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Sandigdha krutrima pratinidhi Anupalabdha dravya

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WELCOME Guidance by :- Amit jain sir & rasashastra department Presented by :- Roll No. 21 to 40
PARIBHASHA CONTENT :- 1. Sandighad dravya 2. Krutrima dravya 3. Pratinidhi dravya 4. Anupalabdha dravya
1. Sandighad dravya (Controversial) Defination (संदिग्ध द्रव्य) :- "Sandigdha Dravya" means doubtful or controversial medicinal substances. These are the dravyas (herbs/minerals) where confusion exists about their identity, properties, nomenclature, or therapeutic use why dravya becomes sandigdha :- 1. नामभेि (Naam Bhed) – Same name used for different herbs. 2. स्वरूप भेि (Swaroop Bhed) – Similar physical appearance of different dravyas. 3. ग णु भेि (Guna Bhed) – Different attributes described in different text.
Types Discription Naam janya Due to name of confusion Swaroop janya Due to physical similarity Guna janya Due to differences of properties Prayog janya Due to variations in use Jati janya Due to different botnical species Types of Sandigdha Dravyas:-
Common Examples :- Ayurvedic name Possible botnical name Brahmi Bacopa mnnieri centella asiatica Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaculis Gokshura Pedalium murex Tagara Valeriana wallichii Yavani Trachyspermum ammi
1. Vaikrant
Vaikrant:- Introduction: Vaikrant is known as a controversial or doubtful mineral drug in Ayurveda. It is a mineral-origin substance and is considered to belong to the gemstone category (Ratnavarga). Although it is mentioned in Ayurvedic texts for use in specific pathological conditions, there are disagreements regarding its chemical identity, properties, and therapeutic applications. Synonyms: • Vaikrant • Vikrant • Black Tourmaline (According to modern identification) Probable Identity: •According to some Ayurvedic opinions, Vaikrant is equated with Black Tourmaline. •In other sources, it is considered to be a mineral form of iron silicates or silica- containing minerals.
Properties: •Rasa (Taste): Pungent (Katu), Bitter (Tikta) •Guna (Qualities): Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) •Veerya (Potency): Hot (Ushna) •Vipaka (Post-digestive effect): Pungent (Katu) Uses: •Rejuvenative (Rasayana) •Strength-promoting (Balya) •Pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas •Anti-inflammatory (Shothahara) •Sometimes mentioned in the treatment of Kushtha (skin diseases), urinary disorders, and neuromuscular diseases 6. Controversy:
Controversy:- •There is no clear scientific evidence regarding its exact chemical identity, purification methods, or standardized therapeutic usage. •Hence, Vaikrant is classified under “Sandigdha Dravya” (doubtful substances). Conclusion:- Vaikrant is an ancient mineral substance mentioned in Ayurveda, but its nature remains uncertain. There is a need for modern scientific research to confirm its identity, properties, and safe therapeutic applications.
2. Chapala
Chapala • Chapala is the drug mentioned in the group of maharasa •considered as controversy because of lack of identification and scarcity of drug. •There are different opinions regarding the mineralogical identification of Chapala. •According to Sri D.A.Kulkarni, commentator of Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya, Chapala is a Bismuth. • Few scholars opines it as Selenium. •As maharasa group contains the drugs which are in the form of mineral or ore of metal, Some says it as Cassiterite, ore of Tin.
Sr. No. Properties Chapala Selenium bismuth Cassiterite 1. Melting Point Vangavat 221°C 271.5°C 232°C 2. Crystal System Shadasra Hexagonal Rhombohedral Tetragonal 3. Occurrence Makshika boomyod Bhava Usually found in conjunction with copper and sulphur (copper pyrite) Often associated with lead, zinc, copper, tin, silver ores from which it is obtained as a byproduct during refining Found mainly in acid igneous rocks with tourmaline, topaz aseno- pyrite bearing minerals in high temperature 4. Specific gravity Guru 4.8 9.8 6.4-7.1
Sr. no. Propertirs Chapla Selenium Bismuth Cassiteritr 5. Hardness Snigdha (smooth ) 2 2-2.5 6-7 6. Luster/tra nsperenc y Sahatika chaya Metallic/opaque mrtallic/opaqu e Adamantine or greasy/ generally opaque but is translucent in thin crystals
Sr. No. properties Chapala Selenium Bismuth cassiteri te 7. Colour Goura shweta aruna krshna Ores are Green, Bluish grey, Bronzy grey, Tin white, Grey Brown, Dark grey, Blue, White, Steel grey, lead grey, Reddish brown, Black Grayish white metal with a reddish tinge ores are red, black and golden yellow Brown black, reddish brown, browins h black 8. Therapeuti c use Lekhna ativrshya deha lohakara Antioxident, immuno booster ,hep in the deve lopment and maintence of healthy sperm cells ,reduce the risk of skin G.I. Disorders as soothing and demulcent 9. Dhatu vada Rasa bandakar a Selenium occurs with mercury, in compound form as its ores halcite and tiema- nnite it blinds mercury firmly Not binds mercury Not binds mercury
By comparing the above factors, •Cassiterite does not match with the properties of Chapala and hence this cannot be considered as Chapala. •Although studies done on the physical properties of Chapala says that Bismuth match more with the acceptable characteristics of Chapala as described in Ayurvedic classics with metallic luster, high specific gravity and low melting point Bismuth is mainly used in digestive disorders. •Metal selenium has many amorphous forms, its particles have hexagonal structure, found admixture with Chalcopyrite, it is mainly used in sexual disorder and also as best anti-oxidant. So Chapala can be better considered as selenium
3. Rasanjana:-
Rasanjana:- Rasanjana is one of the type of Anjana,which is mentioned in the group of Uparasa. Since ancient times Rasanjana is considered to be a controversial drug. Rasanjana – Properties (गणधममु ): 1.Rasa (Taste) - Tikta (bitter), Kashaya (astringent) 2.Guna (Quality) - Laghu (light), Ruksha (dry) 3.Veerya (Potency) - Ushna (hot) 4.Vipaka - Katu (pungent – post-digestive effect) 5.Prabhava - Netrya (specific action on eyes), Krimighna (anti- parasitic)
"ि ारु हरिद् राया क् वाथात ् स् यात ् ि साञ् जनं भवे त।् तत्तु ने त्र दहतं ततक ् तं लघु रुक ् षं कषायकम॥् " • Identity and Preparation: - • There's debate about the identity of Rasanjan, but it's often associated with Rasot, which is derived from Daruharidra (Berberis aristata). • According to some texts, Rasanjan can be prepared by boiling Daruharidra with goat's milk and reducing it to a thick consistency.
