The solution and complexation chemistry of zinc ions is the basis for zinc biology. In living organisms, zinc is redox inert and has only one valence state Zn II . Its coordination environment in proteins is limited by oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur donors from the side chains of a few amino acids. In an estimated 10 of all human proteins, zinc has a catalytic or structural function and remains bound during the lifetime of the protein. However, in other proteins zinc ions bind reversibly with dissociation and association rates commensurate with the requirements in regulation, transport, transfer, sensing, signalling, and storage. In contrast to the extensive knowledge about zinc proteins, the coordination chemistry of the “mobile†zinc ions in these processes, i.e. when not bound to proteins, is virtually unexplored and the mechanisms of ligand exchange are poorly understood. Knowledge of the biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions is essential for understanding its cellular biology and for designing complexes that deliver zinc to proteins and chelating agents that remove zinc from proteins, for detecting zinc ion species by qualitative and quantitative analysis, and for proper planning and execution of experiments involving zinc ions and nanoparticles such as zinc oxide ZnO . In most investigations, reference is made to zinc or Zn2 without full appreciation of how biological zinc ions are buffered and how the d block cation Zn2 differs from s block cations such as Ca2 with regard to significantly higher affinity for ligands, preference for the donor atoms of ligands, and coordination dynamics. Zinc needs to be tightly controlled. The interaction with low molecular weight ligands such as water and inorganic and organic anions is highly relevant to its biology but in contrast to its coordination in proteins has not been discussed in the biochemical literature. From the discussion in this article, it is becoming evident that zinc ion speciation is important in zinc biochemistry and for biological recognition as a variety of low molecular weight zinc complexes have already been implicated in biological processes, e.g. with ATP, glutathione, citrate, ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid, nicotianamine, or bacillithiol. Hariom Meena "Coordination Chemistry and Binding Properties with Zinc (II) Cations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/49074/coordination-chemistry-and-binding-properties-with-zinc-ii-cations/hariom-meena
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
One pot synthesis of cu(ii) 2,2′ bipyridyl complexes of 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acidrkkoiri
This document describes the one-pot synthesis of two new copper(II) complexes containing the ligands 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acid (complex 1) and alloxanic acid (complex 2) from the reaction of a barbiturate derivative (LH4) with Cu(II) 2,2'-bipyridyl complexes. It also reports the synthesis of a third complex (complex 3) from the reaction of LH4 with copper nitrate that retains the ligand framework. The complexes were characterized using X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Complexes 1 and 3 were found to cleave DNA and showed cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, while complex 2 was insoluble and not
One pot synthesis of cu(ii) 2,2′ bipyridyl complexes of 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acidrkkoiri
This document describes the one-pot synthesis of three copper(II) complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and derivatives of a barbiturate ligand. Complex 1 contains 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acid, complex 2 contains alloxanic acid, and complex 3 retains the original barbiturate ligand framework. The complexes were characterized using X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Their interactions with DNA were studied through absorption and emission titrations as well as circular dichroism. Complexes 1 and 3 were found to cleave plasmid DNA. Their cytotoxicity against T-cell lymphoma cells was also evaluated.
This document investigates the effects of mixing metal ions on oxidative DNA damage mediated by Fenton-type reactions. Salmon sperm DNA and plasmid DNA were incubated with hydrogen peroxide and single or mixtures of five metal ions: iron, cadmium, nickel, chromium, and copper. The formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and DNA strand breaks were analyzed. When DNA was treated with mixtures of two metal ions, the formation of 8-OHdG and strand breaks could be additive, suppressed, or synergistic compared to the single metals. Chromium increased 8-OHdG formation when mixed with iron or copper, while cadmium and nickel suppressed 8-OHdG formation when mixed with
The Influence of a New-Synthesized Complex Compounds of Ni (II), Cu (II) And ...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new macrocyclic complex compounds containing nickel(II), copper(II), and iron(II) coordinated with a ligand containing a tetraoxotetrahydrazin moiety. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, UV-visible and IR spectroscopy, and magnetic moment measurements. The complexes were then tested for antibacterial activity against 14 pathogenic bacteria and compared to a standard antibiotic. The results indicate that the new complexes show potential as antimicrobial agents.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new macrocyclic complex compounds containing nickel(II), copper(II), and iron(II) coordinated with a ligand containing a tetraoxotetrahydrazin moiety. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, UV-visible and IR spectroscopy, and magnetic moment measurements. The complexes were then tested for antibacterial activity against 14 pathogenic bacteria and compared to a standard antibiotic. The results indicate that the new complexes show potential as antimicrobial agents.
The complexation of metals with ligands can drastically change the physico–chemical and biological properties of the metal species. The large number of ionizable sites in the ligand molecule, mainly phenolic and carboxylic groups, provide the appreciable ability to form stable complexes and chelates with heavy metal cations (Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)). In this paper We would like to review the transition metal complexes of salicylic acid.
