The document discusses the need for robust criteria in the Arms Trade Treaty to prevent irresponsible arms transfers that could facilitate human rights violations such as gender-based violence. It recommends adding criteria to prohibit transfers if there is a substantial risk the arms could be used to perpetrate acts like rape and sexual violence. Several organizations advocating for women's rights emphasize stories from places like the Democratic Republic of Congo, where widespread gender-based violence is linked to the proliferation of arms.
This document defines coercive diplomacy and outlines its key elements and variants. It discusses how coercive diplomacy works through the coercing state's strategy, mechanisms used, and instruments of coercion. It also examines limitations of coercive diplomacy under international law and criticisms of the approach. Case studies of US coercive diplomacy against Iraq in 1990-1991 and ongoing EU/US efforts against Iran's nuclear program are presented to illustrate challenges in implementing coercive diplomacy.
Coercive diplomacy is the diplomacy of threats. Rather than relying on negotiation, diplomats will sometimes threaten adverse consequences if a demand is not met. Sometimes this works; at other times, it does not.
Factors that influence the success of coercive diplomacy are similar to the factors that influence the success of other types of threats: the threat must be credible, the adverse consequence must be severe enough that the potential recipient really wants to avoid that outcome, and the demand must be clear and possible to meet. Even when these factors are present however, coercive diplomacy is risky. As with other threats, it tends further damage relationships and lead to a potential backlash against the threat and/or the threatening country later on. Backlash can, at times, be limited if the threat is combined with more integrative or exchange-based approaches. If rewards for compliance are offered in addition to the threat for non-compliance, the chances of success may be greater; also if the threat is seen to be legitimate, the chances of success may also rise.
This document summarizes a university paper analyzing the effectiveness of coercive diplomacy as a tool for maintaining international security. It provides historical examples of when coercive diplomacy through sanctions has worked, such as against South Africa's apartheid regime and Iran's nuclear program, and when it has failed, as in the long-running US sanctions against Cuba. The key factors in success are international unity in applying sanctions and a target state losing political and economic support from other nations. While leadership changes may influence policy in autocratic states, international isolation appears more influential in changing "rogue" states' behavior.
This document summarizes a longer document about Project White Horse 084640, which aims to develop a concept for training commander leader teams (CLTs) to make better time-critical decisions during crisis response. It does this by:
1) Framing situations as "worst cases" like terrorism or major disasters.
2) Focusing on CLTs, which are teams composed of leaders from different response organizations.
3) Adding the element of time pressure to decision-making.
This meeting note reflects the discussions of the Second International Expert Forum held at IPI in Stockholm, Sweden on 6.June 2012. The purpose of the forum was to take stock of the consequences of ongoing violent conflict and means to prevent and reduce them, including peacekeeping operations and special envoys.
The document discusses opportunities and challenges related to civil-military cooperation in Sri Lanka. It provides background on the conflict in Sri Lanka and overview of the LTTE. It emphasizes the importance of a holistic and long-term approach to building peace that addresses root causes, rather than just symptoms. It also discusses perceptions each side has of the other and guidelines for civil-military relations according to the IASC, including maintaining separation of roles and seeking military assistance only as a last resort.
WATCH LIST 2017-INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP REPORTMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/3-watch-list-2017?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=a9a3b1a1fa-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_02_24&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-a9a3b1a1fa-359431769
Crisis Group’s Watch List 2017 includes the Lake Chad basin, Libya, Myanmar, Nagorno-Karabakh, Sahel, Somalia, Syria, Turkey, Venezuela and Yemen. This annual early-warning report identifies conflict situations in which prompt action by the European Union and its member states would generate stronger prospects for peace.The early warning Watch List identifies up to ten major conflict situations in which prompt action, driven or supported by the European Union and its member
states, would generate stronger prospects for peace. It includes a global overview,regional summaries, and detailed analysis on select countries and conflicts.
1) Effects-based operations leverage both kinetic and non-kinetic capabilities to achieve desired effects against threats that are distributed, networked, and different from traditional nation-state adversaries.
2) Future warfare will involve new technologies like robots, chemicals, electrons, directed energy, and nonkinetic weapons that can substitute for traditional fire and maneuver.
3) Adversaries will avoid direct confrontation and instead conduct swarming attacks using global networks and commercial infrastructure, requiring new approaches from the US military.