Uses of Rasanjana:- 1.Netra Rogas (Eye diseases) Used in collyrium (Anjana) form for treating conjunctivitis, infections. 2.Krimi (worm infestations) Internal use in some formulations to remove intestinal parasites. 3. Vrana (Wounds/Ulcers) Applied topically due to its antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. 4.Kustha (Skin disorders) Used for skin diseases due to its Tikta and Kashaya rasa, and Shodhana action. 5.Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders) Its cooling and astringent properties help control bleeding. Types of Rasanjana :- 6. Shailaja - obtained naturally from mountains 7.Kritrima - prepared out of peeta chandana kwath or Niryasa
4. Pushpanjana:-
Pushpanjana:- Pushpanjana is one of the type of Anjana, which is mentioned in the group of Uparasa. Different opinions about Pushpanjana:- 1.According to Ayurveda prakasha, Pushpanjana is white in colour and the author says, some opines it as Ritikitta. Riti is Pittala (Brass), an alloy of Copper and Zinc.its kitta may be obtained by frying it. 2.Dr. D. A. Kulkarni, commentator of Rasaratna samucchaya says that, as derived from the name, it may be anjana formed from the flower. It may be the nectar of the flower seen in the region of Kashmir, which is called as Kashmiri madhu,which is used in anjana. 3.In Atreya samhita, there is a reference of Padma madhu which is nothing but the nectar derived from lotus, which possess the property of curing netra rogas. This can also be considered as pushpanjana.
4.Some opines that, Sphatika when roasted becomes shuddha and attains the laja form. This roasted sphatika can be considered as Pushpanjana, as it is white in colour and used for treating eye disease 5.Pushpa kasisa can also be considered as Pushpanjana as it is having the synonyms of Nayanoushadha or netroushadha, signifying its usage in netra rogas. 6.Dr. Siddhinandan Mishra, in his Ayurvediya Rasashastra, narrates that when zinc is roasted in open air,it turns to laja swaroopa,which can be considered as pushpanjana
Research works to clear the controversies of Pushpanjana are not available till now. Based on the literature available, it can be inferred that Pushpanjana could be the drug which is chemically Zinc oxide. It is having a synonym as Reetija, Riti is the Pittala (Brass), an alloy of Copper and Zinc, suggesting that it might be a Zinc compound. Based on its appearance, it might have been named as pushpa, so directly any flower or its nector cannot be taken as Pushpanjana. Pushpanjana available in Market is usually prepared in laboratories which is chemically Zinc oxide (ZnO). Yadavji and some other Acharyas has accepted the same. So Pushpanjana can be taken as a drug which is chemically ZnO.
5.Vahnijara What is Vahnijara? Vahnijara refers to substances that are tested or processed using fire (heat). These substances undergo thermal treatment as part of their purification or preparation process. Uses of Vahnijara: •Purification in metallurgy/Rasa Shastra – Metals and minerals are purified using heat-based processes. •Agni Sanskar (Thermal processing) – Certain plant or mineral substances exhibit medicinal properties only after being subjected to fire.
Examples: 1.Gandhaka (Sulphur) – It is purified through fire- based processing. 2.Loha (Iron) – Fire is used during the preparation of its bhasma (ash formulation). 3.Shilajit – Its therapeutic properties are enhanced after heat processing.
6. Grisindura :-
Girisindura:- • Introduction 6th mineral of Sadharanarasa group • Identified as Mercuric oxide (HgO) • A red to orange coloured dry mercuric powder obtained naturally on selected mountain peaks • Solid at room temperature and pressure • Prepared artificially by heating Mercury and Oxygen at roughly 350°C or by pyrolysis of mercuric nitrate • Occurrence:- • Artificial preparation is called Nagasindhura. • Grahyalakshanam
• Synonyms:- Sinduram, Mahila baala bhushanam, Sringara bhushanam,Naagajam, Naagagarbha, Nagarenuka,Mangal ya ,Bhalasoubhaagya • अततसू क्ष्मकणम् स्स्नग्धम् गु रु व ण म स्मृ तु ज्ज ज्ज व ल म ।् मृ िु लं ववमलं चैव ससन्िू ि ं ज्जयोततममु च्यते॥ ि.त. 9/150
• Types (According to Rasajalanidhi) • Girisindhura (Natural): Mercuric oxide • Nagasindhira (Artificial): Lead oxide • Aamayika Prayoga • Not found for internal use • Along with ghrita, used externally for Anjana Namika • With ghee, guggulu, honey, guda used in cracked soletreatment त्र त्रि ो ष घ्नं भेदि स्तम्भनघ्नं तिनग्रु हम।् िे हिोषघ्नं न ेत्र्यं गगरिससन्ििू मच्यतेु ॥
7.kankushtha:- "कन् कष् ु टं ववद् रमच् छायु ं तच् च सत् वमयं वप्रये ।” SYNONYMS "ककष्ु ं टं क ा क कु ष्टं च बां गं कोलावालु कम् ॥" Viranga, Rangadayaka, Rechaka, Talakushta, Tikshnadugdha, Swarnakshiriniryasa, Hemavati. Drug: Revand chini (Rheum emodi) Local Names: Hindi: Revand chini Latin : Botanical Name: Garcinia
Varieties:- According to R.R.S.:- Nalika Kankushta नसलका कन्कष्ु ठा — पीता, गरुु स्स्नग्धा स वपणीम स भु गा। Renuka Kankushta ि े णकाु कन्कष्ु ठा — कृ ष्णा तीव्रा स स्ु ष्कका लघ्वी। In Brihatrasaraja Sundaram, it is described as:- • Nalika kankushta: Yellow, heavy, smooth, like rock salt, tubular.
