF
Abu-Hussein Muhamad, Bajali Musa, Abdulgani Azzaldeen
This research article compares graft uptake and resorption between chin and ramal bone grafts used to reconstruct atrophic maxillary ridges for dental implant placement. 5 patients received chin grafts and 5 received ramal grafts. Cone beam CT scans after 5 months found mean resorption of 16.8% for ramal grafts and 18% for chin grafts. Ramal grafts had advantages of a minimally invasive approach, more graft volume, and less postoperative morbidity compared to chin grafts. Patient compliance was also better with ramal grafts due to less immediate postoperative pain. The survival of ramal grafts was better than chin grafts due to the higher resorption rate of chin grafts.
This document summarizes two clinical cases where minimally invasive antral membrane balloon elevation was used to perform sinus lift procedures for single tooth implant placement in the posterior maxilla with reduced bone height. In both cases, the procedure allowed for sufficient bone augmentation to subsequently place dental implants. The procedure was found to be a relatively simple and safe method for rehabilitation of missing teeth in the challenging posterior maxilla, avoiding the need for more invasive sinus lift surgeries.
Immediate implant placement following tooth extraction can help preserve alveolar bone and provide benefits like fewer treatment visits. However, it also carries risks like increased mucosal recession on the facial aspect due to normal bone resorption after extraction. For optimal esthetic outcomes with immediate implants, it is important to have adequate facial bone volume, perform bone grafting if needed, and consider the patient's gingival biotype and bone defect morphology. Careful case selection and experience with the technique are important to minimize esthetic complications.
full mouth rehabilitation of partially and fully edentulous patient with crow...Merenguita
This case report describes the full mouth rehabilitation of a patient with short clinical crowns in the mandibular anterior teeth and edentulous maxilla. A thorough examination including diagnostic wax-up determined 2mm of additional crown length was needed via crown lengthening surgery. Single crowns were placed on the anterior teeth along with a maxillary complete denture and mandibular removable partial denture with a lingual plate. The treatment aimed to prevent extrusion of the anterior teeth and reduce forces on the maxilla to avoid combination syndrome. A 4 month recall found healthy gingiva and the patient was satisfied with function and esthetics.
This study evaluated the clinical performance of tooth-supported overdentures compared to conventional dentures. 42 overdenture prostheses were constructed for 37 patients using remaining teeth as abutments. Most were lower complete overdentures retaining anterior teeth. The results showed that overdentures provided much better denture stability and retention, improved patient acceptance, higher chewing performance, fewer post-insertion sore spots, less alveolar bone loss, and a shorter adjustment period compared to conventional dentures. The overdenture technique was found to be suitable for treating patients planned for full lower extractions and conventional dentures.
Immediate Placement and Provisionalization of Maxillary Posterior Single Impl...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Functional immediate load is the most recent concept. This describes a load, within physiological limits, applied to implants before the osseo-integration process is completed. One of the treatment options offered to patients requiring replacement of one or more teeth is the use of prostheses supported by implants. Patients nowadays demand greater aesthetic and functional restorations; therefore, the clinician tries to reduce implant load time. All this leads to the implementation of several modifications to the conventional surgical and prosthetic protocol leading to a reduction in the load time of the implant. This is a case report of the immediate loading of posterior implant.
This case series evaluated a protocol for selecting the implant diameter during immediate implant placement in fresh extraction sockets. 20 patients received immediate implants in the maxillary anterior region. Implant diameter was selected based on preoperative CBCT measurements to maintain a 3mm gap between the implant and buccal bone wall. Autogenous bone graft was used to fill the gap. Postoperative CBCTs found no significant changes in socket dimensions and minimal buccal bone resorption up to a mean follow up of 35 months, indicating the protocol helped preserve buccal bone stability.
This document summarizes a clinical case study of immediate implant placement and loading in the esthetic zone. A patient with a fractured maxillary canine was treated with immediate post-extraction implant placement and provisionalization to reduce treatment time and cost. The implant achieved osseointegration and the final restoration demonstrated favorable aesthetic and functional outcomes at 36 months follow up. Key factors for success of immediate loading discussed include primary implant stability, surgical technique, implant dimensions and surface characteristics.
The document discusses temporary anchorage devices (TADs) used in orthodontic treatment. It defines TADs as devices that are temporarily fixed to bone to enhance orthodontic anchorage and are later removed. The document covers the history of TADs, classifications based on materials and design, indications for use, surgical procedures for placement, and factors involved in success and failure. It provides examples of different TAD systems and discusses considerations for biomechanics, long-term stability and failure of implants.
