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3. • VIRUSES MAMMALS BIRDS
• RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
COMMON COLD RHINOVIRUSES
SARS MERS COVID-19
• UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE
DIARRHEA
• VACCINES ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

4. • SUBFAMILY CORONAVIRIDAE
NIDOVIRALES RIBOVIRIA [5][6]
• ENVELOPED VIRUSES POSITIVE-SENSE SINGLE-STRANDED RNA GENOME NUCLEOCAPSID
• GENOME SIZE KILOBASES
RNA VIRUSES [7]
•
SOLAR CORONA
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

5. • [8]
• INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS
COMMON COLD HUMAN CORONAVIRUS
229E HUMAN CORONAVIRUS OC43 [9]
• SARS-COV
HCOV NL63 HKU1 MERS-COV SARS-COV-
2
• RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

6. • CORONA
GREEK
• VIRIONS
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
SOLAR CORONA
• MORPHOLOGY PEPLOMERS PROTEINS
[10][11]

7. •
• PLEOMORPHIC
[12] [13]
[14]
• VIRAL ENVELOPE LIPID BILAYER
SPIKE (S) STRUCTURAL PROTEINS [15]
BETACORONAVIRUS SUBGROUP A
HEMAGGLUTININ ESTERASE [5]
• NUCLEOCAPSID
RNA BEADS-ON-A-STRING
[13][16]
[17]

8. • POSITIVE-SENSE, SINGLE-STRANDED
RNA GENOME SIZE
KILOBASES [7]
5′ METHYLATED
CAP 3′ POLYADENYLATED TAIL [18]
• 5′-LEADER-UTR
3′UTR
[19]
•
[20]
[19]

9. •
•
PROTEASE
VIRUS TO ENTER
ENDOCYTOSIS HOST MEMBRANE [21]
• HOST CELL UNCOATED GENOME CELL
CYTOPLASM [22] 5′ METHYLATED CAP 3′ POLYADENYLATED TAIL
RIBOSOME [23]
OPEN READING FRAME POLYPROTEIN
PROTEASES CLEAVE [19]

10. •
• MULTI-PROTEIN
• RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE
• REPLICATION TRANSCRIPTION
•
• EXORIBONUCLEASE
PROOFREADING [24]

11. •
• SYNTHESIS
•
[19]
•
• SYNTHESIS
•
MRNAS [19]

12. •
• PROGENY
VIRUSES
•
•
[19]
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

13. •
GOLGI INTERMEDIATE COMPARTMENT
•
NUCLEOCAPSID [25]
• EXOCYTOSIS
[25]

14. •
RESPIRATORY DROPLETS
[26]
HOST CELL RECEPTOR TISSUE
TROPISM INFECTIVITY SPECIES RANGE [27][28] SARS CORONAVIRUS
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME
2 [29]

16. • MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR
BCE
[30]
•
BATS
[31]

17. • BOVINE CORONAVIRUS
[32]
•
[33]
• [34]
•
[35]
[36]

18. • [37]
•
HIPPOSIDERIDAE
RHINOLOPHIDAE CIVETS [38][39]
• ALPACA [40]

20. •
MERS-COV [19]
• FEVER SORE THROAT
ADENOIDS [41]
• PNEUMONIA VIRAL PNEUMONIA BACTERIAL
PNEUMONIA BRONCHITIS [42]
• SARS-COV SEVERE ACUTE
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME UPPER LOWER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS [42]

21. •
COMMON COLD
• HUMAN CORONAVIRUS OC43
• HUMAN CORONAVIRUS HKU1
• HUMAN CORONAVIRUS NL63
• HUMAN CORONAVIRUS 229E
•

22. • MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME-RELATED CORONAVIRUS
• SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS
• SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2
•
[43]

23. Outbreak Virus type Deaths
2002–2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak SARS-CoV 774[44]
2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak MERS-CoV Over 400[45]
2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in South Korea MERS-CoV 36[46]
2018 Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak MERS-CoV 41[47]
2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic SARS-CoV-2
At least 27,333[48]

25. • UPPER RESPIRATORY GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
•
• INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS
UROGENITAL TRACT [70]
• PORCINE TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS
CORONAVIRUS BOVINE CORONAVIRUS DIARRHEA FELINE CORONAVIRUS
MUTATION
FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS
•

26. •
[71]
• CANINE CORONAVIRUS
• MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS MURINE
[72]
•
• MORBIDITY TROPISM HARDERIAN GLANDS [73]

27. • SWINE ACUTE DIARRHEA SYNDROME
CORONAVIRUS [74]
•
•
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
• VIRAL
PATHOGENESIS VIROLOGISTS
ZOONOTIC [75]

29. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis.
Porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs,
TGEV).[76][77]
Bovine coronavirus (BCV), responsible for severe profuse enteritis in of young
calves.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes mild enteritis in cats as well as severe Feline
infectious peritonitis (other variants of the same virus).
the two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV) (one causing enteritis, the other
found in respiratory diseases).