Properties and Uses:- From R.R.S:- 1. िसैैः स ा य प्रं शोभंतत सत्वं बन्धं च कृ त्वताम।् 2. कटु ं तीक्तं कटु क ं वीथीयं चाततवविेचनम।् व्रणोििशलू ाततसािगल्मऽे ु व प ह स् न्तत त् त्र त म ।् ु । 3. भजे ते नवं कार्शयधात् म वस्ग् नवधमनमायसहा। नाशयत्ते ाम्र मत्रत् वू ं व् यथनं मात्रतोऽ वप च।।
Pharmacological Properties:- • Rasa (Taste): Tikta, Katu • Virya (Potency): Ushna • Karma: Ativirechanam Vyadhi • Karma: Vrinaharam (wound healer) • Udavartanasam Sulahrit (pain reliever) • Gulmapleeha haram (relieves abdominal lumps & splenomegaly) Gudartinut (relieves rectal disorders)
Unwanted Effects & Management: • Ati virechanat vamanam — Due to excessive purgation, vomitingmay occur. • Management: Light diet and virechanopashamak yoga. Important Formulations:- • Peeta rasa (AFI Part 1) • Udavartanaghrita • Mrityunjayeevanarasa
2. Krutrima dravya Introduction • Some mineral drugs were rare or unavailable in ancient times. • Artificial preparations are described in classics to overcome scarcity. • These drugs are equally potent as natural ones. • Used during scarcity in place of natural drugs
1. Sasyaka Dravya • Sanskrit Name: Sasyaka (सस्यक) • English Name: Blue Vitriol / Copper Sulphate • Chemical Formula: CuSO4.5H2O Synonyms:Tamragairika,Neelatuttha,Tuttha, Neeloshtha, Shitdravya Group: Uparasa (उपिस) • Semi-metallic compound used in Rasoushadhi • Not used directly requires Shodhana Physical Properties •Blue crystalline powder •Soluble in water •Astringent and bitter taste •Hygroscopic in nature
Ayurvedic Properties Property Detail Rasa Tikta (bitter), kashaya (Astrigent) Guna Laghu (Light),Ruksha (Dry) Veerya Ushna (Hot) Vipaka Katu(Pungent) Prabhava Krimighna (Anti-Parasitic) Therapeutic Use • Antiseptic – used externally • Wound healing in Lepa (pastes) • Eye diseases in classical Ayurvedic formulations • Krimighna – destroys worms and parasites • Used in Rakta vikaras (blood disorders) with other drugs
2.Gandhaka Dravya • Sanskrit Name: Gandhaka (गन्धक) • English Name: Sulphur • Chemical Formula: S8 (elemental Sulphur, usually in octa- atomic form) • Synonyms (Sanskrit): • Shulva (शु ल्व) • Guggulu (गु ग्गु ल)–sometimes mentioned • Belongs to Rasa Dravya • Comes under Rasavarga or sometimes Maharas
Ayurvedic Properties :- Property Detail Rasa Tikta (bitter), kashaya (Astrigent) Guna Laghu (Light),Snigdha (Oily) Veerya Ushna (Hot) Vipaka Katu(Pungent) Prabhava Krimighna (Anti-skin disease, anti warm), Kushtaghna Therapeutic Use • Skin disorders – Kushta • Wound healing – Vrana • Prameha – Diabetes • Krimi – Worm infestations • Used in Rasaushadhis (like Rasamanikya, Gandhaka
Gandhaka (Sulphur) - Materials • Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) source • Air or oxygen source • Catalytic reactor or furnace • Condenser • Sulfur collection and storage system Gandhaka (Sulphur) - Procedure • Oxidation: H₂S + 3O₂ → 2SO₂ + 2H₂O • Catalytic Reaction: 2H₂S + SO₂ → 3S + 2H₂O • Condensation of sulfur vapor • Collection of liquid sulfur • Solidification into yellow crystals • Purification by filtration or distillation
3.Kasisa Dravya • Sanskrit Name: Kasisa कसीस • English Name: Green Vitriol / Ferrous Sulphate • Chemical Formula: FeSO4.7H2O (Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate) Synonyms (Sanskrit): - •Kasika •Tuttha •Harital •Lohalohita Classification:- •Uparasa ( उपिस) •Mineral compound used after proper Shodhana
Property Detail Rasa Tikta (bitter), kashaya (Astrigent) Guna Laghu (Light), Rukha(Dry) Veerya Ushna (Hot) Vipaka Katu(Pungent) Prabhava Pandughna (useful in anemia) Ayurvedic Properties :- Therapeutic Use :- • Pandu (Anemia) – Hematinic (improves blood) • Netra roga (Eye diseases) – Used in external preparations • Twak vikara (Skin diseases) • Used in Kasisa Bhasma, Anjana (collyrium) and other rasa preparations
Procedure :- • Loha churna + dilute sulphuric acid (slowly added). • Heat generates foam which is allowed to subside. • Filtered through Saraka Patra. • Add absolute alcohol to the liquid. • Kasisa settles at the bottom, dried in sun
4. Rasanjan Dravya •English Name:Berberis Extract Berberis Resin •Synonyms ( sanskrit) :- •Darvi Ras (as it comes from Daruharidra) •Daruharidra Ghana Chemical Constituents / Formula:- Rasanjana is not a pure chemical but a plant extract, mainly containing the alkaloid:Berberine - C20H18NO4+ main active C
Uses in ayurveda • Netra roga (Eye disorders) • Vrana ( wound healing) • Prameha (Urinary disorders) • Twak vikara (Skin diseases) • It has Tikta Rasa, Katu Vipaka, Ruksha, Laghu, and Ushna Procedure • Daruharidra churna + 16 parts water → Boil & reduce to 1/4th. • Filter the decoction. • Add Aja Ksheera (goat milk) and boil again. • Reduce to thick paste and dry. • Used as Rasanjana.
5. Hingula Dravya :- • English Name:Cinnabar • Chemical Formula: HgS (Mercury Sulphide) • Synonym • Haratal Varna • Rakt Haratal • Rasa Ratna • Shuddha Hingula (after purification) Categories • िस शास्र : महािस • Often used as a p primary source of parad (mercury) • It is naturally occurring in red coloured mineral
Ayurvedic Uses:- • Rasayanas (rejuvenators) • Kharaliya Rasayanas • Bhasma preparation (especially mercurybased ones) • Acts as Yogavahi (catalyst) • Useful in Jwara, Rajayakshma, Kustha, Vataroga Procedure • 8 parts Gandhaka + 42 parts Parada in • Mrudanga Yantra. • Seal with vessels having circular ridges. • Heat mildly then cool and open. • Soft, shining Hingula powder collected.
