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The document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and defines nanoparticles. It then discusses various types of nanoparticulate systems including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, silica nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and carbon nanoparticles. Methods for preparing nanoparticles including coacervation, polymerization, supercritical, and dispersion methods are summarized. Applications of nanoparticles in drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, cosmetics, and biosensing are highlighted. The document concludes that nanotechnology can potentially improve drug delivery and make a major impact on human health.
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This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in developing drug delivery systems. It begins with defining nanotechnology and describing some of its benefits, including more targeted drug delivery and reduced drug degradation. The document then discusses several specific nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, and nanosuspensions. It provides details on the composition and preparation methods for these various systems. The overall goal of using nanotechnology in drug delivery is to develop clinically useful formulations for treating diseases.
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Nanotechnology’s introduction has dramatically improved a number of scientific fields, one of which is medicinal research. Nanomedicine is aimed to offer healthcare medications and chemicals a new dimension. The small size of nanoparticles, permits them to circulate in the body without interrupting oxygenation and escape filtration by both the renal and gastrointestinal networks. These are the few properties that distinguish them apart from traditional therapeutic procedures. The increased permeability and durability effect result in successful penetration inside the tumor tissues, providing cancer treatment a new lease on life. Efficient transportation pathways, on the other hand, produce genotoxicity and mutagenicity by interacting with genes that are essential for smooth functioning. As the specific interactions of nanomedicines with biological systems are still unknown, comprehending nanomedicines' toxicological effects is tough. The lack of regulatory direction in this field remains a research gap that we would want to examine in this study.
Bionanocomposite materials have potential applications in food packaging due to their barrier properties and sustainability. Nanoparticles can be incorporated into biopolymers through methods like polymerization, exfoliation, and intercalation to form bionanocomposites. This improves properties such as mechanical strength and gas barrier effects compared to biopolymers alone. Bionanocomposites show promise as active packaging through inclusion of antimicrobial nanoparticles. However, more research is needed to understand potential human health risks from nanoparticle migration before wide commercial use. Regulations are being developed to ensure safety of nanomaterials used in food applications.
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Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems (NPDDSs) are being explored for the purpose of solving the challenges of drug delivery. Most carriers are less than 100 nm in diameter and provide methods for targeting and releasing therapeutic compounds in defined regions.
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The document discusses various types of NPDDS like oral, pulmonary, topical, and parenteral systems. It also reviews formulation methods like emulsion, polymerization,
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This document provides a review of metal nanoparticles and their safety processing in functional foods. It discusses various nanomaterials used in food industries and their potential health effects. Some key points include:
- Nanoparticles like zinc oxide and silicon dioxide are considered safe for use as food additives by regulatory agencies. However, more research is still needed on their long-term safety.
- Nanoparticles can increase the bioavailability of nutrients like iron. Silver nanoparticles also show potential as antimicrobial agents in food packaging.
- Further research is needed to establish exposure limits for nanoparticles in occupational settings and develop standardized monitoring methods. Predictive models are also needed to evaluate nanoparticle toxicity.
- Many nanoproducts
This document discusses nanotechnology-based drug delivery and summarizes various nanocarrier systems including nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, niosomes, and carbon-based structures. It describes how these systems can be used for targeted drug delivery and provides examples of achievements using nanotechnology to develop once-daily drugs and tumor-targeted formulations. The challenges of drug degradation, targeting, compliance and cost are also mentioned. Priority research areas highlighted are cancer nanotechnology, DNA vaccines, and pulmonary drug delivery. Various characterization techniques for nanoparticles are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of novel drug delivery systems for herbal drugs. It discusses 8 types of novel herbal formulations: phytosomes, nanoemulsions, ethosomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, carbon nanotubes, niosomes, and hydrogels. Each formulation is described in terms of its structure, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Phytosomes, for example, enhance absorption of herbal extracts and have been used to deliver liver-protectant flavonoids. Nanoemulsions can be taken by enteric route and used for cosmetic preparations. Nanoparticles are used to improve bioavailability and target drug delivery.