This review summarizes over 100 protein-protein interactions (PPIs) mediated by C2H2 zinc finger domains. It finds that these domains are capable of diverse interactions beyond just DNA binding. Specifically, it identifies examples where the interacting surface involves the alpha-helix region of the zinc finger, utilizing residues typically involved in DNA contact. In other cases, interactions are mediated by beta-strands or loop regions. The review concludes that PPIs mediated by C2H2 zinc fingers are more widespread and varied than previously appreciated.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
One pot synthesis of cu(ii) 2,2′ bipyridyl complexes of 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acidrkkoiri
This document describes the one-pot synthesis of two new copper(II) complexes containing the ligands 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acid (complex 1) and alloxanic acid (complex 2) from the reaction of a barbiturate derivative (LH4) with Cu(II) 2,2'-bipyridyl complexes. It also reports the synthesis of a third complex (complex 3) from the reaction of LH4 with copper nitrate that retains the ligand framework. The complexes were characterized using X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Complexes 1 and 3 were found to cleave DNA and showed cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, while complex 2 was insoluble and not
One pot synthesis of cu(ii) 2,2′ bipyridyl complexes of 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acidrkkoiri
This document describes the one-pot synthesis of three copper(II) complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and derivatives of a barbiturate ligand. Complex 1 contains 5-hydroxy-hydurilic acid, complex 2 contains alloxanic acid, and complex 3 retains the original barbiturate ligand framework. The complexes were characterized using X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Their interactions with DNA were studied through absorption and emission titrations as well as circular dichroism. Complexes 1 and 3 were found to cleave plasmid DNA. Their cytotoxicity against T-cell lymphoma cells was also evaluated.
This document investigates the effects of mixing metal ions on oxidative DNA damage mediated by Fenton-type reactions. Salmon sperm DNA and plasmid DNA were incubated with hydrogen peroxide and single or mixtures of five metal ions: iron, cadmium, nickel, chromium, and copper. The formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and DNA strand breaks were analyzed. When DNA was treated with mixtures of two metal ions, the formation of 8-OHdG and strand breaks could be additive, suppressed, or synergistic compared to the single metals. Chromium increased 8-OHdG formation when mixed with iron or copper, while cadmium and nickel suppressed 8-OHdG formation when mixed with
The Influence of a New-Synthesized Complex Compounds of Ni (II), Cu (II) And ...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new macrocyclic complex compounds containing nickel(II), copper(II), and iron(II) coordinated with a ligand containing a tetraoxotetrahydrazin moiety. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, UV-visible and IR spectroscopy, and magnetic moment measurements. The complexes were then tested for antibacterial activity against 14 pathogenic bacteria and compared to a standard antibiotic. The results indicate that the new complexes show potential as antimicrobial agents.
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new macrocyclic complex compounds containing nickel(II), copper(II), and iron(II) coordinated with a ligand containing a tetraoxotetrahydrazin moiety. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, UV-visible and IR spectroscopy, and magnetic moment measurements. The complexes were then tested for antibacterial activity against 14 pathogenic bacteria and compared to a standard antibiotic. The results indicate that the new complexes show potential as antimicrobial agents.
The complexation of metals with ligands can drastically change the physico–chemical and biological properties of the metal species. The large number of ionizable sites in the ligand molecule, mainly phenolic and carboxylic groups, provide the appreciable ability to form stable complexes and chelates with heavy metal cations (Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)). In this paper We would like to review the transition metal complexes of salicylic acid.
This review summarizes over 100 protein-protein interactions (PPIs) mediated by C2H2 zinc finger domains. It finds that these domains are capable of diverse interactions beyond just DNA binding. Specifically, it identifies examples where the interacting surface involves the alpha-helix region of the zinc finger, utilizing residues typically involved in DNA contact. In other cases, interactions are mediated by beta-strands or loop regions. The review concludes that PPIs mediated by C2H2 zinc fingers are more widespread and varied than previously appreciated.
Structure and Catalytic Function of Superoxide Dismutase.pptxSOUMYAJITBANIK20144
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the toxic superoxide radical into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. There are three major types of SOD depending on the metal cofactor: copper-zinc SOD found in eukaryotes including humans, iron SOD found in prokaryotes and mitochondria, and manganese SOD also found in mitochondria. A fourth type uses nickel as its cofactor and is found in some prokaryotes. All SODs use similar catalytic mechanisms involving the oxidation and reduction of the metal cofactor to neutralize superoxide radicals via dismutation reactions.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Schiff B...IRJET Journal
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of novel Schiff base metal complexes derived from condensation of 5-bromosalicylaldehyde, 4,5-dichloro-o-phenylenediamine, and pentane-2,4-dione. Specifically, copper(II), nickel(II), and oxovanadium(IV) complexes were synthesized and characterized using analytical, spectral, electrochemical, and antimicrobial methods. The complexes were found to have general formula [M(L)]X where M is the metal and L is the tetradentate Schiff base ligand. Spectroscopic data indicated the ligand coordinates through the hydroxyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen. The metal complexes
Schiff bases are compounds containing an imine or azomethine (-C=N-) functional group formed through condensation reactions between primary amines and carbonyl compounds. They have a wide variety of applications including as catalysts, pigments, dyes, polymers stabilizers, and in organic synthesis. Schiff bases also exhibit biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and more. Transition metal complexes of Schiff bases have particularly shown potential as antimicrobial drugs and DNA binding agents. Due to the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen, Schiff bases have basic properties and can form insoluble salts through reactions with strong acids.
Metalloenzymes contain metal ions that help catalyze important biochemical reactions. Antioxidants protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals generated during normal metabolism and environmental exposures. There are many classes of antioxidants including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Antioxidants act as reducing agents that prevent oxidative chain reactions and thereby protect cellular components from oxidative damage.
The document discusses proteins that require metals to function, including enzymes, transport proteins, storage proteins, and signal transduction proteins. It describes how metals are used as cofactors in metalloenzymes, helping with electron transfer and substrate binding. Specific metalloenzymes discussed include carbonic anhydrase, pyruvate kinase, alpha-amylases, nitric oxide reductase, and zinc-containing enzymes. The roles of metals like calcium, magnesium, zinc, molybdenum, and iron in these enzyme active sites and their coordination geometries are summarized.