3. Pratinidhi Dravya (Substitute) • Substitution is a replacement of equivalent drugs in place of original drugs on the basis of similar pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses. • There are several reasons for substitution, but in Rasashastra the main reason is the cost effectiveness. • Some drugs like Vajra, Swarna are more costly, so they are substituted by less expensive drugs like in Vaikranta, Swarna makshika respectively.
1. Vajrabhave Vaikranta :- Vaikranta Vajra
Vajrabhave Vaikranta :- • Vajra is one among of the precious stones. • Among all the ratnas, Vajra is most costliest due to its luster and hardness. • The common man cannot afford for its preparations. So our Acharyas mentioned the use of Vaikranta in the place of Vajra for those who cannot afford it. • The definition of vaikranta suggests that its therapeutic property resembles that of vajra, supporting the fact of using Vaikranta as a substitute of Vajra.
• वज्रवत ् स वि म ोगाणां हिणाय यतस्स्त्विम।् ध त्ते ववक्रास्न्तमतलांु व ैक्रान्तं कथ्यते ततैः ।। (R.T. 23/156) • Vaikranta is the drug which cures all diseases like Vajra when used judiciously. That which gives uncomparable power is called as Vaikranta. • वैक्रान्तो वज्रसद ् िशो िे हलोहकािो मतैः। ववषघ्नो िसिाजर्शच ज्ज वि क ष्ठु क्ष य प्र ण त ।् ु । •(R.R.S. 2/57) • Vaikranta can bestove both Dehasiddhi and Lohasiddhi, like Vajra. It cures Visha, Jwara, Kushta, Yakshma and it excels all the minerals. • वैक्रान्तो वज्रवच्छोध्यो ध्मातैः ससक्तोऽर्शवमत्रक।े ू वज्रवन्मतृ तमापन्नो वज्रस्थाने प्रयोजयते ।।१६९।। (A.P.5/169) • Vaikranta shodhana is done similar to that of Vajra by intense heating and sprinkling Ashwa mootra on it. The process of bhasmikarana of Vaikranta is also same as that of Vajra and this vaikranta Bhasma can
Properties Vaikrant Vajra Rasa Shadrasa Shadrasa Guna Guru Snigdha Veerya Sheeta ---- Vipak Madhura ---- Doshaghnata Tridoshaghna Tridoshaghna Karma Ayuprada, Balavarnakara, Ativrishya, Diptagnikara,Lohakari, Rasayana,Pranaprada, Yogavahi,Rasabandhakara,Dehadardy akara, Vishaghna,Rasaraja Ayuprada, Parama hrudya, Yogavahi, Pradipana, Vayasthambaka, Kantijanana, Saukhya, Rasayana, Balaprada, Netrya, Medhya, Rogaghna, Mrutyuharana, Sarvasiddhaprada, Rasabandhakara, Rasamaraka
2. Suvarna - Suvarna Makshika Suvarna Makshika Suvarna
2. Suvarna - Suvarna Makshika • Swarna (Gold) is a noble and costly metal that has the enormous therapeutic properties to the mankind. • The substitute for swarna is said as Swarnamakshika (Chalcopyrite). ईषद्रौप्यस्य सादहत्याद् िौप्यगु णसाम्यतैः ।। (RT 21/2) • Little amount of Swarna is present in Swarnamakshika, so its quality have the resemblance with that of Swarna. • Chemical composition of Swarna makshika are Iron, Sulphur and traces of Copper. • न क े वलं स्वणमगु णा वतमन्ते स्व ण म म ा क्ष क्ष क े । द्रव्यांतिस्य संसगामत्सन्यन्येऽवप गु णा यतैः ।। ककन्तु तस्यानु कल्पत्वास्त्कस्र्शचिू ना गु णास्तत: l तथाऽवप काञ्चनाभावे िीयते स् वणममाक ् षक ् षकम ् ।। (A. P.4/3-4) • Swarnamakshikais not only having the properties of swarna but also the properties of the other drugs. • To summarise, as swarna is present in swarnamakshika and as it
Properties Swarnamakshika Swarna Rasa Kashaya, Tikta, Madhura Kashaya, Tikta, Madhura Guna Sheeta, Laghu, Rooksha Sheeta, Guru, Snigdha, Picchila Veerya Sheeta Sheeta Vipaka Katu madhura Doshaghnata Tridoshagna Tridoshaghna Karma Balya, Rasayana, Swarya, Chakshusya, Yogavahi, Sakalamayaghna, Vrishya Balya, Rasayana, Sakalamayaghna, Vrishya, Medhya, Vishagna, Hridyam, Netryam, Kanthikara, Ayushyam, Pushtikara, Vayastha-pana, Yogavahi By comparing the properties of Swarna makshika and swarna, it can be inferred that Swarnamakshika bhasma can be used as a substitute of Swarna bhasma.
4. ANUPALABDHA (NOT AVAILABLE) Some of the drugs that are explained by RasAcharyas regarding their properties and grahyagrahya laxanas cannot be assessed in present mineral drugs. It is because of non-availability or scarcity of native forms of mineral or ore-mineral. Some of there types are : 1. Rasaka :- • Rasaka, which is the ore mineral of Yashada is out of use. • In classics Acharyas mentioned 3 varieties of Rasaka. • Now a days often Processed Yashada is used in place of processed Rasaka which is also recommended by AFI. • Varieties of Rasaka or their substitutes commonly assumed or used in present days are dissimilar as compared with Yashada.
Rasaka Sauviranjana
2. Sauviranjana :- Sauviranjana is said to be obtained from the mountains of Sauvira, a country along the Indus. Its vernacular name surma is the sulphide of lead ore. Surma is usually translated as sulphide of antimony. The sulphide of antimony occurs in fine streaky, fibrous, crystalline masses of a radiated texture. The lead ore on the contrary, occurs in cubic masses destitute of rays and is tabular in its crystalline arrangement. In the single drug monographs published in API , Sauviranjana is considered as lead ore. But due to its ambiguity, still it cannot be assessed exactly to the present available minerals .
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Controversial drug of Rasashastra paribhasha ppt.pptx

  • 1.
    WELCOME Guidance by :-Amit jain sir & rasashastra department Presented by :- Roll No. 21 to 40
  • 2.
    PARIBHASHA CONTENT :- 1. Sandighaddravya 2. Krutrima dravya 3. Pratinidhi dravya 4. Anupalabdha dravya
  • 3.
