Corruption exists throughout India's healthcare system, from government organizations to private institutions. In government, there is low funding for public health, rigging of medical council elections, nepotism in appointments, and a lack of transparency in transfers. Private organizations engage in practices like charging exorbitant fees, pressuring doctors to perform unnecessary procedures, falsifying medical records, and overbilling insurance. Corruption also plagues drug and device companies, clinical trials, and organ transplantation through acts like bribing officials, using substandard products, and manipulating transplant waitlists. Weak regulations and lack of accountability allow these issues to persist throughout the country's health sector.

2. Corruption in Government
 Low allocation of money to public health care
 Medical council of India – rigging in council elections, taking bribes from private colleges,
delays in action on corrupt doctors, no representation from civil society
 Private colleges,- admission based on high capitation fee, bribing MCI for inspections,
temporary faculty/ patients for inspection, poor infrastructure
 Medical associations- allowing corruption among doctors
 State FDA – allowing substandard drug manufacture
 DCGI- allowing poor quality clinical trials, licensing of drugs with no scientific basis
 Allowing Quackery
 Absence of transparent procedure for Transfers and postings – favoured location and
projects given for bribes
 Nepotism in appointment to public health service posts by ministers
 No insurance for outdoor consultations
 Weak regulatory/legal structures
 Fake degrees/certificates printed

3. Corruption in Organ transplantation
 Purchasing kidneys from poor at minimal cost with no adequate information
given.
 Kidnapping children for organs
 Kidneys stolen under guise of unnecessary abdominal surgery
 Performing live donor transplant under guise of deceased donor transplant
 Manipulating waiting list for VIP people
 Doing transplant for people who do not need them
 Denying transplant to people who need them
 Financial incentive for doing more transplants
 Transplant done in absence of adequate trained staff

4. Corruption in Government hospitals
 No regulations to enforce accountability
 Absent staff
 Staff not paid salary for months
 Doctors direct patients to private clinics
 Doctors not treating patients without cash fee
 Procurement of overpriced/substandard Drug/devices for bribes
 Procuring high end devices without any real need/trained staff
 Non availability /non distribution of Drug/devices
 Smuggling out of Drug/devices from hospital
 Doctors not trained in administration but expected to perform administrative duties
 Political and bureaucratic interference
 Bribe to staff for services
 Examiners taking bribes to pass candidates
 Giving false certificates of leave or to avoid attendance in court
 Intentional damage to public assets for private gain
 Poor quality construction and repair of health facilities

5. Corruption in Private Hospitals/ clinics/
Laboratories/ Imaging Centers
 Cut practice to refereeing doctors
 Pressure on doctors to increase admission, ICU admission, unnecessary expensive tests and scans,
over prescription of unnecessary drugs / devices, and unnecessary surgeries like c section and
hysterectomy
 Labs and imaging centers falsifying reports
 In- hospital pharmacy selling drugs above MRP
 False accreditation with no trained staff
 No medical and death audits and no proper recording /reporting of key performance indicators
 No adherence to protocols /guidelines
 Overbilling in insurance fraud
 Doctors using touts, taxi drivers, staff to direct patients to them
 False - claim advertising
 Charitable / trust hospitals doing fraud with public money/land
 Doctors demanding Cash fee in addition to hospital bill
 Kickback to officials for contracts and favors
 Falsifying medical records / not providing medical records to patient
 No grievance redressal mechanism for patients

6. Corruption in Drug / Devices companies
 Substandard drugs with misleading labels
 Bribing doctors with trips, gifts, entertainment and money in form of
consultation fees, bogus trial/survey fee
 Bribes during manufacturing plant inspection / DCGI approval

7. Corruption in Clinical trials
 Not taking informed consent from patients,
 Meetings in exotic location,
 Falsifying data in publication,
 Publication in non-peer reviewed journal for fee
 Bogus ethics committees
 Bribes to DCGI for approvals