Controversy Between the Covers
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This document provides a brief history of banned and challenged books from ancient times to the present. It discusses how censorship of written works began as a means of political control but shifted to a focus on morality during the Victorian era in England. The passage of the Comstock Act in 1873 in the United States led to censorship of any literature or art deemed obscene, including birth control information. Court cases in the 1960s tested American laws on pornography and helped establish that books like Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer were not legally obscene. Libraries continue to face challenges to books but promote freedom of expression and access to information.
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that tradition along with essays
that evaluate each text from
di!erent perspectives.
EDITORIAL
COMMITTEE FOR
Rethinking
the
Western
Tradition
David Bromwich
Yale University
Gerald Graff
University of Illinois at Chicago
Geoffrey Hartman
Yale University
Samuel Lipman
(deceased)
The New Criterion
Gary Saul Morson
Northwestern University
Jaroslav Pelikan
Yale University
Marjorie Perloff
Stanford University
Richard Rorty
Stanford University
Alan Ryan
New College, Oxford
Ian Shapiro
Yale University
Frank M. Turner
Yale University
Allen W. Wood
Stanford University
The Social
Contract and
The First and
Second
Discourses
J E A N - J A C Q U E S R O U S S E A U
Edited and with an Introduction by Susan Dunn
with essays by
Gita May
Robert N. Bellah
David Bromwich
Conor Cruise O’Brien
Yale University Press
New Haven and London
Copyright ! 2002 by Yale University.
Translations of The Discourse on the Sciences and Arts and
The Social Contract copyright ! 2002 by Susan Dunn.
All rights reserved.
This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part,
including illustrations, in any form (beyond that
copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S.
Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public
press), without written permission from the publishers.
Printed in the United States of America by Vail-Ballou Press, Binghamton, New York.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1712–1778.
[Selections. English. 2002]
The social contract ; and, The first and second discourses / Jean-Jacques Rousseau ;
edited and with an introduction by Susan Dunn ; with essays by Gita May . . . [et al.].
p. cm. — (Rethinking the Western tradition)
Includes bibliographical references.
isbn 0-300-09140-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — isbn 0-300-09141-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Political science—Early works to 1800. 2. Social contract—Early works to 1800.
3. Civilization—Early works to 1800. I. Dunn, Susan. II. May, Gita. III. Title. IV. Series.
jc179 .r7 2002
320%.01—dc21 2001046557
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The paper in this book meets the guidelines
for permanence and durability of the Committee on
Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the
Council on Library Resources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors
Robert N. Bellah is Elliott Professor of Sociology Emeritus at the Univer-
sity of California at Berkeley. He is the author of numerous books, includ-
ing Beyond Belief and The Broken Covenant, and is co-author of Habits of
the Heart and The Good Society.
David Bromwich is Housum Professor of English at Yale University. He is
the author of several books, including Politics by Other Means: Higher
Education and Group Thinking, Skeptical Music: Essays on Modern Po-
etry, and A.
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- 1. Controversy Between the Covers: A History of Banned and Challenged Books Photo by Yusuke Suzuki, found at http://readingisfashionable.com/2011/05/made-from-books.html on September 20, 2012 EHW, 10/3/2012
- 2. Ancient Roots A source of political control Before me, no history! Focused on the writers and thinkers themselves, not their works Church as censor
- 3. Victorian England (1837-1901) What changed? Victorian morality Increased literacy Printing and public libraries Role of Evangelicals “informal” censors Legal censorship applied only to “obscene publications,” which included birth control
- 4. In the United States: The Comstock Act (1873) The Tariff Act of 1842 allowed Customs to seize and destroy obscene books entering the country, but… Violating the Comstock Act = + Emphasis on “obscene literature and art,” but a substantial focus on abortionists, sex educators, and birth-control advocates. Today – link to Section 507 of the 1996 Telecommunications Act ! Anthony Comstock from American Heritage, October 1973
- 5. Court cases – “I know it when I see it!” Textbooks Research Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (1970) recommended loosening the legal restrictions on pornography, while the Meese Commission (1986) pointed to causal relationships between pornography, violence and organized crime! A challenge = publicity
- 6. Libraries and Challenges “The American Library Association promotes the freedom to choose or the freedom to express one's opinions even if that opinion might be considered unorthodox or unpopular and stresses the importance of ensuring the availability of those viewpoints to all who wish to read them.” Challenges can be initiated by anyone – most commonly by parents. Based on: - Offensive language -Violence - Age-appropriateness - Sexual content - Occult references Selection vs. censorship
- 8. “Tropic of Cancer” was first published in 1934 by the Obelisk Press in Paris, France, but this edition was banned in the United States Its publication in 1961 in the U.S. by Grove Press led to obscenity trials that tested American laws on pornography in the early 1960s. Over 60 obscenity lawsuits in over 21 states were brought against booksellers that sold it In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the book non-obscene. It is widely regarded as an important masterpiece of 20th century literature.
- 9. "not a book. It is a cesspool, an open sewer, a pit of putrefaction, a slimy gathering of all that is rotten in the debris of human depravity.“ Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice Michael Musmanno
- 11. Video by the Crash Pad Puppets, found on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLprbWMd8mM “A truly great library has something in it to offend everyone.”
- 12. Sources Altick, Richard D. Victorian People and Ideas. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1973. Andrist, Ralph K. “Paladin of Purity.” American Heritage 24.6 (October 1973): 4+. American Library Association website: http://www.ala.org, http://www.ala.org/advocacy/banned visited 26 Sept. 2012. "Banned Books And Their Universal Availability." Journal Of Access Services 5.4 (2008): 597-609. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. Chartrand, Harry Hillman. "Christianity, Copyright, and Censorship in English-Speaking Cultures." Journal of Arts Management, Law & Society 22.3 (1992): 253. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 19 Sept. 2012. LaMay, Craig L. “America’s Censor: Anthony Comstock and Free Speech.” Communications and the Law 19.3 (Sept. 1997): 1-59. Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. Noble, William. Bookbanning in America. Middlebury, VT: Paul S. Eriksson, 1990. “Read No Evil.” Time Magazine (May 27, 1946): 29-30. Scales, Pat. "What Makes A Good Banned Book?." Horn Book Magazine 85.5 (2009): 533. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 24 Sept. 2012.
Editor's Notes
- “ Jack Martin’s obituary: In the 1960's Jack took on a battle of another type when the mayor of Corning sought to limit the freedom of local libraries and readers by banning Henry Miller's newly-published novel "Tropic of Cancer." Jack borrowed a copy of the book from a friend and announced that the College library had a copy in its collection. He was hounded by the local press and threatened with arrest, but then he received a call from Arthur Houghton, who had heard the news, and hired the lawyers of the New York Public Library to defend him. Arthur arranged for a Corning Glass plane to fly Jack to New York City for strategy discussions. When the Mayor learned of the forces that he was up against, he quickly backed down.”