    1. Sandighad dravya(Controversial) Defination (संदिग्ध द्रव्य) :- "Sandigdha Dravya" means doubtful or controversial medicinal substances. These are the dravyas (herbs/minerals) where confusion exists about their identity, properties, nomenclature, or therapeutic use why dravya becomes sandigdha :- 1. नामभेि (Naam Bhed) – Same name used for different herbs. 2. स्वरूप भेि (Swaroop Bhed) – Similar physical appearance of different dravyas. 3. ग णु भेि (Guna Bhed) – Different attributes described in different text.
  • 4.
    Types Discription Naam janyaDue to name of confusion Swaroop janya Due to physical similarity Guna janya Due to differences of properties Prayog janya Due to variations in use Jati janya Due to different botnical species Types of Sandigdha Dravyas:-
  • 5.
    Common Examples :- Ayurvedicname Possible botnical name Brahmi Bacopa mnnieri centella asiatica Shankhapushpi Convolvulus pluricaculis Gokshura Pedalium murex Tagara Valeriana wallichii Yavani Trachyspermum ammi
  • 6.
  • 7.
    Vaikrant:- Introduction: Vaikrant is knownas a controversial or doubtful mineral drug in Ayurveda. It is a mineral-origin substance and is considered to belong to the gemstone category (Ratnavarga). Although it is mentioned in Ayurvedic texts for use in specific pathological conditions, there are disagreements regarding its chemical identity, properties, and therapeutic applications. Synonyms: • Vaikrant • Vikrant • Black Tourmaline (According to modern identification) Probable Identity: •According to some Ayurvedic opinions, Vaikrant is equated with Black Tourmaline. •In other sources, it is considered to be a mineral form of iron silicates or silica- containing minerals.
  • 8.
    Properties: •Rasa (Taste): Pungent(Katu), Bitter (Tikta) •Guna (Qualities): Light (Laghu), Dry (Ruksha) •Veerya (Potency): Hot (Ushna) •Vipaka (Post-digestive effect): Pungent (Katu) Uses: •Rejuvenative (Rasayana) •Strength-promoting (Balya) •Pacifies Vata and Kapha doshas •Anti-inflammatory (Shothahara) •Sometimes mentioned in the treatment of Kushtha (skin diseases), urinary disorders, and neuromuscular diseases 6. Controversy:
  • 9.
    Controversy:- •There is noclear scientific evidence regarding its exact chemical identity, purification methods, or standardized therapeutic usage. •Hence, Vaikrant is classified under “Sandigdha Dravya” (doubtful substances). Conclusion:- Vaikrant is an ancient mineral substance mentioned in Ayurveda, but its nature remains uncertain. There is a need for modern scientific research to confirm its identity, properties, and safe therapeutic applications.
  • 10.
  • 11.
    Chapala • Chapala isthe drug mentioned in the group of maharasa •considered as controversy because of lack of identification and scarcity of drug. •There are different opinions regarding the mineralogical identification of Chapala. •According to Sri D.A.Kulkarni, commentator of Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya, Chapala is a Bismuth. • Few scholars opines it as Selenium. •As maharasa group contains the drugs which are in the form of mineral or ore of metal, Some says it as Cassiterite, ore of Tin.
  • 12.
    Sr. No. PropertiesChapala Selenium bismuth Cassiterite 1. Melting Point Vangavat 221°C 271.5°C 232°C 2. Crystal System Shadasra Hexagonal Rhombohedral Tetragonal 3. Occurrence Makshika boomyod Bhava Usually found in conjunction with copper and sulphur (copper pyrite) Often associated with lead, zinc, copper, tin, silver ores from which it is obtained as a byproduct during refining Found mainly in acid igneous rocks with tourmaline, topaz aseno- pyrite bearing minerals in high temperature 4. Specific gravity Guru 4.8 9.8 6.4-7.1
  • 13.
    Sr. no. Propertirs Chapla SeleniumBismuth Cassiteritr 5. Hardness Snigdha (smooth ) 2 2-2.5 6-7 6. Luster/tra nsperenc y Sahatika chaya Metallic/opaque mrtallic/opaqu e Adamantine or greasy/ generally opaque but is translucent in thin crystals
  • 14.
    Sr. No. properties Chapala SeleniumBismuth cassiteri te 7. Colour Goura shweta aruna krshna Ores are Green, Bluish grey, Bronzy grey, Tin white, Grey Brown, Dark grey, Blue, White, Steel grey, lead grey, Reddish brown, Black Grayish white metal with a reddish tinge ores are red, black and golden yellow Brown black, reddish brown, browins h black 8. Therapeuti c use Lekhna ativrshya deha lohakara Antioxident, immuno booster ,hep in the deve lopment and maintence of healthy sperm cells ,reduce the risk of skin G.I. Disorders as soothing and demulcent 9. Dhatu vada Rasa bandakar a Selenium occurs with mercury, in compound form as its ores halcite and tiema- nnite it blinds mercury firmly Not binds mercury Not binds mercury
  • 15.
    By comparing theabove factors, •Cassiterite does not match with the properties of Chapala and hence this cannot be considered as Chapala. •Although studies done on the physical properties of Chapala says that Bismuth match more with the acceptable characteristics of Chapala as described in Ayurvedic classics with metallic luster, high specific gravity and low melting point Bismuth is mainly used in digestive disorders. •Metal selenium has many amorphous forms, its particles have hexagonal structure, found admixture with Chalcopyrite, it is mainly used in sexual disorder and also as best anti-oxidant. So Chapala can be better considered as selenium
  • 16.
  • 17.
    Rasanjana:- Rasanjana is oneof the type of Anjana,which is mentioned in the group of Uparasa. Since ancient times Rasanjana is considered to be a controversial drug. Rasanjana – Properties (गणधममु ): 1.Rasa (Taste) - Tikta (bitter), Kashaya (astringent) 2.Guna (Quality) - Laghu (light), Ruksha (dry) 3.Veerya (Potency) - Ushna (hot) 4.Vipaka - Katu (pungent – post-digestive effect) 5.Prabhava - Netrya (specific action on eyes), Krimighna (anti- parasitic)
  • 18.
    "ि ारु हरिद्राया क् वाथात ् स् यात ् ि साञ् जनं भवे त।् तत्तु ने त्र दहतं ततक ् तं लघु रुक ् षं कषायकम॥् " • Identity and Preparation: - • There's debate about the identity of Rasanjan, but it's often associated with Rasot, which is derived from Daruharidra (Berberis aristata). • According to some texts, Rasanjan can be prepared by boiling Daruharidra with goat's milk and reducing it to a thick consistency.