The document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and defines nanoparticles. It then discusses various types of nanoparticulate systems including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, silica nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and carbon nanoparticles. Methods for preparing nanoparticles including coacervation, polymerization, supercritical, and dispersion methods are summarized. Applications of nanoparticles in drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, cosmetics, and biosensing are highlighted. The document concludes that nanotechnology can potentially improve drug delivery and make a major impact on human health.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMMakrani Shaharukh
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in developing drug delivery systems. It begins with defining nanotechnology and describing some of its benefits, including more targeted drug delivery and reduced drug degradation. The document then discusses several specific nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, and nanosuspensions. It provides details on the composition and preparation methods for these various systems. The overall goal of using nanotechnology in drug delivery is to develop clinically useful formulations for treating diseases.
A General Overview of Nano Medicine-Efficacy in Therapeutic Science and Curre...Berklin
Nanotechnology’s introduction has dramatically improved a number of scientific fields, one of which is medicinal research. Nanomedicine is aimed to offer healthcare medications and chemicals a new dimension. The small size of nanoparticles, permits them to circulate in the body without interrupting oxygenation and escape filtration by both the renal and gastrointestinal networks. These are the few properties that distinguish them apart from traditional therapeutic procedures. The increased permeability and durability effect result in successful penetration inside the tumor tissues, providing cancer treatment a new lease on life. Efficient transportation pathways, on the other hand, produce genotoxicity and mutagenicity by interacting with genes that are essential for smooth functioning. As the specific interactions of nanomedicines with biological systems are still unknown, comprehending nanomedicines' toxicological effects is tough. The lack of regulatory direction in this field remains a research gap that we would want to examine in this study.
Bionanocomposite materials have potential applications in food packaging due to their barrier properties and sustainability. Nanoparticles can be incorporated into biopolymers through methods like polymerization, exfoliation, and intercalation to form bionanocomposites. This improves properties such as mechanical strength and gas barrier effects compared to biopolymers alone. Bionanocomposites show promise as active packaging through inclusion of antimicrobial nanoparticles. However, more research is needed to understand potential human health risks from nanoparticle migration before wide commercial use. Regulations are being developed to ensure safety of nanomaterials used in food applications.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems (NPDDSs) are being explored for the purpose of solving the challenges of drug delivery. Most carriers are less than 100 nm in diameter and provide methods for targeting and releasing therapeutic compounds in defined regions.
These vehicles have the potential to eliminate or ameliorate many problems associated with drug distribution, precipitation at high concentrations, and toxicity issues with excipients. Many NPDDSs provide both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments to facilitate drug solubility.
The document discusses various types of NPDDS like oral, pulmonary, topical, and parenteral systems. It also reviews formulation methods like emulsion, polymerization,
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This document provides a review of metal nanoparticles and their safety processing in functional foods. It discusses various nanomaterials used in food industries and their potential health effects. Some key points include:
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A General Overview of Nano Medicine-Efficacy in Therapeutic Science and Curre...ceijjournals
Nanotechnology’s introduction has dramatically improved a number of scientific fields, one of which is
medicinal research. Nanomedicine is aimed to offer healthcare medications and chemicals a new
dimension. The small size of nanoparticles, permits them to circulate in the body without interrupting
oxygenation and escape filtration by both the renal and gastrointestinal networks. These are the few
properties that distinguish them apart from traditional therapeutic procedures. The increased permeability
and durability effect result in successful penetration inside the tumor tissues, providing cancer treatment a
new lease on life. Efficient transportation pathways, on the other hand, produce genotoxicity and
mutagenicity by interacting with genes that are essential for smooth functioning. As the specific
interactions of nanomedicines with biological systems are still unknown, comprehending nanomedicines'
toxicological effects is tough. The lack of regulatory direction in this field remains a research gap that we
would want to examine in this study.
This document summarizes non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) and their application in drug delivery. It discusses the structure of niosomes, including unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles. The main components of niosomes are outlined, including non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol, and sometimes charged molecules. Methods for forming and evaluating niosomes are described, such as the proniosomes method and techniques for measuring particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and stability. Finally, the document discusses the potential of niosomes to deliver various drug types including chemicals, proteins, and genes.