This presentation has videos and more surgical aspects of recent advances in Implant dentistry.This is different from other presentations in this platform since it is stuffed with most recent articles and informations
Immediate Implant Placement And Restoration With Natural Tooth In The Maxilla...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Anterior tooth loss and restoration in the esthetic zone is a common challenge in dentistry today. The prominent visibility of the area can be especially distressing to the patient and requires a timely and esthetically pleasing solution. Immediate single-tooth implantation followed by immediate provisionalization is becoming an increasingly desirable treatment that offers numerous benefits over conventional delayed loading. Provisionalization for immediately-placed implants using the patient’s existing tooth can enhance the final aesthetic outcome if certain steps are
followed. If the natural tooth is intact and can be used as a provisional, the emergence profile can be very similar to the preoperative condition. This article outlines a technique to use the patient’s natural tooth after extraction to provisionalize an implant.
Congenitally Missing Lateral Incisor with Orthodontics, Bone Grafting and Sin...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
This case report describes the interdisciplinary treatment of a congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor. The treatment involved orthodontics to create sufficient space, a chair-side bone graft using autograft bone harvested with trephine drills to augment the alveolar ridge width, and placement of a single dental implant. After orthodontic space opening, bone was harvested from the mandibular ramus using trephine drills and grafted to the alveolar ridge. Then a dental implant was placed. The patient underwent supportive periodontal therapy and prosthetic rehabilitation with an implant-supported crown, providing an esthetic replacement for the missing lateral incisor.
The document discusses the clinical evaluation of implant patients, including case types and indications, risk factors and contraindications, and the pre-treatment evaluation process. A comprehensive evaluation is needed to determine if implant therapy is possible, practical, and indicated for the patient. The evaluation should assess the patient's medical history, medications, habits, motivations, and oral examination to analyze the dentoalveolar condition and feasibility of implant placement. The patient's goals and expectations must also be evaluated to ensure realistic outcomes.
This document discusses the treatment of anterior open bite malocclusions through either orthodontic treatment alone or combined orthodontic and surgical treatment.
It describes how anterior open bites in children are usually caused by thumb sucking and can be treated by removing the habit and expanding the maxilla with orthodontics. For adolescents and adults, open bites are often due to excessive vertical growth of the maxilla and require either orthodontic treatment alone using vertical mechanics or combined orthodontic and surgical treatment with Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy.
Presurgical orthodontics should align the maxillary teeth but not attempt to close the bite. The goal of surgery is to superiorly reposition the maxilla to an
Class II subdivision treatment. ( journal club presentation)Sneh Kalgotra
This document summarizes a study comparing the outcomes of symmetric vs asymmetric extraction protocols for treating Class II subdivision malocclusions. The study examined pre-treatment and post-treatment models of 51 patients, with 28 patients receiving symmetric 4-premolar extractions and 23 receiving asymmetric 3-premolar extractions. The asymmetric approach showed a tendency for better correction of dental midline deviation and posterior discrepancies. However, there were no statistically significant differences in final occlusion or changes between the two protocols.
The document discusses early vs late orthodontic treatment. It provides definitions and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of early treatment. It describes different types of early treatment including growth modification devices, open bite correction, arch length discrepancy correction, eruption disturbances, and phase I treatment. It discusses how devices like headgears and functional appliances can be used for growth modification and provides examples of studies that have examined the effects of these appliances on craniofacial growth.
Growth modification of different types of malocclusionbilal falahi
This document discusses different types of growth modification appliances used to treat malocclusions. It begins by explaining that growth modification uses remaining growth potential to alter jaw size and positioning. Key appliances discussed include the Andresen activator, twin block, and various types of headgear. Factors like timing of treatment, force magnitude, and duration of force application are reviewed. Both passive and active functional appliances are indicated, with considerations for skeletal, dental, and vertical discrepancies.
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics: A Surgical Technique and C...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Corticotomy facilitated orthodontics
Although the art and science of orthodontics have progressed significantly over the past 100 years, relatively little has been done to enhance the rate at which tooth movement occur. Many methods have been done to enhance the rate of tooth movement. These methods include the injection of biologically active peptides, the use of magnets and even the application of electric current and corticotomy.
Corticotomy: is slight penetration through the cortical bone and did not be confused with the osteotomy. Or defined as incision made into the cortical bone.
This penetration or incision leads to decrease the resistance of the alveolar and diminish physical alveolar bone contact that accelerates the rate of tooth movement.
Several authors have described rapid tooth in conjunction with corticotomy surgery as movement by bony (Block). Kole6 was the first describe the corticotomy as a surgical procedure in which one tooth or group of teeth with the adjacent bone is repositioned in one step. But others prefer to call this osteo-corticotomy or intra alveolar segmental osteotomy, reserving the term corticotomy for a technique in which cuts are made in the buccal cortical plate of bone. So that the segment to be moved orthodontically is held only by cancellous trabeculea and palatal cortical bone.