30. Turkey coronavirus (TCV) causes enteritis in turkeys.
Ferret enteric coronavirus causes epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets.
Ferret systemic coronavirus causes FIP-like systemic syndrome in ferrets.[78]
Pantropic canine coronavirus.
Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young European
rabbits. Mortality rates are high.[79]
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED or PEDV), has emerged around the world.[80]

32. • CIS-ACTING
•
• RNA
SECONDARY STRUCTURES
•
[81][5]

33. GENOME PACKAGING

34. •
•
•
ENCAPSIDATION
•
[81][5]

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ARCHIVED
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• JUMP UP TO:A B "BAT CORONAVIRUSES IN CHINA"
DOI 10.3390/V11030210 PMC 6466186 PMID 30832341
• JUMP UP TO:A B C D BAKER SC
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12-384684-6.

37. • ^ "ICTV MASTER SPECIES LIST 2009—V10"
• JUMP UP TO:A B "HOMOLOGY-
IDENTIFICATION OF A MUTATION IN THE CORONAVIRUS RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE THAT CONFERS RESISTANCE TO
MUTAGENS" DOI 10.1128/JVI.00080-
• ^ "HISTORY AND RECENT ADVANCES IN CORONAVIRUS
DISCOVERY" DOI 10.1097/01.INF.0000188166.17324.60
THE ORIGINAL
• ^ "HUMAN CORONAVIRUSES: INSIGHTS INTO ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE
AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTISEPTIC STRATEGIES"
DOI 10.3390/V4113044 PMC 3509683 PMID 23202515
• ^ "VIROLOGY: CORONAVIRUSES" DOI 10.1038/220650B0 ISSN 1476-
4687 PMC 7086490

38. • "THE MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY OF CORONAVIRUSES"
• ^ "ULTRASTRUCTURAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF SARS CORONAVIRUS"
DOI 10.3201/EID1002.030913 PMC 3322934 PMID 15030705
• JUMP UP TO:A B "AN OVERVIEW OF THEIR REPLICATION AND
PATHOGENESIS; SECTION 2 GENOMIC ORGANIZATION" DOI 10.1007/978-
1-4939-2438-7_1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC 4369385 PMID 25720466
• ^ "SUPRAMOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE OF
OF SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS REVEALED BY ELECTRON CRYOMICROSCOPY"
DOI 10.1128/JVI.00645-06 PMC 1563832 PMID 16873249
• ^
DOI 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60286-9 ISBN 9780120398485. PMID 9233431

39. •
DOI 10.1016/J.ANTIVIRAL.2013.12.009 PMID 24418573
• ^ "A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF M
PROTEIN IN CORONAVIRUS ASSEMBLY AND MORPHOLOGY"
DOI 10.1016/J.JSB.2010.11.021 PMC 4486061 PMID 21130884
• ^ "AN OVERVIEW OF THEIR REPLICATION AND PATHOGENESIS;
PATHOGENESIS; SECTION 2 GENOMIC ORGANIZATION" DOI 10.1007/978-
1-4939-2438-7_1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC 4369385 PMID 25720466
• JUMP UP TO:A B C D E F G "CORONAVIRUSES: AN OVERVIEW OF THEIR REPLICATION AND
PATHOGENESIS" DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2437-
0. PMC 4369385 PMID 25720466
• ^
DOI 10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9 PMID 12927536

40. • "PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVATION OF THE SARS-
CORONAVIRUS SPIKE PROTEIN: CUTTING ENZYMES AT THE CUTTING EDGE OF ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH"
DOI 10.1016/J.ANTIVIRAL.2013.09.028 PMC 3889862 PMID 24121034
• ^
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-
7, PMC 4369385 PMID 25720466
• ^
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-
7, PMC 4369385 PMID 25720466
• ^ "HOMOLOGY-BASED IDENTIFICATION OF
IDENTIFICATION OF A MUTATION IN THE CORONAVIRUS RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE THAT CONFERS RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE
MUTAGENS" DOI 10.1128/JVI.00080-16 PMC 4984655 PMID 27279608
• JUMP UP TO:A B
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC 4369385 PMID 25720466

41. • "TRANSMISSION OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV) | CDC" WWW.CDC.GOV
• ^