The document discusses nanotechnology case studies and applications of nanoscience. It notes that nanotechnology involves studying and manipulating matter at the nano-scale of 1-100 nm. The review covers green nanoparticles as alternatives to pesticides for managing plant diseases, and how synthesis methods and applications of nano-materials are expanding from electronics and engineering into fields like agriculture, food, and veterinary sciences.
nanobiotechnology, achievements and development prospectsYULIU384426
Nanobiotechnology has significant applications in fields like medicine, imaging, and drug delivery. It has been used to develop tools for intelligent drug delivery, gene therapy, biosensors, diagnostics, and biomaterials. Some key achievements include using nanoparticles for more precise disease detection, developing techniques to detect genetic sequences, creating protein chips to study proteomics, and developing systems to sort rare cells. Nanobiotechnology also shows promise for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery without viruses, using liposomes to cross cell membranes, engineering surfaces at the nanoscale, and streamlining the drug development process. Its future applications could include more precise diagnosis and regenerative medicine through technologies like nanosensors and nanomedicine. Continued development may help improve
Applications of Nanotechnology in food by Supratim BiswasSupratim Biswas
This document provides an overview of the application of nanotechnology in the food processing industry. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology and a brief history. It then discusses various types of nanomaterials like inorganic, surface functionalized, and organic nanomaterials. Applications of nanotechnology in food processing include nanoencapsulation to improve nutrient delivery and nano-based packaging materials for improved barrier properties, active oxygen scavenging, and intelligent sensing abilities. The document concludes by noting the rapid growth of the nanotechnology market but also limitations like unknown health impacts that require more research and regulation before wide incorporation in the food industry.
Nano biotechnology, often referred to as nanobiotechnology, is a multidiscipl...ItsJimmy
It is a presentation related to nanobiotechnology which covered it's aspects including it's introduction, scope , uses , application and also includes nanofibers and nanotechnology.
A nanocarrier is nano material being used as a transport module for another substance, such as a drug. Commonly used nanocarriers include micelles, polymers, carbon-based materials, liposomes and other substances.Nanocarriers are currently used in drug delivery and their unique characteristics demonstrate potential use in chemotherapy. Nanocarriers include polymer conjugates, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and gold Nanoparticles.Lipid-based carriers include both liposomes and micelles.
Examples of gold nanoparticles are gold nanoshells and nanocages.Different types of nonmaterial being used in nano carriers allows for hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs to be delivered throughout the body.
potential problem with nanocarriers is unwanted toxicity from the type of nonmaterial being used. Inorganic nonmaterial can also be toxic to the human body if it accumulates in certain cell organelles new research is being conducted to invent more effective, safer nanocarriers.
Nano pharmaceuticals offer the ability to detect diseases at much earlier stages and the diagnostic applications could build upon conventional procedures using nano particles.
Nano pharmaceuticals represent an emerging field where the sizes of the drug particle or a therapeutic delivery system work at the nanoscale.
Nano pharmaceuticals have enormous potential in addressing this failure of traditional therapeutics which offers site-specific targeting of active agents.
Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are used to label specific molecules, structures or microorganisms.
Gold nanoparticles tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a sample.
Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots into polymeric microbeads.
Nan pore technology for analysis of nucleic acids converts strings of nucleotides directly into electronic signatures.C-dots (Cornell dots) are the smallest silica-based nanoparticles with the size <10 nm.
There are three main reasons for the popularity of herbal medicine
1. There is a growing concern over the reliance and safety of drugs.
2. Modern medicine is failing to effectively treat many of the most common health condition.
3. Many natural measures are being shown to produce better results than drugs or surgery without the side effects
Modern Prospects of Nano science and their advancement in plant disease manag...sunilsuriya1
Standing tall in the face of adversity: Nanotechnology's rise in plant disease management
Plant diseases pose a significant threat to global food security, causing substantial crop losses every year. Traditional methods of disease control, while effective in some cases, often rely on broad-spectrum chemical pesticides that can harm the environment and human health. In recent years, a revolutionary approach has emerged: nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology, the manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular level, holds immense promise for revolutionizing plant disease management. Its unique properties and potential applications offer exciting possibilities, including:
Targeted delivery: Nanoparticles can be designed to specifically target pathogens, minimizing harm to beneficial organisms and the environment.