This document defines coercive diplomacy and outlines its key elements and variants. It discusses how coercive diplomacy works through the coercing state's strategy, mechanisms used, and instruments of coercion. It also examines limitations of coercive diplomacy under international law and criticisms of the approach. Case studies of US coercive diplomacy against Iraq in 1990-1991 and ongoing EU/US efforts against Iran's nuclear program are presented to illustrate challenges in implementing coercive diplomacy.
Coercive diplomacy is the diplomacy of threats. Rather than relying on negotiation, diplomats will sometimes threaten adverse consequences if a demand is not met. Sometimes this works; at other times, it does not.
Factors that influence the success of coercive diplomacy are similar to the factors that influence the success of other types of threats: the threat must be credible, the adverse consequence must be severe enough that the potential recipient really wants to avoid that outcome, and the demand must be clear and possible to meet. Even when these factors are present however, coercive diplomacy is risky. As with other threats, it tends further damage relationships and lead to a potential backlash against the threat and/or the threatening country later on. Backlash can, at times, be limited if the threat is combined with more integrative or exchange-based approaches. If rewards for compliance are offered in addition to the threat for non-compliance, the chances of success may be greater; also if the threat is seen to be legitimate, the chances of success may also rise.
This document summarizes a university paper analyzing the effectiveness of coercive diplomacy as a tool for maintaining international security. It provides historical examples of when coercive diplomacy through sanctions has worked, such as against South Africa's apartheid regime and Iran's nuclear program, and when it has failed, as in the long-running US sanctions against Cuba. The key factors in success are international unity in applying sanctions and a target state losing political and economic support from other nations. While leadership changes may influence policy in autocratic states, international isolation appears more influential in changing "rogue" states' behavior.
This document summarizes a longer document about Project White Horse 084640, which aims to develop a concept for training commander leader teams (CLTs) to make better time-critical decisions during crisis response. It does this by:
1) Framing situations as "worst cases" like terrorism or major disasters.
2) Focusing on CLTs, which are teams composed of leaders from different response organizations.
3) Adding the element of time pressure to decision-making.
This meeting note reflects the discussions of the Second International Expert Forum held at IPI in Stockholm, Sweden on 6.June 2012. The purpose of the forum was to take stock of the consequences of ongoing violent conflict and means to prevent and reduce them, including peacekeeping operations and special envoys.
The document discusses opportunities and challenges related to civil-military cooperation in Sri Lanka. It provides background on the conflict in Sri Lanka and overview of the LTTE. It emphasizes the importance of a holistic and long-term approach to building peace that addresses root causes, rather than just symptoms. It also discusses perceptions each side has of the other and guidelines for civil-military relations according to the IASC, including maintaining separation of roles and seeking military assistance only as a last resort.
WATCH LIST 2017-INTERNATIONAL CRISIS GROUP REPORTMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/3-watch-list-2017?utm_source=Sign+Up+to+Crisis+Group%27s+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=a9a3b1a1fa-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_02_24&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1dab8c11ea-a9a3b1a1fa-359431769
Crisis Group’s Watch List 2017 includes the Lake Chad basin, Libya, Myanmar, Nagorno-Karabakh, Sahel, Somalia, Syria, Turkey, Venezuela and Yemen. This annual early-warning report identifies conflict situations in which prompt action by the European Union and its member states would generate stronger prospects for peace.The early warning Watch List identifies up to ten major conflict situations in which prompt action, driven or supported by the European Union and its member
states, would generate stronger prospects for peace. It includes a global overview,regional summaries, and detailed analysis on select countries and conflicts.
1) Effects-based operations leverage both kinetic and non-kinetic capabilities to achieve desired effects against threats that are distributed, networked, and different from traditional nation-state adversaries.
2) Future warfare will involve new technologies like robots, chemicals, electrons, directed energy, and nonkinetic weapons that can substitute for traditional fire and maneuver.
3) Adversaries will avoid direct confrontation and instead conduct swarming attacks using global networks and commercial infrastructure, requiring new approaches from the US military.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document provides tips for giving a good presentation, emphasizing the importance of knowing your audience, using clear and concise slides with no more than 10 slides total, and rehearsing to speak fluently while smiling and interacting positively with the audience. Key recommendations include providing an overview, keeping each slide focused on one main idea, and dressing appropriately for the situation.
Wat?
MainFlow is een allesomvattend en modulair opgebouwde webbased applicatie voor woningcorporaties, vastgoedeigenaren en beheerders. Het verschil met vergelijkbare programmatuur, is dat dit systeem volledig is toegespitst op de optimale aansturing en beheersing van reparatie- en mutatieonderhoud.