1. The study investigates the roles of three conserved active site residues (αR157, αH80, αH81) in the Fe-type nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni Ni1 through mutagenesis and kinetic analysis.
2. Mutation of the conserved arginine αR157 to alanine resulted in less than 1% of wild-type activity, while the Km remained similar. Mutation of the histidine residues αH80 and αH81 individually reduced activity but did not abolish it.
3. Crystal structures of several mutants showed disrupted hydrogen bonds to the cysteine-sulfenic acid ligand, likely altering its nucleophilicity and the metal
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of Fe(III) doped Ni L-Histidine Hydrochloride monohydrate crystals. The crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique and characterized using XRD, EPR, optical absorption, FT-IR, and TGA/DTA analyses. XRD analysis confirmed the crystal structure was maintained after doping. EPR and optical absorption spectra indicated Fe(III) ions were incorporated into the crystal lattice in octahedral symmetry sites. FT-IR analysis showed the characteristic vibrations of functional groups in the crystal. TGA/DTA showed the material was thermally stable up to 183°C.
Stability of Transition Metal Complexes Halides of the Nickel Metalijtsrd
The stability of coordination complex is an important factor that decides the stability and reactivity of a metal complex. The stability of metal complex is governed by two different aspects such as thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. The stability of metal complex generally means that it exists under favorable conditions without undergoing decomposition and has a considerable shelf life period . The term stability of metal complex cannot be generalized since the complex may be stable to one reagent condition and may decompose in presence of another reagent condition. The stability of metal complexes can be explained with the help of two different aspects, namely, thermodynamic stability and kinetic stability . Nevertheless, a metal complex is said to be stable if it does not react with water, which would lead to a decrease in the free energy of the system, i.e., thermodynamic stability. On the other hand, the complex is said to possess kinetic stability if it reacts with water to form a stable product and there is a known mechanism through which the reaction can proceed. For example, the system may not have sufficient energy available to break a strong bond, although once the existing bond is broken it could be replaced by new bond which is stronger than the older one. Stability of complex compound is assigned to be its existence in aqueous solution with respect to its bond dissociation energy, Gibbs free energy, standard electrode potential, pH of the solution, and rate constant or activation energy for substitution reactions.The crystal field stabilization energy CFSE is an important factor in the stability of transition metal complexes. Complexes with high CFSE tend to be thermodynamically stable i.e., they have high values of Ka, the equilibrium constant for metal ligand association and are also kinetically inert. They are kinetically inert because ligand substitution requires that they dissociate lose a ligand , associate gain a ligand , or interchange gain and lose ligands at the same time in the transition state. These distortions in coordination geometry lead to a large activation energy if the CFSE is large, even if the product of the ligand exchange reaction is also a stable complex. For this reason, complexes of Pt4 , Ir3 both low spin 5d6 , and Pt2 square planar 5d8 have very slow ligand exchange rates.There are two other important factors that contribute to complex stability Hard soft interactions of metals and ligands which relate to the energy of complex formation The chelate effect, which is an entropic contributor to complex stability. Chandrashekhar Meena "Stability of Transition Metal Complexes Halides of the Nickel Metal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51833.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/51833/stability-of-transition-metal-complexes-halides-of-the
Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins. The document summarizes a study that found copper ionophores induce regulated cell death dependent on intracellular copper accumulation. Genome-wide CRISPR screens identified that killing by copper ionophores was rescued by knockout of genes including FDX1 and those encoding components of the lipoic acid pathway. The study found copper directly binds and induces oligomerization of the lipoylated TCA cycle protein DLAT, resulting in a toxic gain of function. This identifies a novel mechanism where copper-induced cell death is mediated by targeting protein lipoylation in the TCA cycle.
Despite over half a century of research, the exact functions of metallothioneins (MTs) are still debated. The main hypothesized functions of MTs are: (1) homeostasis of essential trace metals zinc and copper, (2) detoxification of non-essential metals cadmium and mercury, (3) donation of essential metals to apo-metalloproteins, (4) protection against oxidative damage, and (5) acting as a free radical scavenger. MTs are involved in trace metal exchange and storage due to the high kinetic mobility of metals within their clusters. Their basic functions depend on the organism and peptide variants and include participating in metal ion homeostasis, removing detrimental soft metals through detox
This document discusses heavy metal tolerance in plants. It provides information on nickel hyperaccumulators like Sebertia acuminata that can contain 2.5% nickel in its leaves. It also mentions Arabidopsis arenosa, an annual herb that shows tolerance to zinc, lead and cadmium. The document covers topics like the definition and characteristics of heavy metals, their toxicity mechanisms in plants, and the various tolerance strategies plants have evolved, including avoidance, tolerance, sequestration and hyperaccumulation.
Its related to Study of gene metal-ligand stability constant of cefadroxil with cu2+ metal ion ph metrically at 0.1 m ionic strength. Also describe another Parameters.