Enhanced efficacy: By delivering active ingredients directly to the site of infection, nanoparticles can improve the effectiveness of existing disease control methods.
Reduced environmental impact: Nanotechnology offers opportunities to develop more environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional pesticides.
Early disease detection: Nanosensors can be used to rapidly and accurately detect plant diseases at their earliest stages, allowing for prompt intervention.
This introduction provides a brief overview of the potential of nanotechnology in plant disease management, highlighting its potential to be a game-changer in the fight against food security threats. As research continues to advance, we can expect even more exciting developments in this field, paving the way for a more sustainable and productive future for agriculture.
Application of Nanotechnology in Natural ProductsMona Ismail
Nanoscience is the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
The word "Nano" is derived from the Greek word for “Dwarf”. It means a billionth. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
Present and future applications of biomaterials in controlled drug delivery s...Steffi Thomas
This document discusses biomaterials and their application in controlled drug delivery systems. It begins by defining biomaterials as materials used for medical applications that can have benign or bioactive functions. Common examples are given. The document then discusses how biomaterials are used in various medical fields like cardiovascular devices, orthopedics, ophthalmology, drug delivery systems and more. It explores the safety of biomaterials and regulatory guidelines. The document outlines future prospects for biomaterials including uses in skin regeneration, gold nanoparticles, and ceramic nanoparticles. Applications in diseases and as drug delivery systems are summarized.
Preparation and characterization of poly (2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (phema...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the preparation and characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) nanoparticles for potential use in controlled drug delivery. PHEMA nanoparticles were prepared using a modified suspension polymerization technique. The nanoparticles were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. The nanoparticles were found to be less than 100 nm in size and spherical or elliptical in shape, making them suitable for biomedical applications such as controlled drug delivery.
A variety of Nano-biomaterials are synthesised, characterised and tested to find out their potentialities by global scientific communities, during the last three decades. Among those, nanostructured ceramics, cements and coatings are being considered for major use in orthopaedic, dental and other medical applications. The development of novel biocompatible ceramic materials with improved biomedical functions is at the forefront of health-related applications, all over the world. Understanding of the potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials will provide a major insight into the future developments. This study reviews and enlists the prominent potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials, like Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Hydroxy-Apatite(HAP), TCP+HAP, Si substituted HAP, Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate, Bioactive Glasses, Bioactive Glass Ceramics, Titania-Based Ceramics, Zirconia Ceramics, Alumina Ceramcis and Ceramic Polymer Composites.
nanoscience ppt.ppt of biophysics and nanotechnologysweta178930
Central university of haryana presented opportunities and promises of nanobiotechnology. Nanobiotechnology involves integrating nanotechnology and biotechnology to create nanoscale devices and systems for medical purposes like diagnosis and treatment. It offers opportunities in areas like drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, tissue engineering, food science, and protein chips. In drug delivery, nanomaterials like liposomes can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner at target sites. Nanoparticles also act as contrast agents to improve imaging techniques. They are being used in tissue engineering to enhance tissue growth. In food science, nanotechnology increases shelf-life and provides targeted nutrient delivery. Protein chips use nanoscale patterns to study protein interactions. The future of nanobiotechnology is promising
Use of nanofertilizers on fruit trees contributes effectively to improve the fruit quality and increasing the productivity of trees. It reduces environmental pollution by reducing the amount of fertilizers used, which is positively reflected in the increased economic return of the farmers. When nanofertilizers sprayed at very low concentration on fruit trees, these compounds have had a direct effect by increasing the growth, yield and quality of these fruit crops.
Antibacterial agents are very important in the textile industry, water disinfection, medicine, and food packaging. Organic compounds used for disinfection have some disadvantages, including toxicity to the human body; therefore, the interest in inorganic disinfectants such as metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing. This review focuses on the Preparation and their potential with good antimicrobial activity of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs against biofilm forming S. aureus. Such improved antibacterial agents locally destroy bacteria, without being toxic to the surrounding tissue. We also provide an overview of opportunities and risks of using NPs as antibacterial agents. In particular, we discuss the role of Ag-NPs and Se-NPs materials. Several manufactured nanoparticlesparticles with one dimension less than 100 nm are increasingly used in consumer products. At nano size range, the properties of materials differ substantially from bulk materials of the same composition, mostly due to the increased specific surface area and reactivity, which may lead to increased bioavailability and toxicity. Thus, for the assessment of sustainability of nanotechnologies, methods of manufacturing Nanoparticles, properties have to be studied.