Waarom?
In de praktijk blijkt dat het moeilijk is om grip te krijgen op de variabele kostenpost onderhoud. De registratie, organisatie en opvolging van meldingen, daarna de planning en uitvoering van werkzaamheden plus de juiste toewijzing van de kostenplaats, is onnodig arbeidsintensief.
Hoe?
Het systeem automatiseert alle handelingen rond onderhoud en borgt daarmee zekerheid, flexibiliteit en kwaliteit. Alle werkzaamheden en diensten vinden plaats in een geregisseerd proces dat alle partijen automatisch activeert via internet, telefoon, mail of SMS.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document provides an overview of conditionals in English. It explains the different types of conditionals - zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditionals - and provides examples of each. The zero conditional describes certainties. The first conditional discusses real possibilities in the future. The second conditional imagines present or unlikely future situations. The third conditional imagines different past situations. Mixed conditionals combine elements of different conditionals types.
Je m’engage
À vivre dans La Tunisie libre et démocratique.
À protéger et Reconstruire ma patrie.
À accomplir et protéger mes devoirs de citoyen.
À respecter l’autre et ses idées.
À protéger la minorité
À respecter la majorité.
Mr. Hazem Ksouri, President of Free Tunisia Association, delivered a speech to the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on Arms Trade Treaty in New York on July 11, 2012. [1] He highlighted the role of unregulated arms trade in fueling violence during the Arab Spring uprisings. [2] He called for a robust, binding Arms Trade Treaty to help end armed violence and build peace by regulating international arms transfers and preventing the misuse of arms. [3]
This document summarizes a conference that discussed enhancing collaboration between civil society organizations and regional intergovernmental organizations in the Middle East and North Africa to address peace and security challenges arising from the Arab Spring uprisings. The conference was organized through online consultations with civil society groups to determine the agenda. Key topics discussed included the roles of civil society and regional groups in conflict prevention, promoting tolerance and dialogue, and challenges around safe spaces for human rights work and building democratic regimes. The goal was to strengthen relationships and cooperation between these actors to jointly address critical regional issues.
This document discusses language learners and learner language. It defines learner language as the written or spoken language produced by a language learner. Researchers study learner language to understand how a learner's internal language representations develop over time. Errors in learner language are important to analyze, as they reveal how the learner's grammar is developing. The document outlines different ways to identify, describe, explain, and evaluate errors made by language learners. It also discusses developmental patterns in learner language, such as common acquisition stages and sequences. Variability in learner language is influenced by linguistic, situational, and psycholinguistic contexts.
This document summarizes Jean-Pascal Zanders' article on how soft power can be used to control the proliferation of non-conventional weapons and further disarmament goals. It discusses how soft power tools like cooperation, cultural/educational exchanges, and development assistance can help delegitimize weapons and pave the way for disarmament treaties. International organizations established by treaties can also wield soft power and help enable universalization of treaties. However, soft power alone may not be enough to resolve issues like non-compliance with treaties or lack of progress on limiting weapons in conflict areas.
Comments on the human security aspect of the poverty reduction guidelinesKayode Fayemi
The document discusses the human security dimension of poverty reduction guidelines. It analyzes four typical policy levers proposed in the guidelines: 1) Support for peace building and reconstruction, 2) Support for state monopoly of means of coercion, 3) Promoting social coherence through civil society and tolerance, and 4) Building assets against disasters and economic shocks. However, the document argues that the assumptions and focus on the state in the guidelines provide an incomplete picture in Africa given increasing state illegitimacy. A human security approach requires considering non-state actors and the complex local and international dimensions driving conflicts on the continent.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
Actions Speak Louder Than Words Preventive Self-Defense As A Cascading NormBrandi Gonzales
This document discusses the emerging norm of preventive self-defense and its spread among states. The authors argue that the US setting precedents through its actions in Iraq and drone strikes has challenged established international norms restricting preemptive force. While this norm was initially contested, some powerful states have embraced preventive self-defense in both rhetoric and actions. The authors present evidence that this norm is diffusing to states like India, Russia, Germany and China as their security interests evolve.
