The document outlines the evolution of international climate change agreements from the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement, highlighting the roles of major countries and the challenges they face. It discusses the impact of industrialization on emissions and the importance of accountability for major polluters while emphasizing the need for collaboration over confrontation in tackling climate change. The text further addresses the commodification of carbon credits, the implications for developing nations, and the need for a balanced approach towards sustainable development.

1. Climate Change
From Kyoto Protocol to COP 26
Sampe L. Purba
November 2021

2. Behaviour of the Giants
• Kyoto Protocol 1997
➔ Under UNFCCC : Industrialized Countries and economies in transition to
limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG)
➔Market Based Mechanism [International Emission Trading, Clean
Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation]
➔US refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol
• Paris Agreement 2015
➔Legally binding international treaty on climate change
➔Limit the global warming to below 2 – 1.5 degree C
➔Nationally determined Contributions
➔US under Trump check out from Paris Agreement (the world keep silent)
➔Joe Biden rehails the Climate Change ISSUES (THE World Glorifies)
Nov-21 2

3. Climate Change Campaign Consciousnesses
History of Climate Change Human Influence on Climate Change
https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/52/13288.full.pdf https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/climateqa
Nov-21 3

4. Let the data talk : Your Footprint was and is there
✓Industrialization and
CO2 Emission
positively correlated
✓The Current Global
Heating was gradually
and built up
exponentionally
✓Who will pay this
greedy imbalances
https://ourworldindata.org/contributed-most-global-co2
Nov-21 4

5. Global GHG emissions from all sources
UNEP : Emission Gap Report 2020
Nov-21 5

6. The Magnificent six World Polluter Countries
Nov-21 6

7. When everybody’s talking about Climate Change
✓Business as Usual
✓Ambitious Target
✓Who help who
✓Who suffer from who
✓Who get benefit from
who
✓JAS MERAH ➔ Do not
Forget the History ➔
Who’s Footprint on
CO2 more to damage
the environment
Nov-21 7

8. Walk – Talk – Bark – Dark ✓ Any compensation
when away from forest
?
✓ Attacking methan
(CH4) ➔ coal, natural
gas, oil, livestock,
agricultural
➔Why not talking
Industrial CO2 waste ?
✓The Giants ? Talk and
Bark
✓Money to help ? Or to
fix damage and loss ?
Who brings the
damage ?
@Matt McGrath https://www.bbc.com/news/science-
environment-59220687.amp
Nov-21 8

9. Stop Talking and Barking : Fix the damage
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
Nov-21 9

10. Carbon Credit – Carbon Trading ➔ compliance market
✓ Carbon Credit : License/ permit to
emit CO2 so long as you can buy
from the one who has excess
✓Excess can be tradeable
- Auction
- Direct trading/ swap
- Keep banking
✓ Emission Trading Scheme
✓Gov’t regulation – global standard
apply
➔Regulated market – cap and trade
➔Voluntary market
✓Fine, tax, green certificate
Nov-21 10
Is this really a genuine or artificial solution to keep pressure the developing countries

11. Voluntary Carbon market – to offset
✓ Voluntary to announce
- Renewable energy projects
- Improving energy efficiency ➔
technology
- Carbon and methane capture
and sequestration
- Land use and reforestation
✓ Third party verification
✓ Reputation do take part
Nov-21 11

12. Global Carbon Market
Nov-21 12

13. All become commoditizes
Nov-21 13

14. Commoditizes
Nov-21 14

15. Lithium Battery Value Chain Investment
• Lithium Battery
Value Chain
✓ Mining is a start
row
✓Most of investment
required in Cell
industries
✓Need Priority
Assessment
➔Ecology
➔Indigeneous people
➔Global dependency
Mining
3%
Refining
24%
Active
materials
8%
Cell
45%
Pack
16%
Reuse and
Recycle
4%
LITHIUM BATTERY VALUE CHAIN
Nov-21 15
Effort to tapping the better added value