The formation of nanoparticle and physiochemical parameters such as pH, monomer concentration, ionic strength as well as surface charge, particle size and molecular weight are important for drug delivery. Further, these nanoparticles have the capability to reverse
multidrug resistance a major problem in chemotherapy. Well-established therapies commonly employed in cancer treatment include surgery, Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and
radiotherapy. The silver nanoparticles might be involved in neutralizing these adhesive substances, thus preventing biofilm formation. Selenium is also one of essential trace elements in the human body and has great importance in nourishment and medicine. Medicaldiagnostic field also developed to use the selenium nanoparticles and also studies on the increase efficiency of glutathione peroxidase and thioredosin reductase.
This document summarizes several classes of anticancer drugs, including taxanes like paclitaxel and docetaxel, and podophyllotoxins like etoposide and teniposide. It notes the limitations of paclitaxel including its poor solubility and limited supply, and how docetaxel was developed to address these issues. The document also discusses the biosynthesis of paclitaxel from precursors like baccatin III, as well as podophyllotoxin derivatives and their mechanisms of inhibiting DNA synthesis.
This document discusses microspheres, which are defined as solid spherical particles containing dispersed drug. Microspheres can be used for controlled drug release applications to reduce side effects and eliminate repeated injections. They have various advantages including flexibility in design and improved safety. The document discusses the types of microspheres including fluorescent, glass, and paramagnetic microspheres. It also discusses the preparation methods, routes of administration including oral and parenteral, mechanisms of drug release, applications, and evaluation of microspheres.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
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Nano biotechnology, often referred to as nanobiotechnology, is a multidiscipl...ItsJimmy
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A nanocarrier is nano material being used as a transport module for another substance, such as a drug. Commonly used nanocarriers include micelles, polymers, carbon-based materials, liposomes and other substances.Nanocarriers are currently used in drug delivery and their unique characteristics demonstrate potential use in chemotherapy. Nanocarriers include polymer conjugates, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and gold Nanoparticles.Lipid-based carriers include both liposomes and micelles.
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Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots into polymeric microbeads.
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Targeted delivery: Nanoparticles can be designed to specifically target pathogens, minimizing harm to beneficial organisms and the environment.
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Early disease detection: Nanosensors can be used to rapidly and accurately detect plant diseases at their earliest stages, allowing for prompt intervention.
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CORRECTED RESEARCH PROPOISAL SEMINAR.pptx
1. A Comparative Study on Chitosan and it’s
Effect on the In-Vitro Release of Esomeprazole
From Chitosan/Polylactic Acid Nanoparticles
Ugochi E. Ewii
ACEFUELS/21/PHD/14000112
Qualification: B. Pharm
(Igbinedion) M. Pharm (Uniuyo)
2. • 1.1 General overview /key concepts
• The ability of nanotechnology to transverse across several aspects
of our daily lives and deliver top notch functions makes it quite
distinctive and desirable (Putheti et al., 2008).
• The role of nanotechnology to pharmaceutical science and
technology centers around the development of innovative drug
delivery systems to target specific sites in the body, maintain a
steady drug release and deliver profound therapeutic effects with
the reduction of systemic side effects, dose reduction and better
patients’ compliance (Douglas, 2020).
1. BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION
3. • 1.1 General overview /key concepts
• Several nano-carriers have been utilized in nanomedicine. These
include organic and inorganic nanocarriers.
• Natural polymers are desirable nanoparticles for drug delivery
because they are not toxic and have very good biocompatibility
and low immunogenicity, and are biodegradable(Anwunobi &
Emeje, 2011).
• Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained from Chitin, found in the
shells of Crustaceans (Dev et al., 2010a).
1. BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION
CONTD.
4. • 1.1 General overview /key concepts
Several drugs can easily be transported for controlled drug delivery
following co-administration with Chitosan (van der Lubben et al.,
2003).