Kole in 19596 reported combining orthodontics with corticotomy surgery and complete the active tooth movement in adult orthodontic cases in 6 to 12 weeks.
The inter-proximal corticotomy cuts were extended through the entire thickness of the cortical layer, just barely penetrating the medullary bone.
The vertical cuts were connected beyond the apices of the teeth with horizontal osteotomy cut extending through the entire thickness of the alveolus, essentially creating blocks of bone in which one or more teeth were embedded, using the crowns of the teeth as a handles. Kole believed that he was able to move the blocks of bone some what independly of each other because they were only connected by less-dense medullary bone. He found no incidence of root resorption, no loss of tooth vitality and no pocket formation.
Kole used this surgical technique for correction of some of dento-alveolar problems as:
Protruding of lower incisors: this procedure is indicated in most of cases but should be determined whether a mandibular or dento-alveolar retrusion. Buccally the cortiocotomy is performed between the incisors and canine then horizontal cut is made 1cm. below the incisors, lingual two vertical and one horizontal cut is made fig(1).
Distal displacement of a single tooth or group of teeth: correction necessitates a long period of treatment in adult patients fig(2) .
The retrusion of all six lower anterior teeth: after buccal and ligual corticotomy is perefrmed.
Alignment of rotated teeth.
Correction of spaced teeth: in maxillary and mandibular protrusion with diastemas between the t
Atrophied Edentulous Mandible with Implant-Supported Overdenture; A 10-year f...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: Severe atrophy of the inferior alveolar process and underlying basal bone often results in problems with a lower denture. These problems include insufficient retention of the lower denture, intolerance to loading by the mucosa, pain, difficulties with eating and speech, loss of soft-tissue support, and altered facial appearance. These problems are a challenge for the prosthodontist and surgeon. In this case report, patient with resorbed edentulous mandible was successfully rehabilitated using two dental implants placed in the interforaminal region with ball abutments opposing conventional maxillary complete denture. Key Words: dental implants; dental prosthesis, implant-supported; resorption,
Orthodontics has been developing greatly in achieving the desired results both clinically and technically.
Today, it is still very challenging to reduce the duration of orthodontic treatments.
It is one of the common deterents that the orthodontist faces and it causes irritation among adults plus increasing risks of caries, gingival recession, and root resorption.
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This document summarizes a study on using bone grafts and immediate implant placement in areas of high aesthetic value. It describes using block bone grafts taken from the mandible to augment alveolar ridge deficiencies in the maxilla before placing implants. The goals were to assess success rates of implants placed in grafted bone and determine if this technique is suitable for aesthetic areas. The protocol involved using SPI implants and placing immediate provisional restorations on the implants after graft integration to condition the soft tissues during healing. The study aims to evaluate if this technique can provide rigid fixation and osseointegration of implants in grafted bone for functional loading.
Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics: A perio-ortho ambidextrous...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
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Immediate Implants Placed Into Infected Sockets: Clinical Update with 3-Year ...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
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“One-Piece” Immediate-Load Post-Extraction Implant In Maxillary Central IncisorAbu-Hussein Muhamad
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Corticotomy in the Modern Orthodontics
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 11 Ver. III (Nov. 2015), PP 68-80
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141136880 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
Corticotomy in the Modern Orthodontics
Muhamad Abu-Hussein* , Nezar Watted ** Viktória Hegedűs***,
Péter Borbély****
*Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Athens, Greece
** Clinics and Policlinics for Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases of the Bavarian Julius-Maximilian-
University, Wuerzburg, Germany and Arab American University, Palestine
***Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
****Fogszabályozási Stúdió, Budapest, Hungary
Corresponding Author; Dr.Abu-Hussein Muhamad
DDS,MScD,MSc,Cert.Ped,FICD 123Argus Street, 10441 Athens, Greece
Abstract: Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment is an established and efficient orthodontic technique
that has recently been studied in a number of publications. Corticotomy facilitated orthodontics have been
employed in various forms over speed up orthodontic treatment It involves selective alveolar decortication in
the form of decortication lines and dots performed around the teeth that are to be moved. It is done to induce a
state of increased tissue turnover and a transient osteopenia, which is followed by a faster rate of orthodontic
tooth movement. This technique has several advantages, including faster tooth movement, shorter treatment
time, safer expansion of constricted arches, enhanced post-orthodontic treatment stability and extended
envelope of tooth movement. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review of the literature,
including historical background, contemporary clinical techniques, indications, contraindications,
complications and side effects.
