The document discusses conservation strategies for coral reef ecosystems in India. It outlines several threats to coral reefs from human activities such as overfishing, pollution, and coastal development. Specific threats in regions like the Gulf of Mannar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep are described. Conservation efforts include establishing marine protected areas, integrated coastal zone management, and improving local governance. Restoration activities like coral transplantation and artificial reef creation are also discussed. Overall the document provides an overview of threats to Indian coral reefs and potential strategies for improved management and conservation.

1. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 1
Conservation strategies
for coral reef ecosystem
FRM – 506
Aquatic ecosystem and biodiversity

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Deep water
reefs or
mounds are
less known
25 % of
ocean’s fish
depend on
healthy coral
reefs
Tropical rain
forests of the
sea

3. Anthropogenic interventions
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Incredible
destruction
Over
population
Overfishing
Sewage
disposal
Corporate
use

4. 
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5. 
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6. El Nino
Sea surface warming
Coral
bleaching
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7. Threats – GOM& Palk Bay
 47 fishing villages
 Reef fishery, Chank fishery, pearl fishery, ornamental shell trade, illegal
mining of corals
 Trawl net fishing , gill net fishing
 Coral mining- Calcium carbonate industry
 Annually 15000 tonnes of coral stones are removed (Venkata- ramanujam
et al, 1981
 Large scale quarrying until 1979
 Acropora Formosa fragments are collected for lime preparation
 Destruction of live corals
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8. Threats – GOM& Palk Bay
 Seaweed collection for agar- agar manufacturing units
 Tourism associated disturbances- minimal
 Tourism market
 Population pressure
 Untreated sewage disposal- bacterial infection
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9. Threats – A&N Islands
 Fishing: Andamanese- bows and arrows: Nicobarese- spears
 Business opportunists and tourists
 Pollution from Chatham saw mill
 Rapid industrialization
 Increasing discharge of sewage
 Trampling of corals by snorkellers and swimmers
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10. Threats – A&N Islands
 Anchoring boats
 Unplanned collection of shells and corals
 Commercial exploitation of fishes
 Settler communities- poor knowledge on coral reefs
 Indigenous knowledge lies in tribal communities- not exposed
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11. Threats – Gulf of Kutch
 Commercial exploitation of coral sands- cement industry
 Felling of mangroves- sediment load increased
 Fishing in the park- sanctuary area
 Killing fish through chemicals
 Rise in population of fishing community
 Over exploitation of breeding grounds
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12. Threats – Lakshadweep
 Coral shingle bricks - building materials
 Blasting and dredging in lagoons for navigational channel
 Tourism
 Garbage and sewage disposal
 Collection of souvenirs
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13. Reefs in India Status Research Perceived threats
Palk bay Slow recovery from 60’s
coral mining
Bio- physical aspects Population pressure and
associated effects
Gulf of Mannar Slow recovery from 60’s
coral mining
Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Population pressure and
associated effects
Andaman &
Nicobar
Fair excellent, problems
around south island
Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Siltation due to logging, sand
mining
Lakshadweep Excellent off uninhabited
islands and endangered
along habituated island
Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Population pressure and
associated effects
Gulf of Kutch 30% of the reefs are living Bio- physical aspects,
associated fauna and
human activities
damaging the reefs
Sedimentation and siltation
due to cutting of mangrove
forests, sand mining for
industrial use, population
pressure
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14. Marine
Protected
areas
Integrated
Coastal
Management
Multilateral
environment
Agreements
Better
governance
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15. Local
governance
and
communities
Improve
education
and
awareness
Reduce
population
reduce
poverty
Assisting in
development
of developing
countries
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Integration
Training
Educating
Report writing

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Reduce sediments & nutrients
Protect breeding grounds
Sustainable reef fisheries
Provide alternative livelihoods

18. Planning,
enforcing
Resistant
and resilient
corals
Demonstrate
benefits
Community
management
& local
governance
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19. International sanctuaries
Florida keys national
marine sanctuaries
Flower
garden
banks
national
marine
sanctuary
Hawaiian island
humpback whale
sanctuary
Fagatele
bay national
marine
sanctuary
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20. ICRI
CBD
NAWEG
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WCO
IPCO
SPREP

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22. “Mission: Iconic reefs”
 Launched by NOAA
 To save Florida Keys coral reefs
 To recover the seven iconic reefs
 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida
department of Environmental protection, coral restoration
foundation, Florida aquarium, The nature conservancy, Reef
Renewal and the National Marine Sanctuary foundation
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23. Continuation….
 Removal of coral’s competitor - Palythoa
 Out plantation of variety of coral species
 Introduction of beneficial predators- sea urchin, Caribbean king crab
 Appointment of gardeners – remove marine debris, nuisance
species
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24. 
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31. Mapping
Monitoring
Analyzing
Restoration
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32. SRP CORail (April 2020)
Artificial concrete reef
Sulu –reef prosthesis
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33. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 3 3
Global coral reef
extent map
Arizona State
University Centre
for Global Discovery
and Conservation
Science
Airborne mapping of
coral reefs

34. Department of forest and wildlife – monitor,
manage and conserve reefs
MoEF, GOI- develop action plan, issues guidelines
National committee for mangrove and wetland
conservation
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35. India’s National Conservation Strategy and
Environmental Action Plan(UNDP, 1997) –
management of coral reef ecosystem
Wildlife protection Act- 1972
Coastal regulation zone notification - 1991
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36. Institutions involved in coral reef research
in India
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Department of ocean development
Space application centre
Zoological Survey of India
CMFRI
NIO
World- wide fund for Nature India

37. Government of Tamil Nadu – banned the quarrying of massive
corals
Krusudai island- marine organism collection banned
MPAs, marine biospheres – state department of forest and wildlife
GoM- marine biosphere (21 islands –reserve lands) – sec. 26 of Tn
Forest Act
Islands and Sea around the islands up to 3.5 to 5 fathom depth-
national park
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38. Zoning for tourism development
 Man-power development- SCUBA diving facilities
 People centered development and sustainable management of
biodiversity, management research
 M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation – GEF
 Co-management initiatives
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39. All coral reefs- national marine parks
Unprotected area – Department of Fisheries
Restrict the entry of people into the parks
Tourists are allowed – Redskin and jollyboy Islands
Ban on gathering corals and endangered mollusks
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40. 42 islands along Coast of Jamnagar- first national marine parks
1st notification – 221 sq km sanctuary
2nd notification – 237 sq km
National park- department of forest
Ban on collecting corals and endangered marine species
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41. India’s atoll Union territory
Department of science, technology and environment- EIA report
Department of science, technology and environment- periodic
awareness programs
Development of appropriate sewage disposal system
Appointment of Environmental wardens and wildlife wardens
Management plan for coral reefs – administration of Lakshadweep
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42.  www.fao.org


 www.globalcoral.org
 www.coral.org

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43. 8 / 1 7 / 2 0 2 1 C E N T R A L I N S T I T U T E O F F I S H E R I E S E D U C A T I O N 4 3