Numerous benefits to using Chitosan are enhanced residence time, easy
chemical modification and its physicochemical properties (Thacharodi
& Panduranga Rao, 1996).
Chitosan is often derived from Chitin through chemical or enzymatic
deacetylation. The main natural sources of Chitin are Shrimp and crab
shells (Elieh-Ali-Komi & Hamblin, 2016). It could also be extracted
from periwinkle and snail shells (Gbenebor et al., 2017).
1. BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION
CONTD.
5. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT/RESEARCH QUESTION/HYPOTHESIS
• One problem often faced with the utilization of nanoparticles especially for drug
delivery is the high cost of these nanomaterials. By exploring the natural polymers
from sources in our community and advocating it’s utilization, through tremendous
research and exportation, these sources would be a source of foreign exchange and
would lead to cheaper nanomedicines.
HYPOTHESIS: Chitosan from different sources, formed into nanoparticles will create
suitable controlled drug delivery systems for invitro/invivo drug delivery, precisely for the
treatment of ulcer.
6. This research is aimed at evaluating the effect of the Chitosan from different sources on the
in-vitro release of Esomeprazole from Chitosan/Polylactic acid nanoparticles
Objectives
1. Characterization of the Chitosan obtained from different sources.
2. Preparation of the Chitosan/Polylactic acid Nanoparticles
3. Loading of Esomeprazole into the Chitosan/Polylactic acid nanoparticles.
4. Characterization of the formed nanoparticles
5. Evaluation of the In-vitro drug release properties of the drug loaded nanoparticles.
1.3 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES
7. 1.4 JUSTIFICATION & SCOPE
1. In-vitro release test is one of the preliminary tests that must be carried out on every drug formulation
prior to it’s use. It gives an idea on the release of the drug from its dosage form inside the body. Given
that Chitosan from different dosage forms have different physiological properties, it is expedient to
explore these sources, characterize them and evaluate their use in nano drug delivery.
3. Unique properties of polymeric nanoparticles like biocompatibility, biodegradability, non- toxicity,
stability and drug targeting makes the study of Chitosan/Polylactic acid nanoparticles for drug delivery
suitable.
4. This research will be carried out on Chitosan from 4 sources (crayfish, snail shells, periwinkle shells
and shrimps.Amongst the 3 strategies for loading drugs into nanoparticles, only encapsulation will be
utilized.
www.futo.edu.ng
8. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Tables with specific Literature
S/N Literature Findings Reference
1 Nanotechnology in
Pharmaceutical Science: A
Concise Review
The word Nanotechnology was actually coined by
Prof. Norio Taniguchi in 1974, and it simply involves
using technology at a nanoscale size
Popat
Jadhav et
al., 2020.
2 Nanotechnology: Applications,
techniques, approaches, & the
advancement in toxicology and
environmental impact of
engineered nanomaterials.
Since its inception, nanotechnology has been applied
in vast areas, these include energy, transportation,
agriculture, medicine, water treatment etc.
Zaib &
Iqbal,
2019.
3 Recent Applications of Natural
Polymers in Nanodrug Delivery
When applied to pharmaceutical science, its benefits
are immense and unquantifiable as new discoveries
are continuously being made.
Anwunobi
& Emeje,
2011.
9. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW CONTD.
S/N Literature Findings Reference
4 A review on status of
nanotechnology in
pharmaceutical sciences
Some of these benefits are targeted site-specific
delivery, biosensors, biomarkers, tissue engineering,
diagnosis, development of nanomedicines etc.
Suttee et
al., 2019.
5 Nanostructure-mediated drug
delivery.
Nanotechnology helps to enhance drugs
performance, safety and effectiveness as well as
patient’s adherence etc.
Hughes,
2005.
6 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology:
A Therapeutic Revolution
Nano-carriers may be referred to as transporters of
the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the nanoscale
to a targeted site in the body.
Douglas,
2020.
10. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW CONTD.
S/N Literature Findings Reference
7. Colloidal nanocarriers: a review
on formulation technology, types
and applications toward targeted
drug delivery.