  • 19.
    Uses of Rasanjana:- 1.NetraRogas (Eye diseases) Used in collyrium (Anjana) form for treating conjunctivitis, infections. 2.Krimi (worm infestations) Internal use in some formulations to remove intestinal parasites. 3. Vrana (Wounds/Ulcers) Applied topically due to its antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. 4.Kustha (Skin disorders) Used for skin diseases due to its Tikta and Kashaya rasa, and Shodhana action. 5.Raktapitta (Bleeding disorders) Its cooling and astringent properties help control bleeding. Types of Rasanjana :- 6. Shailaja - obtained naturally from mountains 7.Kritrima - prepared out of peeta chandana kwath or Niryasa
  • 20.
  • 21.
    Pushpanjana:- Pushpanjana is oneof the type of Anjana, which is mentioned in the group of Uparasa. Different opinions about Pushpanjana:- 1.According to Ayurveda prakasha, Pushpanjana is white in colour and the author says, some opines it as Ritikitta. Riti is Pittala (Brass), an alloy of Copper and Zinc.its kitta may be obtained by frying it. 2.Dr. D. A. Kulkarni, commentator of Rasaratna samucchaya says that, as derived from the name, it may be anjana formed from the flower. It may be the nectar of the flower seen in the region of Kashmir, which is called as Kashmiri madhu,which is used in anjana. 3.In Atreya samhita, there is a reference of Padma madhu which is nothing but the nectar derived from lotus, which possess the property of curing netra rogas. This can also be considered as pushpanjana.
  • 22.
    4.Some opines that,Sphatika when roasted becomes shuddha and attains the laja form. This roasted sphatika can be considered as Pushpanjana, as it is white in colour and used for treating eye disease 5.Pushpa kasisa can also be considered as Pushpanjana as it is having the synonyms of Nayanoushadha or netroushadha, signifying its usage in netra rogas. 6.Dr. Siddhinandan Mishra, in his Ayurvediya Rasashastra, narrates that when zinc is roasted in open air,it turns to laja swaroopa,which can be considered as pushpanjana
  • 23.
    Research works toclear the controversies of Pushpanjana are not available till now. Based on the literature available, it can be inferred that Pushpanjana could be the drug which is chemically Zinc oxide. It is having a synonym as Reetija, Riti is the Pittala (Brass), an alloy of Copper and Zinc, suggesting that it might be a Zinc compound. Based on its appearance, it might have been named as pushpa, so directly any flower or its nector cannot be taken as Pushpanjana. Pushpanjana available in Market is usually prepared in laboratories which is chemically Zinc oxide (ZnO). Yadavji and some other Acharyas has accepted the same. So Pushpanjana can be taken as a drug which is chemically ZnO.
  • 24.
    5.Vahnijara What is Vahnijara? Vahnijararefers to substances that are tested or processed using fire (heat). These substances undergo thermal treatment as part of their purification or preparation process. Uses of Vahnijara: •Purification in metallurgy/Rasa Shastra – Metals and minerals are purified using heat-based processes. •Agni Sanskar (Thermal processing) – Certain plant or mineral substances exhibit medicinal properties only after being subjected to fire.
  • 25.
    Examples: 1.Gandhaka (Sulphur) –It is purified through fire- based processing. 2.Loha (Iron) – Fire is used during the preparation of its bhasma (ash formulation). 3.Shilajit – Its therapeutic properties are enhanced after heat processing.
  • 26.
  • 27.
    Girisindura:- • Introduction 6thmineral of Sadharanarasa group • Identified as Mercuric oxide (HgO) • A red to orange coloured dry mercuric powder obtained naturally on selected mountain peaks • Solid at room temperature and pressure • Prepared artificially by heating Mercury and Oxygen at roughly 350°C or by pyrolysis of mercuric nitrate • Occurrence:- • Artificial preparation is called Nagasindhura. • Grahyalakshanam
  • 28.
    • Synonyms:- Sinduram,Mahila baala bhushanam, Sringara bhushanam,Naagajam, Naagagarbha, Nagarenuka,Mangal ya ,Bhalasoubhaagya • अततसू क्ष्मकणम् स्स्नग्धम् गु रु व ण म स्मृ तु ज्ज ज्ज व ल म ।् मृ िु लं ववमलं चैव ससन्िू ि ं ज्जयोततममु च्यते॥ ि.त. 9/150
  • 29.
    • Types (Accordingto Rasajalanidhi) • Girisindhura (Natural): Mercuric oxide • Nagasindhira (Artificial): Lead oxide • Aamayika Prayoga • Not found for internal use • Along with ghrita, used externally for Anjana Namika • With ghee, guggulu, honey, guda used in cracked soletreatment त्र त्रि ो ष घ्नं भेदि स्तम्भनघ्नं तिनग्रु हम।् िे हिोषघ्नं न ेत्र्यं गगरिससन्ििू मच्यतेु ॥
  • 30.
    7.kankushtha:- "कन् कष् ुटं ववद् रमच् छायु ं तच् च सत् वमयं वप्रये ।” SYNONYMS "ककष्ु ं टं क ा क कु ष्टं च बां गं कोलावालु कम् ॥" Viranga, Rangadayaka, Rechaka, Talakushta, Tikshnadugdha, Swarnakshiriniryasa, Hemavati. Drug: Revand chini (Rheum emodi) Local Names: Hindi: Revand chini Latin : Botanical Name: Garcinia
  • 31.
    Varieties:- According to R.R.S.:- NalikaKankushta नसलका कन्कष्ु ठा — पीता, गरुु स्स्नग्धा स वपणीम स भु गा। Renuka Kankushta ि े णकाु कन्कष्ु ठा — कृ ष्णा तीव्रा स स्ु ष्कका लघ्वी। In Brihatrasaraja Sundaram, it is described as:- • Nalika kankushta: Yellow, heavy, smooth, like rock salt, tubular.
  • 32.
    Properties and Uses:- FromR.R.S:- 1. िसैैः स ा य प्रं शोभंतत सत्वं बन्धं च कृ त्वताम।् 2. कटु ं तीक्तं कटु क ं वीथीयं चाततवविेचनम।् व्रणोििशलू ाततसािगल्मऽे ु व प ह स् न्तत त् त्र त म ।् ु । 3. भजे ते नवं कार्शयधात् म वस्ग् नवधमनमायसहा। नाशयत्ते ाम्र मत्रत् वू ं व् यथनं मात्रतोऽ वप च।।
  • 33.