The Joint Concept for Human Aspects of Military Operations (JC-HAMO) document outlines a framework for understanding human behavior and influencing relevant actors to achieve strategic objectives. It recognizes that military success does not always translate to achieving political goals, and that the Joint Force needs to focus on how human factors like culture, society and psychology influence decisions. The framework identifies four imperatives: 1) identify relevant actors and their networks, 2) evaluate actor behavior in context, 3) anticipate actor decision-making, and 4) influence actor will and decisions. The goal is for the Joint Force to develop a deeper understanding of human aspects to conduct more effective operations that create enduring strategic outcomes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document provides tips for giving a good presentation, emphasizing the importance of knowing your audience, using clear and concise slides with no more than 10 slides total, and rehearsing to speak fluently while smiling and interacting positively with the audience. Key recommendations include providing an overview, keeping each slide focused on one main idea, and dressing appropriately for the situation.
Wat?
MainFlow is een allesomvattend en modulair opgebouwde webbased applicatie voor woningcorporaties, vastgoedeigenaren en beheerders. Het verschil met vergelijkbare programmatuur, is dat dit systeem volledig is toegespitst op de optimale aansturing en beheersing van reparatie- en mutatieonderhoud.
Waarom?
In de praktijk blijkt dat het moeilijk is om grip te krijgen op de variabele kostenpost onderhoud. De registratie, organisatie en opvolging van meldingen, daarna de planning en uitvoering van werkzaamheden plus de juiste toewijzing van de kostenplaats, is onnodig arbeidsintensief.
Hoe?
Het systeem automatiseert alle handelingen rond onderhoud en borgt daarmee zekerheid, flexibiliteit en kwaliteit. Alle werkzaamheden en diensten vinden plaats in een geregisseerd proces dat alle partijen automatisch activeert via internet, telefoon, mail of SMS.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document provides an overview of conditionals in English. It explains the different types of conditionals - zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditionals - and provides examples of each. The zero conditional describes certainties. The first conditional discusses real possibilities in the future. The second conditional imagines present or unlikely future situations. The third conditional imagines different past situations. Mixed conditionals combine elements of different conditionals types.
Je m’engage
À vivre dans La Tunisie libre et démocratique.
À protéger et Reconstruire ma patrie.
À accomplir et protéger mes devoirs de citoyen.
À respecter l’autre et ses idées.
À protéger la minorité
À respecter la majorité.
Mr. Hazem Ksouri, President of Free Tunisia Association, delivered a speech to the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on Arms Trade Treaty in New York on July 11, 2012. [1] He highlighted the role of unregulated arms trade in fueling violence during the Arab Spring uprisings. [2] He called for a robust, binding Arms Trade Treaty to help end armed violence and build peace by regulating international arms transfers and preventing the misuse of arms. [3]
This document summarizes a conference that discussed enhancing collaboration between civil society organizations and regional intergovernmental organizations in the Middle East and North Africa to address peace and security challenges arising from the Arab Spring uprisings. The conference was organized through online consultations with civil society groups to determine the agenda. Key topics discussed included the roles of civil society and regional groups in conflict prevention, promoting tolerance and dialogue, and challenges around safe spaces for human rights work and building democratic regimes. The goal was to strengthen relationships and cooperation between these actors to jointly address critical regional issues.
This document discusses language learners and learner language. It defines learner language as the written or spoken language produced by a language learner. Researchers study learner language to understand how a learner's internal language representations develop over time. Errors in learner language are important to analyze, as they reveal how the learner's grammar is developing. The document outlines different ways to identify, describe, explain, and evaluate errors made by language learners. It also discusses developmental patterns in learner language, such as common acquisition stages and sequences. Variability in learner language is influenced by linguistic, situational, and psycholinguistic contexts.
This document summarizes Jean-Pascal Zanders' article on how soft power can be used to control the proliferation of non-conventional weapons and further disarmament goals. It discusses how soft power tools like cooperation, cultural/educational exchanges, and development assistance can help delegitimize weapons and pave the way for disarmament treaties. International organizations established by treaties can also wield soft power and help enable universalization of treaties. However, soft power alone may not be enough to resolve issues like non-compliance with treaties or lack of progress on limiting weapons in conflict areas.
Comments on the human security aspect of the poverty reduction guidelinesKayode Fayemi
The document discusses the human security dimension of poverty reduction guidelines. It analyzes four typical policy levers proposed in the guidelines: 1) Support for peace building and reconstruction, 2) Support for state monopoly of means of coercion, 3) Promoting social coherence through civil society and tolerance, and 4) Building assets against disasters and economic shocks. However, the document argues that the assumptions and focus on the state in the guidelines provide an incomplete picture in Africa given increasing state illegitimacy. A human security approach requires considering non-state actors and the complex local and international dimensions driving conflicts on the continent.