42. • "DISCOVERY OF SEVEN NOVEL MAMMALIAN AND AVIAN
CORONAVIRUSES IN THE GENUS DELTACORONAVIRUS SUPPORTS BAT CORONAVIRUSES AS THE GENE SOURCE OF ALPHACORONAVIRUS AND
BETACORONAVIRUS AND AVIAN CORONAVIRUSES AS THE GENE SOURCE OF GAMMACORONAVIRUS AND DELTACORONAVIRUS"
DOI 10.1128/JVI.06540-11 PMC 3302495 PMID 22278237
• ^ "EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF BOVINE
BOVINE CORONAVIRUSES: NATURAL SELECTION PATTERN OF THE SPIKE GENE IMPLIES ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION OF THE STRAINS"
DOI 10.1099/VIR.0.054940-0 PMID 23804565
• ^ "COMPLETE GENOMIC SEQUENCE OF HUMAN
CORONAVIRUS OC43: MOLECULAR CLOCK ANALYSIS SUGGESTS A RELATIVELY RECENT ZOONOTIC CORONAVIRUS TRANSMISSION EVENT"
DOI 10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005 PMC 544107 PMID 15650185
• ^ "MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN CORONAVIRUS OC43
OC43 REVEALS EVOLUTION OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OVER TIME AND RECENT EMERGENCE OF A NOVEL GENOTYPE DUE TO NATURAL
RECOMBINATION" DOI 10.1128/JVI.05512-11 PMC 3194943 PMID 21849456

43. • "CORONAVIRUS GENE 7 COUNTERACTS HOST DEFENSES
AND MODULATES VIRUS VIRULENCE"
DOI 10.1371/JOURNAL.PPAT.1002090 PMC 3111541 PMID 21695242
• ^ "ALPHACORONAVIRUS PROTEIN 7 MODULATES HOST
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE" DOI 10.1128/JVI.01032-13 PMC 3754097 PMID 23824792
• ^ "MERCK VETERINARY MANUAL" ARCHIVED
• ^ "ENTERIC CORONAVIRUS" ARCHIVED
• ^ "PEDV ENTERS CELLS THROUGH CLATHRIN-, CAVEOLAE-, AND LIPID RAFT-MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS AND TRAFFICS VIA THE ENDO-/LYSOSOME PATHWAY" DOI 10.1186/S13567-020-0739-
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• JUMP UP TO:A B CORONAVIRUSES: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY
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44. • "WHAT'S NEW WITH FERRET FIP-LIKE DISEASE?" ARCHIVED
• ^ "CORONAVIRUS PATHOGENESIS AND THE EMERGING PATHOGEN SEVERE ACUTE
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DOI 10.1128/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005 PMC 1306801 PMID 16339739
• ^ "RAT CORONAVIRUS—AN OVERVIEW | SCIENCEDIRECT TOPICS" WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM
• ^
BIBCODE 2018NATUR.556..255Z DOI 10.1038/S41586-018-0010-9 PMID 29618817
• ^ "CELL REPLACEMENT THERAPIES TO PROMOTE
REMYELINATION IN A VIRAL MODEL OF DEMYELINATION"
DOI 10.1016/J.JNEUROIM.2010.05.013 PMC 2919340 PMID 20627412

45. • "WUHAN SEAFOOD MARKET MAY NOT BE SOURCE OF NOVEL VIRUS SPREADING GLOBALLY" SCIENCEMAG
ARCHIVED
• ^ "WE'RE STILL NOT SURE WHERE THE COVID-19 REALLY CAME FROM" POPULAR SCIENCE ARCHIVED
• ^
DROSTEN, CHRISTIAN
DOI 10.1016/J.IJID.2020.01.009 PMID 31953166
• ^ "WE'RE STILL NOT SURE WHERE THE COVID-19 REALLY CAME FROM" POPULAR SCIENCE ARCHIVED
• ^ ISBN 978-0-12-511340-3.
• ^ "PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES AGAINST AVIAN INFECTIOUS
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46. • "IS THE WORLD READY FOR THE CORONAVIRUS?—DISTRUST IN
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• ^ "WHO STATEMENT REGARDING CLUSTER OF PNEUMONIA CASES IN WUHAN, CHINA" WWW.WHO.INT

47. • "MERS IN THE U.S." ARCHIVED
• ^ "MERS VIRUS'S PATH: ONE MAN, MANY SOUTH KOREAN HOSPITALS"
ARCHIVED
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• ^
DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9 PMID 31986257

48. • "NEW SARS-LIKE VIRUS FOUND IN MIDDLE EAST" ARCHIVED
• ^ "NEW VIRUS NOT SPREADING EASILY BETWEEN PEOPLE: WHO" ARCHIVED

49. • "MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS (MERS-COV)—REPUBLIC OF KOREA"
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50. • "GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BETACORONAVIRUS LINEAGE C VIRUSES IN BATS REVEALS
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• ^ "EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ZOONOTIC ORIGIN OF HUMAN CORONAVIRUS STRAIN
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• ^ "EVOLUTIONARY INSIGHTS INTO THE ECOLOGY OF CORONAVIRUSES"
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• ^
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51. • "PREVALENCE AND GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF HUMAN
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• JUMP UP TO:A B
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• ^
DOI 10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2006.08.004 PMID 16978751
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52. • "MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS (MERS-COV)—REPUBLIC OF KOREA"
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• JUMP UP TO:A B C "CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 GLOBAL CASES BY JOHNS HOPKINS CSSE"
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53. “ GET BUSY LIVING OR GET BUSY DYING.” — STEPHEN KING.