16. Added Value Along the Value Chain - From Nickel to Electric Vehicle
• How can we tap
the most :
✓involve in almost
all value chain
✓Strategic
Partnering
✓Transfer of
Knowledge and
Technology
✓Reciprocal Open
Market
✓Cross ownership
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1
Product Per Ton Ni
Ni MHP NiSO4 Precursor Cathode Cell Module Pack Elect. Vechicle
sp, 2021
Nov-21 16

17. EVEN Developed Countries keep producing and consuming FOSSIL BASED ENERGY
Nov-21 17
Who should bother … Why the burden of the world be put on our shoulders ?
bp Statistical Review of World Energy 2020

18. SDG : In theory and practice
How can the developing countries alleviate
poverty, when there is no level playing field,
and lack of affirmation policy
Nov-21 18

19. Climate Change : NEW JARGON to PRESS THE
WORLD ➔ Neo Technology and market imperialism
✓ Imbalance Exchange Value : Raw materials –
Technology – Market
➔You can keep pollute the nature provided that
you can buy the carbon credit ➔ artificial CO2
reduction
✓ Footprint in the past as if neglected, and charged
against the poorer and weaker
✓Squeezing and limit of market, fund, technology
✓Enforce to early retirement of Coal based power
plant
Nov-21 19

20. The World Order :
The objective remains no change, style does
Old Style Up to WW II
Approach
Cold war style New Order Jargon approach
Slavery Bretton woods system :
Monetary, Commerce, Legal,
standardization ➔ WTO
Climate Change :
War Globalization ✓ Energy Transition ➔ Carbon
neutral
✓ Green Certificate ➔ Access to
global market
✓ Green Fund ➔ Say no to fossil
based power generation
✓ Carbon Trade
✓ Technology dependence
✓ Sustainable Development Goals
Colonialism Human rights
Annexation Democratization
Liberation Arm Race
Nov-21 20

21. Climate Change or Change the Climate
Nov-21 21
➔ Collaboration is better than confrontation.
➔ While we show our global responsibilities , we keep
defend our right as well.

22. Concluding Remarks
1. Do not let the big giant polluters Countries walk away
from the footprint they made, wash hands and preach
like a holy priest
2. Collaboration and Cooperation among nations is far
better and productive rather than keep talking, pointing
fingers and barking towards the not-so-strong countries
3. The Sustainable Development Goals should be a basis to
a genuine collaborative effort to a more prosperous
humanity
4. While Climate Change issues is at the hotspot of the
globe mantra, we keep to measure our balance position
to the best interest of our nation
Nov-21 22

23. References :
✓ https://carboncredits.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-understanding-carbon-
credits/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw8p2MBhCiARIsADDUFVFm3X_feh6RQM_dy1skjlZJR2g1mOpFIGcJ2B_Q4zEJdsBH05Df
FQgaAvwkEALw_wcB
✓https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59220687.amp
✓https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
✓UNEP : Emission Gap Report 2020
✓https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
✓https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-
agreement
Nov-21 23

24. Brief CV
• Sampe L. Purba is Senior Advisor to Minister of EMR Indonesia on Economy of Natural
Resources. His main role is to provide strategic advisory on the policy formulation and
management of natural resources, discuss and help solve issues across the concerned
stakeholders and functions. He is also Chair of Committee Audit in Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources.
• He has been experiencing 30 years assignment with private, semi and government institution in
several technical and managerial positions mainly related to commercial, finance, legal and
audit of oil and gas business management.
• He holds bachelor and master degrees in Economics, Accounting, Finance and Law, from some
domestic Universities and The University of New South Wales. Currently he pursues his study in
doctoral degree in Indonesia Defense University, concentrating in Energy Policy.
• Mr Purba is a member of professional organization, such as IAI, AIPN, PERADI, IPA. He also
serves as Board member of EITI representing implementing country and south east Asia region
Nov-21 24