Nano-carriers are classified into two broad groups;
Organic (polymeric nano-carrier, dendrimer,
liposome, micelles and solid lipid nano-carrier) and
Inorganic Nano-carriers (mesoporous silica, quantum
dot, magnetic nanocarrier, gold nano-carrier and
carbon nanotube). Characteristics of nano-carriers are
enhanced biocompatibility, solubility, stability,
enhanced pharmacokinetics, low toxicity and
targeted/sustained drug delivery
Mishra et
al., 2010
8. Advances of Cancer Therapy by
Nanotechnology
Polymeric nanocarriers can be made from natural (e.g.,
Chitosan, gelatin, collagen, alginate etc.) and synthetic
polymers (Polyethylene glycol and polylactic acid).
Wang et
al., 2009
9. Cancer-cell-specific induction of
apoptosis using mesoporous silica
nanoparticles as drug-delivery
Advantages of polymeric nanocarriers are higher
stability, drug payload, improved half-life and
sustained drug release. Polymeric nano-carriers may
Rosenholm
et al., 2010.
11. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW CONTD.
S/N Literature Findings Reference
10. Chitosan-based drug
delivery systems
Chitosan is one unique polymer in the pharmaceutical industry
known for its distinctive properties. It is peculiar for its cationic
properties which could be ascribed to its primary amino groups
Bernkop-
Schnürch &
Dünnhaup
2012.
11. Comparison of the
mucoadhesive properties
of various polymers.
These amino groups are held responsible for its controlled drug
release, mucoadhesion permeation enhancement Insitu gelation
and transfection enhancing properties
Grabovac
al., 2005,
Schipper e
1996,
Sakloetsak
et al., 2009
Mao et al.,
2010.
12. Extraction and
characterization of chitin
and chitosan from
Chitosan drug delivery systems have been utilized in oral drug
delivery, nasal drug delivery, vaginal drug delivery, buccal drug
delivery and vaccine delivery Chitin can be derived from many
Bernkop-
Schnürch &
Dünnhaup
12. 2.2 SUMMARY AND IDENTIFIED GAPS
1. Shangyong et al., 2022, studied the application of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle in oral drug delivery
systems, its prospects and challenges, however monitoring the pharmacological effect of the drugs
prepared with these nano-carriers is a huge knowledge gap.
2. Mostafa et al., 2022 studied the Customizing nano-chitosan for sustainable drug delivery. Some
knowledge gaps that were identified. These include Cytotoxicity of Chitosan based systems (these needs
to be studied further in future works), Synthesis of low molecular weight chitosan should be studied for
better solubility and Safety and targeting studies should also be carried out.
3. Casalini et al., 2019 studied a perspective on polylactic acid based polymers use for nanoparticles
synthesis and applications. Physical properties, chemical properties and applications were studied.
Cytotoxicity and hemolysis needs to be studied further.
13. 2.2 SUMMARY AND IDENTIFIED GAPS CONTD.
4. Oyekunle and Omoleye (2019) studied the new process for synthesizing chitosan from snail shells
through elimination of the drying stage. The formed chitosan were characterized showed suitable
properties and this process proved to be more economical. However further works need to be done on
the utilization of the formed chitosan in nano-drug delivery.
5. Abere et al., 2022 studied the derivation of composites of chitosan-nanoparticles from crustaceans
source for nanomedicine. They found out that indeed chitosan nanoparticles are promising
nanocarriers for encapsulating molecules in medications or active chemicals and that shellfish waste
could be a tremendous source of chitosan. Large scale greener methods needs to be sxplored for
chitosan extraction.
14. 3. RESEARCH DESIGN / METHODOLOGY
3.1 Flow chart of Experimental design & approach:
Steps in Extraction of Chitosan
15. 3.2 MATERIALS PREPARATION
Chitosan (CS) from periwinkle, snails, crabs and crayfish, poly (lactic acid) (PLA),
dichloromethane, Pothylene oxide) (PEO), phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and acetic acid will
be obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, USA. Esomeprazole drug will be purchased from Sigma,
USA. All other chemicals will be of analytical grade.
Preparation of PLA/CS nanoparticles
About 100 mg of PLA will be dissolved in 10 ml of dichloromethane to form a fine
dispersion. This solution will rapidly be poured into10 ml of 1% acetic acid solution
containing 40 mg of CS and 200 mg of PEO. The mixture will then be sonicated for 15 min
to form an emulsion and vigorously stirred until the organic solvent evaporates. Finally, the
nanoparticles will be precipitated by adding water and then lyophilized.