This document provides an overview of bioinorganic chemistry. It discusses how bioinorganic chemistry involves the study of metal species in biological systems and their essential roles. Metal ions play vital roles in many biological processes, serving functions like modifying electron flow in enzymes to control reactions, binding and orienting substrates, and providing sites for redox activity. Over 50% of proteins contain metals, and metal ions are essential for about one-third of enzymes. Bioinorganic chemistry is an interdisciplinary field that has expanded our understanding of the mechanisms by which inorganic elements facilitate biochemical reactions in living organisms.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SCHIFF BASE METAL COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM NA...chemsurya
New Schiff base metal complexes having general structural formulae ML2Cl2 where M= Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), and MLCl2 where M=Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) were synthesized by the condensation of indoline-2,3-dione (Isatin) and naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carbohydrazide. Tentative structures for the synthesized compounds have been elucidated based on analytical, IR, 1HNMR, and Mass spectral studies. Further selected compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity.
This document discusses the complexation and phase behavior of DNA with cationic surfactants and lipids in aqueous mixtures. When DNA forms a complex with a cationic surfactant, replacing the sodium counterions, an insoluble "complex salt" is formed (CSDNA). CSDNA can form liquid crystalline phases when mixed with water and additives like alcohols, lipids, or cyclodextrins. The phase diagrams of these ternary mixtures demonstrate a rich liquid crystallinity determined by factors like the components' hydrophobicity, CSDNA/surfactant ratio, and DNA packing constraints. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to investigate the molecular arrangements in these phases.
This document discusses several topics in bio-inorganic chemistry including nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, metal ion transport, transferrin, and ferritin. Nitrogenase is an enzyme that reduces nitrogen gas to ammonia and was first isolated in 1960. It contains iron and molybdenum cofactors. Transferrin transports iron in the blood by binding Fe3+ ions. Ferritin stores iron in tissues by encapsulating ferric hydroxide. The anticancer drug cisplatin works by binding to DNA and inhibiting replication through DNA crosslinking.
Calcium (Ca2+) binding is essential for the structure and activity of complex I in Escherichia coli. Purified complex I is strongly inhibited by the calcium chelator EDTA, with half maximal inhibition at 2.5 μM EDTA. Membrane-bound complex I is less sensitive to EDTA inhibition than purified complex I, indicating calcium binding is affected by removal from the membrane. Reconstituted complex I has intermediate sensitivity to EDTA, becoming as sensitive as purified complex I after washing, suggesting a loss of factors that influence calcium binding upon purification and reconstitution. Tight binding of calcium is required to maintain complex I activity.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMAL ANALYSIS OF La (II) MACROCYCLIC COM...inventionjournals
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of lanthanum (II) macrocyclic complexes and their biological activity. Lanthanum complexes were synthesized by reacting malonodihydrazide with lanthanum perchlorate hexahydrate in the presence of various aldehydes. The complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, magnetic moment measurements, and thermal analysis. The complexes exhibited antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria.
Redox and non-redox metalloenzymes - Introduction and examples , Copper blue proteins - Classifications and examples, structure and mechanistic action of ascorbic acid oxidase; Peroxide and superoxide scavenger enzymes: Structure and Reactivity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Metalloenzymes contain metal ions that help catalyze important biochemical reactions. Antioxidants protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals generated during normal metabolism and environmental exposures. There are many classes of antioxidants including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Antioxidants act as reducing agents that prevent oxidative chain reactions and thereby protect cellular components from oxidative damage.
The document discusses proteins that require metals to function, including enzymes, transport proteins, storage proteins, and signal transduction proteins. It describes how metals are used as cofactors in metalloenzymes, helping with electron transfer and substrate binding. Specific metalloenzymes discussed include carbonic anhydrase, pyruvate kinase, alpha-amylases, nitric oxide reductase, and zinc-containing enzymes. The roles of metals like calcium, magnesium, zinc, molybdenum, and iron in these enzyme active sites and their coordination geometries are summarized.
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This document summarizes the growth and characterization of Fe(III) doped Ni L-Histidine Hydrochloride monohydrate crystals. The crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique and characterized using XRD, EPR, optical absorption, FT-IR, and TGA/DTA analyses. XRD analysis confirmed the crystal structure was maintained after doping. EPR and optical absorption spectra indicated Fe(III) ions were incorporated into the crystal lattice in octahedral symmetry sites. FT-IR analysis showed the characteristic vibrations of functional groups in the crystal. TGA/DTA showed the material was thermally stable up to 183°C.
Stability of Transition Metal Complexes Halides of the Nickel Metalijtsrd
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Despite over half a century of research, the exact functions of metallothioneins (MTs) are still debated. The main hypothesized functions of MTs are: (1) homeostasis of essential trace metals zinc and copper, (2) detoxification of non-essential metals cadmium and mercury, (3) donation of essential metals to apo-metalloproteins, (4) protection against oxidative damage, and (5) acting as a free radical scavenger. MTs are involved in trace metal exchange and storage due to the high kinetic mobility of metals within their clusters. Their basic functions depend on the organism and peptide variants and include participating in metal ion homeostasis, removing detrimental soft metals through detox
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This document provides an overview of bioinorganic chemistry. It discusses how bioinorganic chemistry involves the study of metal species in biological systems and their essential roles. Metal ions play vital roles in many biological processes, serving functions like modifying electron flow in enzymes to control reactions, binding and orienting substrates, and providing sites for redox activity. Over 50% of proteins contain metals, and metal ions are essential for about one-third of enzymes. Bioinorganic chemistry is an interdisciplinary field that has expanded our understanding of the mechanisms by which inorganic elements facilitate biochemical reactions in living organisms.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SCHIFF BASE METAL COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM NA...chemsurya
New Schiff base metal complexes having general structural formulae ML2Cl2 where M= Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), and MLCl2 where M=Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) were synthesized by the condensation of indoline-2,3-dione (Isatin) and naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carbohydrazide. Tentative structures for the synthesized compounds have been elucidated based on analytical, IR, 1HNMR, and Mass spectral studies. Further selected compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity.