Keywords: Corticotomy, decortication, review, orthodontic treatment
I. Introduction
The use of orthodontic treatment in adult patients is becoming more common. These patients have
different requirements regarding duration of treatment, concerns regarding facial and dental aesthetics, and types
of appliance that can be used. Additionally, orthodontic treatment in adult patients has special features with
regard to periodontal hyalinization and alveolar flexibility compared with growing patients (1).
Surgically assisted orthodontic tooth movement has been used since the 1800s. Corticotomy-facilitated
tooth movement was first described by L.C. Bryan in 1893, published in a textbook by S. H. Guilford(2). In the
past 50 years, rapid tooth movement without significant root resorption hasbeen reported(3). In these cases, the
total treatment time was reduced to one-third to one-fourth that of traditional nonextraction and extraction
orthodontic treatments.(3)The current corticotomy procedures adopted or modified by most clinicians are based
on Heinrick Köle‟s combined radicular corticotomy/supraapical osteotomy technique, first described in
1959.Köle‟s technique consisted of buccal and lingual interproximal vertical corticotomy cuts limited to cortical
layers, with these vertical corticotomy cuts being connected by horizontal osteotomy cuts approximately 1 mm
beyond the apices of the roots(1). Then, in 1991, Suya replaced supraapical horizontal osteotomy with
horizontal corticotomy to facilitate luxation of the corticotimized bone blocks.(4)
Recently, a surgical procedure in conjunction with orthodontic therapy has been popularized, which
purports to reduce treatment times significantly. Although this procedure, termed corticotomy-assisted
orthodtics, was first described in 1893,(5) it has only recently gained wide usage. This surgical technique
includes gingival reflection followed by partial decortication of the cortical plates ending with primary flap
closure. Significantly reduced treatment times have been reported using this procedure with reductions of 75%
to 80% of routine treatment times.(6) (Fig. 1)
A corticotomy is defined as a surgical procedure whereby only the cortical bone is cut, perforated, or
mechanically altered. The medullary bone is not changed. This is in contrast to an osteotomy, which is defined
as a surgical cut through both the cortical and medullary bone. Wilcko et al. introduced surgical orthodontic
therapy which included the innovative strategy of combining corticotomy surgery with alveolar grafting
in a technique referred to as Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (AOO) and more recently to as
Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO)(6,7,8,9) (Fig.2). Significant acceleration in
orthodontic tooth movement has been extensively reported following a combination of selective alveolarde
cortication and bone grafting surgery, with the latter being responsible for the increased scope of tooth
movement and the long-term improvement of the pe r iodont ium. Thi s conventiona l corticotomy approach
2. Corticotomy in the Modern Orthodontics
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141136880 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
consists of raising full-thickness flaps and using a bur to create cortical incisions. Then an allograft is placed at
the sites needing the bone expansion necessary for proper orthodontic tooth movement. This intentional injury
to the cortical bone results in a modification of the bone metabolism, leading to a transient state of osteopenia,
described as rapid acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). RAP was demonstrated at the alveolar bone level following
corticotomy and would be responsible for rapid tooth movement.(6,7,8,9)
Advantages
1. Enhanced scope malocclusion treatment ( i.e., an increase in the limits of tooth movement and a decreased
need for extractions)
2. Decreased treatment times (increased rate of tooth movement)
3. Increased alveolar volume and a more structurally complete periodontium(correction of preexisting
fenestrations and dehiscence)
4. Alveolar reshaping, enhances patient‟s profile
5. Simultaneous recovery of shallow unerupted teeth
6. In certain situations, the additional alveolar bone can also provide improved lip posture
7. Less likelihood of root resorption.
8. History of relapse has been very low
9. There is less need for appliances and head gear
10. Both metal and ceramic brackets can be used
Disadvantages
1. Expensive procedure
2. Mildly invasive procedure and like all surgeries it has risk of some pain, swelling, and the possibility of
infection.
3. Patients who take NSAIDs on a regular basis or have other chronic health problems will not be treated with
this technique.
Indications
a. Resolve crowding and shorten treatment time.
b. Accelerate canine retraction after premolar extraction
c. Enhance post orthodontic stability
d. Facilitate eruption of impacted teeth
e. Facilitate slow orthodontic expansion
f. Molar intrusion and open bite correction
Contraindications
a. Patients with severe active periodontal disease.
b. Patients with inadequately treated endodontic problems.
c. Patients on long term medications which will slow down bone metabolism, such as bisphosphanate and
NSAIDs. NSAIDs lead to prostaglandin inhibition resulting in reduced osteoclastic activity thus disturbing bone
remodeling.
d. Patients on long term steroid theraphy due to the presence of devitalized areas of bone
e. Patients with compromised width of the attached gingiva
Technique
The orthodontic therapist determines the plan for the movement, identifying the teeth that will provide
anchorage and those portions of the arch that will be expanded or contracted. In some cases the anchorage must
be established before the proc Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics edure is initiated. This is most
commonly seen in class II malocclusions requiring retractions (Fig. 3).