16. 3.2 MATERIALS PREPARATION CONTD.
Preparation of Esomeprazole loaded PLA/CS nanoparticles
To encapsulate the drug, w/o/w emulsion technique will be applied. Aqueous drug solution
(2 ml) will be first poured into a polymer solution (100 mg of PLA dissolved in 10 ml
dichloromethane) to form a w/o emulsion. The w/o emulsion will then be rapidly poured into
10 ml of 1% acetic acid solution containing 40 mg of chitosan and 200 mg of PEO. The
mixture was sonicated for 15 min to form an emulsion, and then vigorously stirred. Stirring
will be continued until the organic solvent evaporates. The nanoparticles will be precipitated
by adding water and then be lyophilized.
17. 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL/COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE
Characterization of Formed Nanoparticles.
Several analysis will be done on the nanoparticles. These include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM, Dynamic Light Scattering and Thermogravimetric
analysis and X-Ray diffraction.
Evaluation of Drug encapsulation efficiency
The obtained nanoparticles will be frozen and lyophilized by a freeze dryer system to obtain a dried
nanoparticle product. The weighed product of nanoparticles will be washed with distilled water and then
centrifuged and the supernatant was collected. The solution will be measured by UV spectrophotometer
(UV-1700 Pharma Spec, Shimadzu) at the wavelength 270 nm (Fernandes, 2006) and the weight of drug
will be calculated by use of a calibration curve.
Encapsulation efficiency = (weight of Esomeprazole drug in nanoparticles)/(weight of Esomeprazole
drug initially) * 100%
18. 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL/COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE CONTD.
In-vitro drug release studies
The in-vitro drug release tests will be carried out on all formulations (3% and 6% drug loaded samples).
Fifty milligrams of each sample will be suspended in 100 ml of PBS buffer at various pH at 37°C and
will be placed in an incubated shaker at 120 rpm. At predetermined time intervals, 3 ml of aliquots will
be withdrawn and the concentration of drug released will be monitored by UV spectrophotometer (UV-
1700 Pharma Spec, Shimadzu) at 270 nm. The dissolution medium will be replaced with fresh buffer to
maintain the total volume.
The drug release percent can be determined by the following equation: Drug release {%] = C(t) / C (0) ꭓ
100 where C (0) and C(t) represents the amount of drug loaded and amount of drug released at a time t,
respectively. All studies will be done in triplicate.
19. 3.4 DATA PROCESSING, PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Raw data collected will be analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft excel software etc.
Polymer % of
Drug
loaded
w/w
Concentration of
Drug loaded (mg)
Encapsulation
Efficiency EE +-
SD
Particle
Size nm
+-SD
Time of
Drug
release
(mins)
Concentration of
Drug Released
(mg)
Chitosan from
Periwinkle Cp
3 - - - 30
60
90
120
240
360
-
-
-
-
-
-
6 - - - 30
60
90
-
-
-
21. 4. EXPECTED RESULTS
4.1 Expected Results (linked to objectives)
It is expected that Chitosan from different sources will yield nanoparticles for controlled
drug delivery. The physio-chemical properties will be evaluated and the one which yields
desirable properties will be recommended.
4.2 Expected outcomes (linked to problem statement)
It is expected that cost effective nanoparticles suitable for controlled drug delivery, precisely
for the treatment of Duodenal ulcer will be derived from Chitosan obtained from our local
sources like crayfish and periwinkle shells. These nanoparticles will then be utilized for
foreign exchange.
22. 4. EXPECTED RESULTS CONTD.
4.3 Key beneficiaries of Project
The community at large stands to benefit from this project,
beginning from the ACE-FUELS center, to the prestigious people of
Imo state to Nigeria, foreign countries and even our future
generations. The success of this project would proffer a
breakthrough in the treatment of Duodenal ulcer.
4.4. Relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
Out of the 17 sustainable development goals, the one most relevant
to this research is the third one ‘Good health and Well being’.
Because the success of one goal enhances the rest, all the
sustainable development goals will be enhanced by this research.