This document discusses the complexation and phase behavior of DNA with cationic surfactants and lipids in aqueous mixtures. When DNA forms a complex with a cationic surfactant, replacing the sodium counterions, an insoluble "complex salt" is formed (CSDNA). CSDNA can form liquid crystalline phases when mixed with water and additives like alcohols, lipids, or cyclodextrins. The phase diagrams of these ternary mixtures demonstrate a rich liquid crystallinity determined by factors like the components' hydrophobicity, CSDNA/surfactant ratio, and DNA packing constraints. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to investigate the molecular arrangements in these phases.
This document discusses several topics in bio-inorganic chemistry including nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, metal ion transport, transferrin, and ferritin. Nitrogenase is an enzyme that reduces nitrogen gas to ammonia and was first isolated in 1960. It contains iron and molybdenum cofactors. Transferrin transports iron in the blood by binding Fe3+ ions. Ferritin stores iron in tissues by encapsulating ferric hydroxide. The anticancer drug cisplatin works by binding to DNA and inhibiting replication through DNA crosslinking.
Calcium (Ca2+) binding is essential for the structure and activity of complex I in Escherichia coli. Purified complex I is strongly inhibited by the calcium chelator EDTA, with half maximal inhibition at 2.5 μM EDTA. Membrane-bound complex I is less sensitive to EDTA inhibition than purified complex I, indicating calcium binding is affected by removal from the membrane. Reconstituted complex I has intermediate sensitivity to EDTA, becoming as sensitive as purified complex I after washing, suggesting a loss of factors that influence calcium binding upon purification and reconstitution. Tight binding of calcium is required to maintain complex I activity.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMAL ANALYSIS OF La (II) MACROCYCLIC COM...inventionjournals
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of lanthanum (II) macrocyclic complexes and their biological activity. Lanthanum complexes were synthesized by reacting malonodihydrazide with lanthanum perchlorate hexahydrate in the presence of various aldehydes. The complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, magnetic moment measurements, and thermal analysis. The complexes exhibited antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria.
Redox and non-redox metalloenzymes - Introduction and examples , Copper blue proteins - Classifications and examples, structure and mechanistic action of ascorbic acid oxidase; Peroxide and superoxide scavenger enzymes: Structure and Reactivity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase
Similar to Coordination Chemistry and Binding Properties with Zinc II Cations (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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recognition targets by the application of various
methodologies. Studies based on interactions with
other metal ions and their complexes have contributed
to the understanding of their chemical properties and
the discovery of new types of ZF complexes, such as
gold fingers or lead fingers. Moreover, due to the
presence of nucleophilic thiolates, ZFs are targets
for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well
as alkylating agents. Interactions with many reactive
molecules lead to disturb the native Zn(II)
coordination site which further result in structural and
functional damage of the ZFs. The post-translational
modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation,
methylation or nitrosylation frequently affect ZFs
function via changes in the protein structure and
dynamics. Even though the literature is replete with
structural and stability data regarding classical (ββα)
ZFs, there is still a huge gap in the knowledge on
physicochemical properties and reactivity of other ZF
types. In this review, metal binding properties of ZFs
and stability factors that modulate their functions are
reviewed. These include interactions of ZFs with
biogenic and toxic metal ions as well as damage
occurring upon reaction with reactive oxygen and
nitrogen species, the methodology used for ZFs
characterization, and aspects related to coordination
chemistry.[1,2]
Observations
Zinc is required for the activity of > 300 enzymes,
covering all six classes of enzymes. Zinc binding sites
in proteins are often distorted tetrahedral or trigonal
bipyramidal geometry, made up of the sulfur of
cysteine, the nitrogen of histidine or the oxygen of
aspartate and glutamate, or a combination. Zinc in
proteins can either participate directly in chemical
catalysis or be important for maintaining protein
structure and stability. In all catalytic sites, the zinc
ion functions as a Lewis acid. Researchers in our
laboratory are dissecting the determinants of
molecular recognition and catalysis in the zinc-
binding site of carbonic anhydrase. These studies
demonstrate that the chemical nature of the direct
ligands and the structure of the surrounding hydrogen
bond network are crucial for both the activity of
carbonic anhydrase and the metal ion affinity of the
zinc-binding site. An understanding of naturally
occurring zinc-binding sites will aid in creating de
novo zinc-binding proteins and in designing new
metal sites in existing proteins for novel purposes
such as to serve as metal ion biosensors.[3,4]
TABLE 1:Comparison of the zinc ligands (L1, L2, L3 and L4) and the spacers (X, Y and Z) between
zinc ligands in catalytic and structural zinc sites1
L1 X L2 Y L3 Z L4 Solvent
Catalytic zinc
Oxidoreductases2
Alcohol dehydrogenase (horse liver)3
C37 20 H59 106 C174 H2O
Alcohol dehydrogenase (Thermoanaerobium
brockii)4 C37 21 H59 90 D150 NA5
Hydrolases
Carboxypeptidase A (bovine)6,7
H69 2 E72 123 H196 H2O
Thermolysin (Bacillus thermoproteolyticus)8,9
H142 3 H146 19 E166 H2O
DD carboxypeptidase (Streptomyces albus)10
H196 2 H193 40 H152 H2O
Astacin (crayfish)11
H92 3 H96 5 H102 H2O
β-Lactamase (Bacillus cereus)12
H86 1 H88 121 H210 H2O
Cytidine deaminase (Escherichia coli)13
C132 2 C129 26 H102 H2O
Alkaline phosphatase (E. coli)14
D327 3 H331 80 H412 H2O
Adenosine deaminase (murine)15
H15 1 H17 196 H214 80 D295 H2O
Lyases
Carbonic anhydrase II (human)17,16
H94 1 H96 22 H119 H2O
Carbonic anhydrase (spinach)18
C213 2 H210 59 C150 H2O
Carbonic anhydrase (Methanosarcina
thermophila)19 H81 35 H117 NA19
H122 H2O
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Novel catalytic zinc sites
Transferases
Protein farnesyltransferase (rat)20
D297 1 C299 62 H362 H2O
Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (E.