    Pharmacological Properties:- • Rasa(Taste): Tikta, Katu • Virya (Potency): Ushna • Karma: Ativirechanam Vyadhi • Karma: Vrinaharam (wound healer) • Udavartanasam Sulahrit (pain reliever) • Gulmapleeha haram (relieves abdominal lumps & splenomegaly) Gudartinut (relieves rectal disorders)
  • 34.
    Unwanted Effects &Management: • Ati virechanat vamanam — Due to excessive purgation, vomitingmay occur. • Management: Light diet and virechanopashamak yoga. Important Formulations:- • Peeta rasa (AFI Part 1) • Udavartanaghrita • Mrityunjayeevanarasa
  • 35.
    2. Krutrima dravya Introduction •Some mineral drugs were rare or unavailable in ancient times. • Artificial preparations are described in classics to overcome scarcity. • These drugs are equally potent as natural ones. • Used during scarcity in place of natural drugs
  • 36.
    1. Sasyaka Dravya •Sanskrit Name: Sasyaka (सस्यक) • English Name: Blue Vitriol / Copper Sulphate • Chemical Formula: CuSO4.5H2O Synonyms:Tamragairika,Neelatuttha,Tuttha, Neeloshtha, Shitdravya Group: Uparasa (उपिस) • Semi-metallic compound used in Rasoushadhi • Not used directly requires Shodhana Physical Properties •Blue crystalline powder •Soluble in water •Astringent and bitter taste •Hygroscopic in nature
  • 37.
    Ayurvedic Properties Property Detail Rasa Tikta(bitter), kashaya (Astrigent) Guna Laghu (Light),Ruksha (Dry) Veerya Ushna (Hot) Vipaka Katu(Pungent) Prabhava Krimighna (Anti-Parasitic) Therapeutic Use • Antiseptic – used externally • Wound healing in Lepa (pastes) • Eye diseases in classical Ayurvedic formulations • Krimighna – destroys worms and parasites • Used in Rakta vikaras (blood disorders) with other drugs
  • 38.
    2.Gandhaka Dravya • SanskritName: Gandhaka (गन्धक) • English Name: Sulphur • Chemical Formula: S8 (elemental Sulphur, usually in octa- atomic form) • Synonyms (Sanskrit): • Shulva (शु ल्व) • Guggulu (गु ग्गु ल)–sometimes mentioned • Belongs to Rasa Dravya • Comes under Rasavarga or sometimes Maharas
  • 39.
    Ayurvedic Properties :- Property Detail RasaTikta (bitter), kashaya (Astrigent) Guna Laghu (Light),Snigdha (Oily) Veerya Ushna (Hot) Vipaka Katu(Pungent) Prabhava Krimighna (Anti-skin disease, anti warm), Kushtaghna Therapeutic Use • Skin disorders – Kushta • Wound healing – Vrana • Prameha – Diabetes • Krimi – Worm infestations • Used in Rasaushadhis (like Rasamanikya, Gandhaka
  • 40.
    Gandhaka (Sulphur) -Materials • Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) source • Air or oxygen source • Catalytic reactor or furnace • Condenser • Sulfur collection and storage system Gandhaka (Sulphur) - Procedure • Oxidation: H₂S + 3O₂ → 2SO₂ + 2H₂O • Catalytic Reaction: 2H₂S + SO₂ → 3S + 2H₂O • Condensation of sulfur vapor • Collection of liquid sulfur • Solidification into yellow crystals • Purification by filtration or distillation
  • 41.
    3.Kasisa Dravya • SanskritName: Kasisa कसीस • English Name: Green Vitriol / Ferrous Sulphate • Chemical Formula: FeSO4.7H2O (Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate) Synonyms (Sanskrit): - •Kasika •Tuttha •Harital •Lohalohita Classification:- •Uparasa ( उपिस) •Mineral compound used after proper Shodhana
  • 42.
    Property Detail Rasa Tikta(bitter), kashaya (Astrigent) Guna Laghu (Light), Rukha(Dry) Veerya Ushna (Hot) Vipaka Katu(Pungent) Prabhava Pandughna (useful in anemia) Ayurvedic Properties :- Therapeutic Use :- • Pandu (Anemia) – Hematinic (improves blood) • Netra roga (Eye diseases) – Used in external preparations • Twak vikara (Skin diseases) • Used in Kasisa Bhasma, Anjana (collyrium) and other rasa preparations
  • 43.
    Procedure :- • Lohachurna + dilute sulphuric acid (slowly added). • Heat generates foam which is allowed to subside. • Filtered through Saraka Patra. • Add absolute alcohol to the liquid. • Kasisa settles at the bottom, dried in sun
  • 44.
    4. Rasanjan Dravya •EnglishName:Berberis Extract Berberis Resin •Synonyms ( sanskrit) :- •Darvi Ras (as it comes from Daruharidra) •Daruharidra Ghana Chemical Constituents / Formula:- Rasanjana is not a pure chemical but a plant extract, mainly containing the alkaloid:Berberine - C20H18NO4+ main active C
  • 45.
    Uses in ayurveda •Netra roga (Eye disorders) • Vrana ( wound healing) • Prameha (Urinary disorders) • Twak vikara (Skin diseases) • It has Tikta Rasa, Katu Vipaka, Ruksha, Laghu, and Ushna Procedure • Daruharidra churna + 16 parts water → Boil & reduce to 1/4th. • Filter the decoction. • Add Aja Ksheera (goat milk) and boil again. • Reduce to thick paste and dry. • Used as Rasanjana.
  • 46.
    5. Hingula Dravya:- • English Name:Cinnabar • Chemical Formula: HgS (Mercury Sulphide) • Synonym • Haratal Varna • Rakt Haratal • Rasa Ratna • Shuddha Hingula (after purification) Categories • िस शास्र : महािस • Often used as a p primary source of parad (mercury) • It is naturally occurring in red coloured mineral
  • 47.
    Ayurvedic Uses:- • Rasayanas(rejuvenators) • Kharaliya Rasayanas • Bhasma preparation (especially mercurybased ones) • Acts as Yogavahi (catalyst) • Useful in Jwara, Rajayakshma, Kustha, Vataroga Procedure • 8 parts Gandhaka + 42 parts Parada in • Mrudanga Yantra. • Seal with vessels having circular ridges. • Heat mildly then cool and open. • Soft, shining Hingula powder collected.
