Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters Preconquest–1608 Copyright 2009, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman AMERICAN STORIES A History of the United States First Edition Brands  Breen  Williams  Gross 1 1 1 04/06/98 1 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Native American Histories Before Conquest20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South AmericaThese Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases 2 2 2 04/06/98 2 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Routes of the First Americans 2 2 2 04/06/98 2 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and CultureNative Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meatSome suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large speciesClimatic warming probably played a much bigger role5000 years ago—agricultural revolutionCrops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities 2 2 2 04/06/98 2 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Mysterious DisappearancesAnasazi culture—Chaco CanyonSophisticated irrigationWell-built roads for transportation Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio ValleyLarge ceremonial moundsExtensive trade networkCahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial moundsFar-flung trade network 2 2 2 04/06/98 2 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Aztec DominanceAztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empireHighly organized social and political structureRuled through fear and force 3 3 3 04/06/98 3 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Eastern Woodland CulturesAtlantic coast of North AmericaNative Americans lived in smaller bandsAgriculture supplemented by hunting and gatheringLikely were the first natives encountered by English settlers 4 4 4 04/06/98 4 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 04/06/98 4 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native culturesThe rate of change varied from place to placeNative traditions changed radically for cultural survival 5 5 5 04/06/98 5 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Cultural Negotiations Diversity of language groups, ethnicitiesPlace in society defined through kinshipCommunal, charismatic, sociopolitical formationDiplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships 5 5 5 04/06/98 5 Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Confederacies of Eastern North AmericaHuron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and ErieIroquois—ce.

1. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman
CHAPTER 1
New World Encounters
Preconquest–1608
Copyright 2009, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman
AMERICAN STORIES
A History of the United States
First Edition
1
1
1
04/06/98
1
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman
Native American Histories Before Conquest20,000 years ago—

2. Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants14,000 years
ago—humans reached tip of South AmericaThese Paleo-Indians
did not suffer from many communicative diseases
2
2
2
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2
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Longman
Routes of the First Americans
2
2
2
04/06/98
2
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Longman
The Environmental Challenge:
Food, Climate, and CultureNative Americans enjoyed an
abundant supply of meatSome suggest they over-hunted and

3. caused the extinction of several large speciesClimatic warming
probably played a much bigger role5000 years ago—agricultural
revolutionCrops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from
nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large
cities
2
2
2
04/06/98
2
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Longman
Mysterious DisappearancesAnasazi culture—Chaco
CanyonSophisticated irrigationWell-built roads for
transportation Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio ValleyLarge
ceremonial moundsExtensive trade networkCahokia—
Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial moundsFar-flung trade
network
2
2
2
04/06/98
2
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4. Longman
Aztec DominanceAztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of
large, powerful empireHighly organized social and political
structureRuled through fear and force
3
3
3
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3
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Eastern Woodland CulturesAtlantic coast of North
AmericaNative Americans lived in smaller bandsAgriculture
supplemented by hunting and gatheringLikely were the first
natives encountered by English settlers
4
4
4
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4
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5. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the
1600s
4
4
4
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4
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A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly
altered native culturesThe rate of change varied from place to
placeNative traditions changed radically for cultural survival
5
5
5
04/06/98
5
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Longman
Cultural Negotiations Diversity of language groups,

6. ethnicitiesPlace in society defined through kinshipCommunal,
charismatic, sociopolitical formationDiplomacy, trade, war
organized around reciprocal relationships
5
5
5
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5
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Longman
Confederacies
of Eastern North AmericaHuron—southern Ontario near Lakes
Ontario and ErieIroquois—central New YorkPowhattan—
Chesapeake
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6
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7. Threats to Survival: TradeNative Americans were eager for
European tradeThey became dependent on, and indebted to,
EuropeansCommerce also influenced warfare patterns
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Threats to Survival: DiseaseContact brought population decline
among American IndiansCause: lack of resistance to epidemic
diseaseSmallpoxMeaslesInfluenzaRate as high as 95%
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West Africa:

8. Ancient and Complex SocietiesDiversity of sub-Saharan
culturesIslam Strong traditional beliefs A history of
empiresMaliGhanaDaily life centered on elder-ruled clans
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Trade Routes in Africa
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Beginnings of the
Slave TradeFifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from