coli)21 C247 62 C310 C311
N/O
atom
Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (E.
coli)21 H641 1 C643 82 C726
N/O
atom
Nonenzymatic
Ada repair protein (E. coli)22
C38 3 C42 26 C69 2 C72 No
Structural zinc
Alcohol dehydrogenase (horse liver)3
C97 2 C100 2 C103 7 C111 No
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (E. coli)23
C109 4 C114 23 C138 2 C141 No
Zinc finger (Zif268) (mouse)24
C7 5 C12 12 H25 4 H29 No
Glucocorticoid receptor (rat)25
C440 2 C443 8 C457 2 C460 No
Ferrodoxin (Sulfolobus sp.)26
H16 2 H19 14 H34 41 D76 No
1.Included in this table are representative enzymes in which the active site ligands differ. The protein ligands are
shown using the one-letter amino acid codes of: H, histidine; C, cysteine; D, aspartate; and E, glutamate.
2.The relatively long spacer between L1 and L2 is unusual, and it may be due to the requirements of NAD(H)
cofactor binding at the active site.
5.Not available. The zinc ligands were determined by mutations that abolish both the zinc-binding affinity and
the catalytic activity.
19.The zinc site of carbonic anhydrase of M. thermophila is composed of three histidines: His81 and His122 from
one subunit and His117 from the neighboring subunit.
21.The type of zinc ligands of cobalamin-independent methionine synthase were determined by EXAFS to be a
combination of two S atoms and two N/O atoms.[5,6]
The X-ray structures of catalytic zinc enzymes from four of the six classes of enzymes (oxidoreductases,
transferases, hydrolases and lyases) have been determined, and they define the features of catalytic zinc-binding
sites. Unlike the structural sites, the metal ion in catalytic sites is generally coordinated to the side chain of three
amino acid residues, a combination of histidine, glutamate, aspartate and cysteine, and a solvent molecule
completes the tetrahedral coordination sphere. However, the zinc polyhedra of adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4)
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The majority of histidine zinc ligands found in zinc protein structures coordinate zinc through the Nε atom
although coordination with Nδ atoms has also been observed. For these interactions, the metal ion prefers a head-
on and in-plane approach to the sp2
lone pair of the nitrogen atom Carboxylate-zinc interactions with syn-
stereochemistry are observed more frequently than those with anti-stereochemistry, and the zinc ion displays a
preference to be in the plane of the carboxyl. A stereochemical analysis of cysteine-zinc interactions in the
Brookhaven Data Bank revealed that the average sulfur-zinc distance is 2.1 Å, the average Cβ-S-zinc angle is
112 degrees and the Cα-Cβ-S-zinc torsion angle distribution is trimodal with peaks at ± 90 and 180 degrees.
Example of cocatalytic zinc site: phospholipase C. In phospholipase C, as in nuclease P1, the backbone amino
and carbonyl groups of N-terminal Trp1 coordinate Zn2.[7,8]
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Discussion
In natural waters, zinc speciation has been investigated widely and Zn2þ (aq), ZnCO3 o , ZnSO4 o , Zn(OH)2 ,
ZnClþ, ZnCl2, ZnCl3 , and ZnCl4 2 have been identified. In this literature, the supscript (o) refers to the soluble
forms, ie. Zn(OH)2 ¼ Zn(OH)2(aq). The chemical formulae do not indicate the bound water molecules. Thus,
ZnClþ is actually [ZnCl(H2O)x-1] þ according to the speciation and nomenclature discussed above. [9,10] The
concentrations of these species depend on the pH of the aqueous solution, the anion concentrations and the
presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which on average contributes with a logK of 6.4e7.0 with ligands
such as humic and fulvic acid. Chloride species become important with increasing salinity. The concentrations of
zinc hydroxo and carbonato complexes increase above pH 7.5 and become the predominant species above pH 8.
Sulfide also contributes, even in oxic water. In anoxic water, ZnS nanoparticles and Zn-S clusters have been
identified: [Zn3S3(H2O)6] and [Zn4S6(H2O)4] 4- [30,31]. It is quite remarkable that the nuclearity of these
complexes with regard to zinc is exactly what is found in the two zinc-sulfur clusters of mammalian
metallothioneins. Distribution of elements in blood often reflects their distribution in sea water. However, within
cells, a different milieu is maintained as the concentrations of chloride and hydrogen sulfide (HS) are kept
relatively low, though the latter is a signalling substance and a component of the structure of Fe-S clusters.