The placement of orthodontic brackets and activation of the arch wires are typically done the week
before the surgical aspect of is perf Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics ormed. If complex
mucogingival procedures are combined with the surge Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics ry, the
lack of fixed orthodontic appliances may enable easier flap manipulation and suturing. In all cases initiation of
orthodontic force should not be delayed more than 2 weeks after surgery. A longer delay will fail to take full
advantage of the limited time period that the RAP is occurring(10).
The orthodontist has a limited amount of time to accomplish accelerated tooth movement. This period
is usually 4-6 months, after which finishing movements occur with a normal speed. Given this limited
“window” of rapid movement, the orthodontist will need to advance arch wires sizes rapidly, initially engaging
the largest arch wire possible.
3. Corticotomy in the Modern Orthodontics
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141136880 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
Flap Design
Basic flap design is a combination of a full thickness flap in the most coronal portion and split
thickness in the apical portions. Split thickness dissection is done to provide mobility of the flap thereby it can
be sutured with less tension. Periosteal layer is removed to provide access to the alveolar bone and helps to
identify underlying neurovascular structures. Mesial and distal extension can be done to reduce the need for
vertical releasing incisions. Interdental papilla should be preserved to obtain better esthetics. So in case of
anterior teeth „tunneling‟ can be done from the distal aspect.(6,11)
Decortication
The purpose of decortication is to initiate RAP response. No 1 or No 2 round bur and piezoelectric
knife can be used. Between the root prominences vertical groove is placed which extends 2 to 3 mm below the
crest of the bone. Then vertical corticotomies are connected with the circular shaped corticotomy. Care should
be taken to avoid damage to the underlying neurovascular structure.(12,13,14) (Fig. 4, Fig. 5)
Grafting
Grafting is done in the areas that have undergone corticotomies. Volume of the graft material depends
on direction and amount of tooth movement, pretreatment thickness of alveolar bone, and need for alveolar
support. Most commonly used materials are deproteinized bovine bone, autogenous bone, decalcified freeze
dried bone allograft. Use of platelet-rich plasma or calcium sulfate increases the stability of the graft material.
Flaps are closed with nonresorbable interrupted sutures and left in its place for 1-2 weeks.(15)
Closure
The flaps are approximated with non resorbable interrupted sutures without excessive tension15,18.
The specific suture used is based upon the thickness of the tissues18. The sutures are then left in place for a
minimum of 2 weeks. For the epithelial attachment to re-establish itself, it is important to allow the sutures to be
left for a sufficient period of time. Premature suture removal may lead to flap displacement, dark triangles, and
gingival recession .(14)
Orthodontic Treatment
The placement of orthodontic brackets and engagement of light arch wires is typically done the week
before the surgical phase is performed. However some authors have bracketed after surgery, enabling easier flap
manipulation and suturing. In all cases initiation of orthodontic force should not be delayed more than 2 weeks
after surgery. This is because a longer delay will fail to take full advantage of the limited time period that the
RAP is occurring. Unlike conventional orthodontics, the orthodontic appliance should be activated every two
weeks until the end of treatment. (16)
The orthodontist has a time period of 4-6 months to accomplish the accelerated tooth movement.
Finishing movements can then occur at normal speeds. Given this limited initial time frame, the orthodontist
will need to advance arch wire sizes rapidly, initially engaging the largest arch wire possible. The amount of
orthodontic force to be applied is still debated. It is generally accepted with corticotomies heavier forces and
more frequent reactivation is needed as compared with conventional orthodontic treatment. The method of
anchorage used will also vary depending on amount of force applied and tooth movement required.(16)
Postsurgical Management
Antibiotics, analgesics and antiseptic mouthwash should be prescribed to the patient. Long-term
administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents is discouraged as these may interfere with the regional
acceleratory process(15). To decrease any postoperative swelling, icepacks can be applied to the affected areas.
The patient should be recalled to the periodontist every 3 months during orthodontic treatment for the
assessment of periodontal health and oral hygiene status(17).