  • 48.
    3. Pratinidhi Dravya(Substitute) • Substitution is a replacement of equivalent drugs in place of original drugs on the basis of similar pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses. • There are several reasons for substitution, but in Rasashastra the main reason is the cost effectiveness. • Some drugs like Vajra, Swarna are more costly, so they are substituted by less expensive drugs like in Vaikranta, Swarna makshika respectively.
  • 49.
    1. Vajrabhave Vaikranta:- Vaikranta Vajra
  • 50.
    Vajrabhave Vaikranta :- •Vajra is one among of the precious stones. • Among all the ratnas, Vajra is most costliest due to its luster and hardness. • The common man cannot afford for its preparations. So our Acharyas mentioned the use of Vaikranta in the place of Vajra for those who cannot afford it. • The definition of vaikranta suggests that its therapeutic property resembles that of vajra, supporting the fact of using Vaikranta as a substitute of Vajra.
  • 51.
    • वज्रवत ्स वि म ोगाणां हिणाय यतस्स्त्विम।् ध त्ते ववक्रास्न्तमतलांु व ैक्रान्तं कथ्यते ततैः ।। (R.T. 23/156) • Vaikranta is the drug which cures all diseases like Vajra when used judiciously. That which gives uncomparable power is called as Vaikranta. • वैक्रान्तो वज्रसद ् िशो िे हलोहकािो मतैः। ववषघ्नो िसिाजर्शच ज्ज वि क ष्ठु क्ष य प्र ण त ।् ु । •(R.R.S. 2/57) • Vaikranta can bestove both Dehasiddhi and Lohasiddhi, like Vajra. It cures Visha, Jwara, Kushta, Yakshma and it excels all the minerals. • वैक्रान्तो वज्रवच्छोध्यो ध्मातैः ससक्तोऽर्शवमत्रक।े ू वज्रवन्मतृ तमापन्नो वज्रस्थाने प्रयोजयते ।।१६९।। (A.P.5/169) • Vaikranta shodhana is done similar to that of Vajra by intense heating and sprinkling Ashwa mootra on it. The process of bhasmikarana of Vaikranta is also same as that of Vajra and this vaikranta Bhasma can
  • 52.
    Properties Vaikrant Vajra RasaShadrasa Shadrasa Guna Guru Snigdha Veerya Sheeta ---- Vipak Madhura ---- Doshaghnata Tridoshaghna Tridoshaghna Karma Ayuprada, Balavarnakara, Ativrishya, Diptagnikara,Lohakari, Rasayana,Pranaprada, Yogavahi,Rasabandhakara,Dehadardy akara, Vishaghna,Rasaraja Ayuprada, Parama hrudya, Yogavahi, Pradipana, Vayasthambaka, Kantijanana, Saukhya, Rasayana, Balaprada, Netrya, Medhya, Rogaghna, Mrutyuharana, Sarvasiddhaprada, Rasabandhakara, Rasamaraka
  • 53.
    2. Suvarna -Suvarna Makshika Suvarna Makshika Suvarna
  • 54.
    2. Suvarna -Suvarna Makshika • Swarna (Gold) is a noble and costly metal that has the enormous therapeutic properties to the mankind. • The substitute for swarna is said as Swarnamakshika (Chalcopyrite). ईषद्रौप्यस्य सादहत्याद् िौप्यगु णसाम्यतैः ।। (RT 21/2) • Little amount of Swarna is present in Swarnamakshika, so its quality have the resemblance with that of Swarna. • Chemical composition of Swarna makshika are Iron, Sulphur and traces of Copper. • न क े वलं स्वणमगु णा वतमन्ते स्व ण म म ा क्ष क्ष क े । द्रव्यांतिस्य संसगामत्सन्यन्येऽवप गु णा यतैः ।। ककन्तु तस्यानु कल्पत्वास्त्कस्र्शचिू ना गु णास्तत: l तथाऽवप काञ्चनाभावे िीयते स् वणममाक ् षक ् षकम ् ।। (A. P.4/3-4) • Swarnamakshikais not only having the properties of swarna but also the properties of the other drugs. • To summarise, as swarna is present in swarnamakshika and as it
  • 55.
    Properties Swarnamakshika Swarna RasaKashaya, Tikta, Madhura Kashaya, Tikta, Madhura Guna Sheeta, Laghu, Rooksha Sheeta, Guru, Snigdha, Picchila Veerya Sheeta Sheeta Vipaka Katu madhura Doshaghnata Tridoshagna Tridoshaghna Karma Balya, Rasayana, Swarya, Chakshusya, Yogavahi, Sakalamayaghna, Vrishya Balya, Rasayana, Sakalamayaghna, Vrishya, Medhya, Vishagna, Hridyam, Netryam, Kanthikara, Ayushyam, Pushtikara, Vayastha-pana, Yogavahi By comparing the properties of Swarna makshika and swarna, it can be inferred that Swarnamakshika bhasma can be used as a substitute of Swarna bhasma.
  • 56.
    4. ANUPALABDHA (NOTAVAILABLE) Some of the drugs that are explained by RasAcharyas regarding their properties and grahyagrahya laxanas cannot be assessed in present mineral drugs. It is because of non-availability or scarcity of native forms of mineral or ore-mineral. Some of there types are : 1. Rasaka :- • Rasaka, which is the ore mineral of Yashada is out of use. • In classics Acharyas mentioned 3 varieties of Rasaka. • Now a days often Processed Yashada is used in place of processed Rasaka which is also recommended by AFI. • Varieties of Rasaka or their substitutes commonly assumed or used in present days are dissimilar as compared with Yashada.
  • 57.
  • 58.
    2. Sauviranjana :- Sauviranjanais said to be obtained from the mountains of Sauvira, a country along the Indus. Its vernacular name surma is the sulphide of lead ore. Surma is usually translated as sulphide of antimony. The sulphide of antimony occurs in fine streaky, fibrous, crystalline masses of a radiated texture. The lead ore on the contrary, occurs in cubic masses destitute of rays and is tabular in its crystalline arrangement. In the single drug monographs published in API , Sauviranjana is considered as lead ore. But due to its ambiguity, still it cannot be assessed exactly to the present available minerals .
  • 59.