Whether these anions [11,12] are involved in coordinating zinc ions or the presumable coordination changes
during zinc transport from/into cells is not known. In the cell, these anions are also buffered, ie. there is a
controlled equilibrium between free and bound, though the term buffering is not used in this context. Hydrogen
sulfide is kept at very low concentrations, but hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2), sulfate (SO4 2), hydrogen
carbonate/carbonate (HCO3 ), and chloride are all present at millimolar concentrations .Hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen phosphate, and sulfate are the strongest inorganic anions for zinc [13] There is also diphosphate
(pyrophosphate, P2O7 4), triphosphate (P3O10 5), tetraphosphate (P4O13 6), and inositol phosphate , all of
which bind zinc much more efficiently with apparent dissociation constants (pKd) of 2.7, 6.9, 7.2 and 10.4,
respectively [32e35]. Acetate, carbonate, and chloride are ligands with intermediate strength for coordinating
with zinc ions, and some anions are biological ligands of zinc in proteins. Free acetate is expected to be very low
as it is mainly in the form of acetyl-CoA. Other organic acids that are metabolites can also serve as potential
ligands. Hydrogen carbonate is a ligand in the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Chloride has been identified as a
ligand of zinc in the crystal structures of some zinc proteins. Chloride is likely to be a ligand in ternary
complexes with other ligands if expansion of the coordination sphere is possible. Hydrogen phosphate interacts
with zinc sites in metallophosphatases. Chloride complexes are likely significant in the stomach, which contains
up to 0.1 M HCl, whereas carbonate complexes likely play a role in the duodenum where Brunner's glands
provide an alkaline secretion high in bicarbonate to neutralize the acid from the stomach. When preparing zinc
salt solutions for biological experiments the possibility of these anions forming zinc complexes and affecting the
outcome of the experiment(s) is significant and should be considered, in particular in the absence of other
ligands with competing affinity for zinc. Physiological salt solutions are often based on phosphates and so are
cell culture media, which provide ligands for zinc in the absence of serum. Considering speciation of complexes
with anions is not only important for bioavailability of zinc ions but also for interactions with proteins, which
may be very specific and lead to either activation or inactivation of a biological process. Sodium or potassium
chloride added to biological buffers to adjust their ionic strength will change zinc speciation, especially in the
absence of other ligands with high affinity for zinc. Perchlorate does not occur naturally in biological systems
and nitrate concentrations are very low [14]Other negatively charged metal anion or oxoanion complexes may
also form insoluble zinc complexes. Examples are [Fe(CN)6] 4- or [Hg(SCN)4] 2- used in analytical chemistry
to precipitate zinc ions.
Results
Zinc cannot form an ion with an incomplete d sub–shell and is therefore not a true transition element. Zinc's
chemistry is determined solely by the formation of compounds in its +2 oxidation state, but it does form many
complexes, though not as many as other transition metals.
principal oxidation states of zinc, redox reactions of zinc, ligand substitution displacement reactions of zinc,
balanced equations of zinc chemistry, formula of zinc complex ions, shapes colours of zinc complexes, formula
of compounds[15]
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The Chemistry of ZINC
The electrode potential chart highlights the value for the one positive oxidation state of zinc.
Although a member of the 3d–block, zinc is NOT a true transition metal.
Zinc metal readily dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric
acid reducing hydrogen ions to hydrogen gas.
• Zn(s) + 2H+
(aq) ==> Zn2+
(aq) + H2(g)
The Zn2+
ion has a full sub–shell, 3d10
, which does not allow the electronic
transitions which account for the colour in transition metal compounds.
• See Appendix 4. complex ion colour theory
In aqueous solution zinc forms the colourless stable hydrated zinc ion, [Zn(H2O)6]2+
(aq) and most complexes
of the zinc ion have a co–ordination number of 6.
• Solutions of zinc sulfate ZnSO4(aq) or zinc chloride ZnCl2(aq) are suitable for laboratory experiments for
investigating the aqueous chemistry of the zinc ion..
The alkalis sodium hydroxide or ammonia, produce the hydrated white gelatinous zinc hydroxide precipitate.
There is a further reaction with excess of NaOH or NH3.
• Zn2+
(aq) + 2OH–
(aq) ==> Zn(OH)2(s) (can be written as [Zn(OH)2(H2O)2])
• or [Zn(H2O)6]2+
(aq) + 2OH–
(aq) Zn(OH)2(aq) + 6H2O(l)
• A precipitation reaction which you can expression via
various equations!
Zinc ions with excess sodium hydroxide:
• (i) [Zn(H2O)6]2+
(aq) + 4OH–
(aq) [Zn(OH)4]2–
(aq) +
6H2O(l) (from original aqueous ion)
• or (ii) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2OH–
(aq) [Zn(OH)4]2–
(aq) (from
hydroxide ppt.)
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For (i) the formation of tetrahydroxozincate ion is a ligand exchange reaction (hydroxide ion for water) with
change in shape (octahedral to tetrahedral), change in co-ordination number (from 6 to 4), but no change in
oxidation state of zinc (+2). However the overall charge on the zinc complex changes from 2+ to 2- (2+ 4x-
1).
• In fact zinc oxide is a classic amphoteric oxide e.g. giving a 'zincate' with alkali and a chloride salt with
hydrochloric acid.