Contemporary Techniques: Wilcko et al later adapted the corticotomy technique by incorporating alveolar
augmentation and connective tissue grafting. Wilcko renamed the technique as Periodontal Accelerated
Osteogenic Orthodontics. Grafting can be carried out in most areas that have undergone corticotomies. The
volume of the graft material used is dictated by the direction and amount of tooth movement predicted, the pre-
treatment thickness of alveolar bone and the envisaged need for buccal support by alveolar bone. No data
comparing grafting material in conjunction with corticotomies is currently available. Commonly used materials
are deproteinised bovine bone and autogenous bone. (18)
Periodontal Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics can further be successfully combined with gingival
augmentation. This is particularly important to the adult patient who presents with gingival recession. In these
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situations a subepithelial connective tissue graft is placed over the root surface in addition to the particulate graft
placement.(18)
Clinical Implications
a)Molar Distalisation; John V Mershon has done molar distalisation in just 2weeks with corticomy.(19)
b)Molar Mesialization; Watted et al. have shown how effective and how fast the mesial movement of the
Molar in the lower arch after the corticotomy. This case shows the effect of corticotomy on the right side. The
corticotomy was done so that the mesial movement of the tooth 36 is easier and more effective. The gaps
closing in this quadrant should be distally (Fig.6-Fig.15)
c) Molar Intrusion
Molar intrusion by 4mm was done only in in the 2.5 months with corticomy. Yao et al used skeletal anchorage
to obtain an average of 3 to 4 mm of intrusion in 7.6 months. Sherwood et al obtained 4mm of intrusion in 6.5
months using mini-titanium plates. Enacaret al registered approximately 4 mm of intrusion in 8.5 months using
a modified transpalatal arch.(16)
d) Facilitate Eruption of Impacted Teeth
According to T. J. FischerCorticotomy assisted impacted canines moves at a
rate of 1.06 mm/month vs. 0.75 mm/month for the conventional canines.
The reduction in treatment time rangedfrom 28% to 33%.(20)
e) Manipulation of Anchorage
John V Merson has shown molar distalization with segmental corticotomy
around the molars, the anchorage value and resistance of the molars to distal
movement is effectively reduced no any extra anterior anchorage devices
required. Because corticomy increases remodeling at the localized site only this may be the reason for increase
in anchorage because anchorage also
depends upon the bone density.(19)
f) Resolve Crowding and Shorten Treatment Time
Corticomy resolves crowding in a shorter period of time, reducing the
treatment time to as little as one fourth the time usually required for
conventional orthodontics Wilcko1 also reported a case of an adult female whowas treated in only 4.5
months.(6,7,8,9)
Complications
Although Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics may be considered a less-invasive procedure
than osteotomy-assisted orthodontics or surgically assisted rapid expansion, there have still been several reports
regarding adverse effects to the periodontium after corticotomy, ranging from no problems to slight interdental
bone loss and loss of attached gingiva, to periodontal defects observed in some cases with short interdental
distance(18,20,21). Subcutaneous hematomas of the face and the neck 22,5 have been reported after intensive
corticotomies . In addition, some post-operative swelling and pain is expected for several days.(16,18,20,21)
No effect on the vitality of the pulps of the teeth in the area of corticotomy was reported(23). Long-term
research on pulpal vitality after rapid movement has not been evaluated in the literature. In an animal study,
Liou et al.(24)demonstrated normal pulp vitality after rapid tooth movement at a rate of 1.2 mm per week.
However, pulp vitality deserves additional investigation. It is generally accepted that some root resorption is
expected with any orthodontic tooth movement25. An association between increased root resorption and
duration of the applied force was reported(25,26,27). The reduced treatment duration of Periodontal accelerated
osteogenic orthodontics may reduce the risk of root resorption. Ren et al. (28)reported rapid tooth movement
after corticotomy in beagles without any associated root resorption or irreversible pulp injury. Moon et al.
reported safe and sufficient maxillary molar intrusion (3.0 mm intrusion in two months) using corticotomy
combined with a skeletal anchorage system with no root resorption. Long-term effect of Periodontal accelerated
osteogenic orthodontics on root resorption requires further study.(16)
II. Discussion
CAO can play an important role in the comprehensive treatment of a patient‟s occlusal and aesthetic
needs. This technique has been shown to decrease treatment time, enhance post-treatment stability and limit the
need for orthognathic surgery. Further advantages include; less root resorption due to the decreased resistance of
cortical bone, relapse is reported to the low and there less need for extra-oral appliances and head gear. Bone
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grafting techniques can also be employed to increase post treatment alveolar bone width as can the incorporation
of connective tissue grafts to improve aesthetics and gingival health. Depending on the method of the surgical
cuts, CAO can be used to expedite the rate of movement of individual teeth (e.g. canines) or dental segments
(e.g. incisor retraction). With CAO, patients will be in fixed appliances for a shorter period than with
conventional treatment; consequently there is a decreased risk of enamel decalcification and periodontal disease.