9. Europe to sub-Saharan AfricaNative rulers sold prisoners of war
to Portuguese as slaves
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How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per
year Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the
Americas By 1860—ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans
than Europeans came to the Americas
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Europe on the Eve of ConquestTenth century—Leif Ericson
settled “Vinland”Late fifteenth century—preconditions for

10. overseas settlement attainedRise of nation-states Spread of new
technologies Spread of old knowledge1492—Columbus initiated
large-scale European colonization
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Building New Nation-StatesPopulation growth after 1450“New
monarchs” forged nations from scattered
provincesSpainFranceEngland“Middle class” a new source of
revenue Powerful military forces deployed
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Imagining a New WorldSpain the first European nation to

11. achieve conditions for successful colonizationUnified under
Ferdinand and Isabella1492—Jews and Muslims
expelledConquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for
colonization
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Myths and RealityColumbus persuaded Queen Isabella to
finance westward expedition to “Cathay”1492—initial
voyageThree subsequent voyages to find cities of China1506—
died clinging to belief he had reached the OrientMade possible
Spanish dominion in America
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12. The Conquistadores Independent adventurers commissioned by
Spanish crown to subdue new landsBy 1512—major Caribbean
islands decimatedBy 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec
empire1539-1542—de Soto explored Southeast1540-1542—
Coronado explored Southwest
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Voyages of European Exploration
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From Plunder to SettlementEncomienda System rewarded

13. ConquistadorsLarge land grants Indian inhabitants provided
labor or tributeAppointed officials answered only to
crownCatholic Church Protected Indian rightsPerformed mass
conversionsBy 1650, half million Spaniards in New
WorldUnmarried males intermarriedMixed-blood population
emerged
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The French Claim Canada1608—Samuel de Champlain founded
Québec French empire eventually included
St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, MississippiFrench crown
makes little effort to foster settlementFur trade underpinned
economyIndians became valued trading partners
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The English Enter the CompetitionClaimed New World territory
under Henry VIII
(r. 1509-1547)England achieved preconditions for colonization
under Elizabeth I
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Birth of English ProtestantismProtestant Reformation played a
major role in England’s rise to dominance1517—Martin Luther
sparked reform in Germany 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes
published in GenevaReformation pitted European Protestants
against Catholics
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The English ReformationTudor monarchs brought political unity
Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthened
CrownProtestant reform accelerated under Edward VI
(r. 1547-1553)Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cut short English
Catholic Counter-ReformationElizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
consolidated English Reformation
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Militant ProtestantismLutheran ReformationGod speaks through
Bible, not through Pope or priestsJustification by faith alone for
salvationCalvinist ReformationJohn Calvin stressed God’s
omnipotencePredestination—some persons chosen by God for
salvationCalvinist Christianity expanded in northern
EuropeFrance—HuguenotsScotland—PresbyteriansEngland—
Puritans

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Woman in PowerElizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) a very capable
monarchElizabeth introduced Via MediaProtestant
Doctrine“Catholic” RitualEnded religious turmoil in
EnglandElizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted
Spanish crusade against EnglandEngland aligned with Protestant
nations against Catholic powers
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Religion, War, and NationalismSpanish hostility made Elizabeth
the symbol of English, Protestant nationhoodSea Dogs’ seizure
of Spanish treasure made them English heroesElizabeth’s
subjects raided Spain’s American empire1588—Spanish Armada

17. defeated
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Irish Rehearsal for American SettlementEnglish experiences in
Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New WorldTo the
English, the Irish were wild and barbaricThey would view
Native Americans the same way
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English Conquest of IrelandIreland was a laboratory for English
colonization Irish viewed as backwardEnglish under Elizabeth
seized Irish land

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English BrutalityEnglish ethnocentrism benign when Irish
docileEnglish employed brutal methods, such as massacring
women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistanceEnglish
adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish
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An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at RoanokeSir Walter
Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584He named the
region Virginia after the Virgin QueenThe colony failed and
Raleigh tried again in 1587The colonists disappeared without a

19. trace and their fate remains a mystery
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Campaign to Sell AmericaBy 1600, no English settlements in
New WorldRichard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American
colonizationClaimed that England needs American colonies
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