ZnO(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + H2O(l) ==> Na2Zn(OH)4(aq)
ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Zinc ions with excess ammonia:
• [Zn(H2O)6]2+
(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Zn(NH3)4]2+
(aq) + 6H2O(l) (formation from original aqueous ion)
The formation of the tetraammine zinc(II) ion is a ligand exchange reaction (ammonia for water) with
change in shape (octahedral to tetrahedral), co-ordination number changes (from 6 to 4), but no change in the
oxidation state of zinc (+2) or overall change in the net charge on the zinc complex ion (2+, since both
ligands involved are neutral).
• or Zn(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) [Zn(NH3)4]2+
(aq) + 2OH–
(aq) (or from hydroxide precipitate)
The ammonia ligand displaces the water/hydroxide ion ligands.
With aqueous of sodium carbonate zinc ion solutions produce a precipitate of white zinc carbonate, but its
a basic carbonate, i.e. the carbonate precipitate is mixed with the hydroxide, Zn(OH)2.
• Zn2+
(aq) + CO3
2–
(aq) ==> ZnCO3(s)
• better prepared using NaHCO3: Zn2+
(aq) + 2HCO3
–
(aq) ==> ZnCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Some examples of zinc complex ion formation
• The variation of the stability constant with change in ligand is illustrated with the zinc ion.[16]
The data set for zinc compares five different monodentate ligands and the polydentate ligand EDTA.
Apart from the EDTA complex the stability constant (Kstab) equilibrium expression is
Kstab = {[ZnL4]2+/2–
(aq)} / {[Zn(H2O)4]2+
(aq)} {[L(aq)]4
} mol–4
dm12
Table 2: Ligand substitution reaction to give new complex ion
Ligand substitution reaction to give new complex ion Kstab lg Kstab
[Zn(H2O)4]2+
(aq) + 4CN–
(aq) ==> Zn(CN)4]2–
(aq) + 4H2O(l) 5.0 x 1016
16.7
[Zn(H2O)4]2+
(aq) + 4NH3(aq) ==> Zn(NH3)4]2–
(aq) + 4H2O(l) 3.8 x 109
9.58
[Zn(H2O)4]2+
(aq) + 4Cl–
(aq) ==> [ZnCl4]2–
(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1.0 0.0
[Zn(H2O)4]2+
(aq) + 4Br–
(aq) ==> [ZnBr4]2–
(aq) + 4H2O(l) 10–1
–1.0
[Zn(H2O)4]2+
(aq) + 4CN–
(aq) ==> [Zn(CN)4]2–
(aq) + 4H2O(l) 10–2
–2.0
[Zn(H2O)4]2+
(aq) + EDTA4–
(aq) ==> [ZnEDTA]2–
(aq) + 4H2O(l) 3.2 x 1016
16.5
• The very value for the tetracyanozincate(II) in reflects the strong of central metal ion (Zn2+
) – ligand (CN)
bond.
• The lower Kstab value for ammonia indicates on average a weaker dative covalent bond.
• The ligand bonds are even weaker for the halide ions possibly due to their larger radius, since there is a
steady decrease in Kstab as the halide radius increases, making the Zn–X dative covalent bond longer and
weaker.
• The stability constant for the zinc–EDTA complex is a very high value, typical for a polydentate ligand .[17]
Conclusion
Zinc is extracted from either zinc
blende/sphalerite ore (zinc sulfide) or
sometimes calamine/Smithsonite ore (zinc
carbonate).
(1) The zinc sulfide ore is roasted in air to give
impure zinc oxide.
• 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) ==> 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
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• Note: calamine ore can be used directly in a zinc
smelter because on heating it also forms zinc
oxide.
ZnCO3(s) ==> ZnO(s) + CO2(g) (endothermic
thermal decomposition)
(2) The impure zinc oxide can be treated in two
ways to extract the zinc:
• It is roasted in a smelting furnace with carbon
(coke, reducing agent) and limestone (to remove
the acidic impurities).
C(s) + O2(g) ==> CO2(g) (very exothermic
oxidation, raises temperature considerably)
C(s) + CO2(g) ==> 2CO(g) (C oxidised,
CO2 reduced)
ZnO(s) + CO(g) ==> Zn(l) + CO2(g) (zinc oxide
reduced by CO, Zn undergoes O loss)
or direct reduction by carbon: ZnO(s) +
C(s) ==> Zn(l) + CO(g) (ZnO reduced, C oxidised)
The carbon monoxide acts as the reducing agent
i.e. it removes the oxygen from the oxide.[18]
The impure zinc is then fractionally distilled from
the mixture of slag and other metals like lead and
cadmium out of the top of the furnace in an
atmosphere rich in carbon monoxide which stops
any zinc from being oxidised back to zinc oxide.
The slag and lead (with other metals like
cadmium) form two layers which can be tapped
off at the base of the furnace.
The zinc can be further purified by a
2nd fractional distillation or more likely by
dissolving it in dilute sulfuric acid and purified
electrolytically as described below.
• (b)Two stages
It is dissolved and neutralised with dilute sulfuric
acid to form impure zinc sulfate solution.
ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ==> ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
or using calamine ore/zinc carbonate directly:
ZnCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ==> ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)+
CO2(g)
Quite pure zinc is produced from the solution
by electrolysis. It can be deposited on a pure zinc
negative electrode (cathode) in the same
way copper can be purified. The other electrode,
must be inert e.g. for laboratory experiments,
carbon (graphite) can be used and oxygen is
formed.
Zn2+
(aq) + 2e–
==> Zn(s)
A reduction process, electron gain, as zinc metal
is deposited on the (–) electrode.
You can't use solid zinc oxide directly because its
insoluble and the ions must free to carry the
current and migrate to the electrodes in some sort
of solution.[19]
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