Suya reported corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment of 395 adult Japanese patients. Suya‟s technique
differed from Kole‟s with the substitution of a subapical horizontal corticotomy cuts in place of the horizontal
osteotomy cut beyond the apices of the teeth (corticotomy: thinning of cortical plate without penetrating
medullary bone, osteotomy: complete cut through cortical plate to medullary bone). Fixed orthodontic
appliances were used. Some cases were completed in 6 months, other cases were completed in less than 12
months. Suya contrasted his technique with conventional orthodontics in being less painful, producing less root
resorption, and exhibiting less relapse. Outstanding results and extreme patient satisfaction with corticotomy
procedures were reported. He believed that the tooth movements were made by moving blocks of bone using the
crowns of the teeth as handles. Completing tooth movement in 3–4 months were recommended, after which
time the edges of the blocks of bone would begin to fuse together.(4)
Wang et al., conducted a study on an animal model for corticotomy and osteotomy-assisted tooth movement in
the rat. They found that the results of
computerized tomograms demonstrated that alveolar corticotomies and osteotomies produced different bone
responses.(29,30)
Duker investigated how corticotomy affected the vitality of the teeth and the marginal periodontium in beagle
dogs. Rearrangement of the teeth within a short time after corticotomy damaged neither the pulp nor the
periodontal ligament (PDL). He supported the idea of preserving the marginal crest bone in relation to
interdental cuts; these cuts must always be left at least 2 mm short of the alveolar crestal bone level. These
initial approaches included some types of alveolar osteotomy alone or combined with corticotomy, called “bone
block movement.” Traditionally, vertical and horizontal osteotomies have had an increased risk of postoperative
tooth devitalization or even bone necrosis, depending on the severity of injury to the trabecular bone. There is
also an increased risk of periodontal damage,mainly in cases in which the interradicular spaceis less than 2
mm.(31)
T. J. Fischer evaluate the effectiveness of a new surgical technique in the treatment of palatally impacted
canines. Six consecutive patients presenting with bilaterally impacted canines were compared. One canine was
surgically exposed using a conventional surgical technique while the contralateral canine was exposed using a
corticotomy-assisted technique. After tooth movement was completed, statistical comparisons of the two
methods revealed a reduction of treatment time of 28–33% for the corticotomy-assisted canines. No significant
differences were observed in final periodontal condition between the canines exposed by these two methods.(32)
Yao et al. described molar intrusion of 4 mm in 7.6 months using these temporary devices. On the other hand,
the same procedure combined with CAO can achieve the same amount of intrusion in 2.5 months(33).
Dibart et al. proposes a technique that changes the flap for the tunnelization. However, this procedure is
complex, and it is also quite difficult to be sure that the graft is placed under the periostium. Furthermore, it is
not clear how the corticotomy can be performed between each tooth by means of
tunnelization. This approach does not allow a corticotomy in between each tooth, a condition that produces
accelerated movement.(13)
Park et al introduced the alternative approach consisting of incisions directly through the gingival and bone
using a combination of blades and a surgical mallet. While decreasing the surgical time (no flaps or sutures;
only cortical incisions), this technique did not offer the benefits of bone grafting to increase periodontal support
in the areas where expansive tooth movement was desired. In addition, the extensive hammering in office to
perform the cortical incisions appears to certain patients to be somewhat aggressive. Moreover, dizziness and
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo have been reported, following the use of the hammer and chisels in the
maxilla (34) The original technique described by Kole included a combined inter radicular corticotomy and
supra apical osteotomy. Although the results of the Kole osteotomies were stable, pulp mortifications were not
rare . Later, the supra-apical osteotomy was replaced by corticotomy, and labial and lingual corticotomy cuts
were used to circumscribe the roots of the teeth.(1)
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Aboul-Ela et al. using only buccal cortical perforations found that on the side where the corticotomy was
performed individual tooth movement velocity was two to three times faster than on the control side. This result
agrees with the findings of Wilcko et al. (2001, 2009), suggesting that the rapid rate of tooth movement seems to
depend mostly on RAP rather than bony block movement.(35)
The combination of orthodontics and corticotomies described up to 2009, show a positive impact in
terms of reducing overall orthodontic treatment times (Wilcko et al., 2009). However, these techniques have not
been widely embraced by the dental community since they require extensive full thickness flap elevation and in
cases of osteotomy, an invasive procedure associated with postoperative discomfort and a high risk of
complications leading to a low acceptance by the patient . On the other hand, there is no consensus in the
literature about different techniques used for surgery and orthodontics .(36)
The orthodontic results obtained with the minimally invasive technique proposed herein are similar to those
observed in the literature by Wilko et al., (2009) and Vercelloti & Podesta, and treatment times are reduced by
30% to 70% compared with conventional orthodontic treatments.(37)
Nowzari et al., who were first to document the use of particulate autogenous bone graft with PAOO™, initiated
orthodontic movement immediately after surgery and completed the treatment in 8 months for the case of a 41-
year-old male with class II, division 2 crowded occlusion. They also performed re-entry one year after the
corticotomy procedure and reported that the thickness of the buccal plate in both arches remained unchanged,
alveolar height was maintained and no new fenestration or dehiscence was observed.(15)
Dibart et al.reported a 26-year-old female with a Class I pattern with slightly retruded maxilla and mandible
and a normodivergent mandible, presenting her chief complaint as „I have an unpleasant smile‟. They utilised
PAOO™ technique to shorten the treatment time and finalized the active orthodontic treatment in 17 weeks.
They also suggested piezoincisions combined with a localised tunnelling approach in order to perform hard and
soft tissue augmentation, enhance the periodontium and increase the scope of the OTM.(13)
Einy et al. presented six cases of adult patients from both genders, with a malocclusal variety of Angle class II
and class III relationships, a constricted maxilla and maxillary dental arch, a bilateral posterior cross-bite and an
anterior open bite, seeking a quick orthodontic solution for aesthetic and functional disorders. They concluded
that PAOO™ could serve as a reasonable and safe option in adult patients for the growing demand of shortened
treatment duration of OTM in three dimensions.(38)
Aljhani and Zawawi reported a 25-year-old female with a chief complaint of „I want my teeth fixed quickly‟,
drafted for PAOO. They bonded initial fixed orthodontic appliances one week before corticotomy and
orthodontic activation was performed every two weeks. Total treatment ended in 8 months without adverse
effects.(39)
Kim et al. demonstrated two adult cases with Class III malocclusion undergoing anterior decompensation for
mandibular setback surgery. They compared the efficiency of conventional decompensation with temporary
skeletal anchorage decompensation by using a device combined with guided tissue regeneration. They referred
PAOO as a safe and effective technique for the facilitation of decompression of the mandibular anterior teeth in
severely compromised dentitions.(40)
Yezdani demonstrated a 29-year-old female with Class I malocclusion and increased bidentoalveolar protrusion,
treated with PAOO™. He stated that periodontal alveolar augmentation with an alloplastic graft material
repaired the dehiscence‟s, enhanced the bone volume and improved soft tissue profile remarkably, as the case
was concluded at seventh month postoperatively.
The corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment has been demonstrated to be effective in several distinct clinical
situations such as crowded dentition, canine retraction after premolar extraction, facilitation of impacted tooth
eruption, facilitation of slow orthodontic expansion, molar intrusion with open bite correction and enhancement
of postorthodontic stability.(42)
III. Conclusion
CAO is a promising adjuvant technique, indicated for many situations in the orthodontic treatment of
adults. It has been used in some limited cases to avoid secondary effects of conventional orthodontics, such as
root resorption in molar intrusion or pe- riodontal dehiscence in slow tooth expansion. However, its main
advantages are reduction of treatment time and postorthodontic stability, which may allow its generalized use in
many adult patients without active periodontal pathology. The biological principle of this method is based on
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temporary reduction of medullar bone density (transitory osteopenia) within a 3-4-month window, which allows
more physiological tooth movement inside the alveolar bone .
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Fig.1 Flap Design for each type. • Suturing techniques
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Fig.2 Schematic of the corticotomy procedure. A, Sagittal view. B, Occlusal view.
Fig.3 vertical and horizontal corticotomy cuts with flap reflection were placed after application of a coil spring.
Fig.4 Periodontal Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics Fig.5 Super Corticotomy Orthodontics
is a new procedure using Cone Beam
CT and Microscope
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Fig.6 The space situation for the wisdom teeth Fig.7 cephalometric before the beginning of treatment
is unfavorably
a ^ b
c d e
f g
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Fig.8a-g clinical situation. Severe crowding in both jaws and severe misaligned teeth. Right side class I, class II
left a maximum anchorage in the upper jaw left and minimal anchorage in the lower jaw left is required for a
class I achieved
a b c
Fig.9a-c Sitation after leveling and removal of dental crowding. The gap between 36 and 34 must be closed
distally. for effective without side effects of tooth mesial movement 36 a bone weakening has been held
a
b
Fig.10a, b schematic representation of the surgical weakening of the corticalis
Fig.11a-e fotos on surgical procedure of corticotomy:
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a b-Marking the incision
c- Formation of a mucoperiosteal flap d- weakening of the corticalis e- adaptation suture and
immediate forces
Fig.12 the comparison of the PDL of 36 and 37 at the beginning of treatment and after
corticotomy and gap conclusion from Distal
Fig.13 Panoramic view after treatment
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Fig.14 cephalometric after the treatment
a b
c
D e
Fig.15a-e clinical situation after the end of treatment. right and left Class I occlusion