This document presents a strategic framework for mass atrocity prevention. It begins by noting that while conflict prevention has received significant attention, comparatively less focus has been placed on preventing the specific crimes related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The framework is designed to develop a more specific strategic approach for preventing mass atrocity crimes. It involves clarifying what crimes are being prevented, identifying stages of regression towards atrocities, systematizing policy tools that could mitigate risk factors or change escalatory dynamics, and assessing what is needed for tools to be effective. The framework draws on deductive and inductive reasoning, moving between conceptual assumptions and empirical observations
Actions Speak Louder Than Words Preventive Self-Defense As A Cascading NormBrandi Gonzales
This document discusses the emerging norm of preventive self-defense and its spread among states. The authors argue that the US setting precedents through its actions in Iraq and drone strikes has challenged established international norms restricting preemptive force. While this norm was initially contested, some powerful states have embraced preventive self-defense in both rhetoric and actions. The authors present evidence that this norm is diffusing to states like India, Russia, Germany and China as their security interests evolve.
The Joint Concept for Human Aspects of Military Operations (JC-HAMO) document outlines a framework for understanding human behavior and influencing relevant actors to achieve strategic objectives. It recognizes that military success does not always translate to achieving political goals, and that the Joint Force needs to focus on how human factors like culture, society and psychology influence decisions. The framework identifies four imperatives: 1) identify relevant actors and their networks, 2) evaluate actor behavior in context, 3) anticipate actor decision-making, and 4) influence actor will and decisions. The goal is for the Joint Force to develop a deeper understanding of human aspects to conduct more effective operations that create enduring strategic outcomes.
Peacebuilding and reconstruction ine aftermath of conflict the case of libe...Kayode Fayemi
Peacebuilding and reconstruction efforts require a holistic approach that addresses both short and long-term needs. Immediate relief efforts are important but not sufficient for sustainable peace and security. International actors should foster policy coherence, consult local communities, and consider how their actions may undermine stability, such as through arms sales or policies prioritizing macroeconomic targets over human welfare. A human security approach requires democratic governance, rule of law, development, and respect for human rights.
Peacebuilding and reconstruction ine aftermath of conflict the case of libe...Kayode Fayemi
Peacebuilding and reconstruction efforts require a holistic approach that addresses both short and long-term needs. Immediate relief efforts are important but not sufficient for sustainable peace and security. International actors should foster policy coherence, consult local communities, and consider how their actions may undermine security and development goals. A human security approach requires addressing poverty, lack of opportunities, and the protection of citizens' rights and dignity.
International Relations and Disasters - Page Num EditSeth Roach
This document summarizes a research paper that explores the potential for applying the American Incident Command System (ICS) model for disaster response internationally. The author analyzes ICS and other command systems used worldwide to determine if they could be effective models for coordinating multi-jurisdictional disaster responses. The paper uses the 2014 King Fire in California as a case study to show how ICS criteria were effectively applied even during a massive response. The author argues that with increasing globalization, a coordinated international emergency management system is needed and that ICS shows promise as an adaptable framework for multi-national disaster response.
This document discusses trends in armed non-state actors and challenges they pose. It defines armed non-state actors as organized groups using force outside of state control to achieve political objectives. It examines characteristics like territorial control, identity/resources, and relationship to wider society. It notes some armed groups provide services to populations under their control. The document also discusses future challenges from private security firms, crime groups, militias and gangs operating in conflict and non-conflict settings. It aims to better understand armed non-state actors and support civilian protection.
This document discusses conflict prevention in theory and practice. It begins by noting the broad agreement on the importance of preventive action but the gap between rhetoric and reality. It then discusses the development of conflict prevention frameworks and mechanisms over time at the UN and other organizations. However, capacity for preventive action remains limited. The challenges of translating early warnings into timely responses and of addressing the underlying causes of conflicts are also discussed. Effective prevention requires tailored strategies and leadership to coordinate multi-faceted prevention efforts.
List of Approved MoviesComment by Narbona Jerez, Pamela Title, a.docxcroysierkathey
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) present significant security threats that require mitigation to ensure public safety. Recent incidents involving rogue drones disrupting major airports cost airlines tens of millions of dollars in losses. While technological solutions exist to detect, track, and control UAS, current regulations are inadequate and there is no harmonized framework across authorities. This research aims to holistically explore UAS security threats, evaluate existing controls, and recommend amendments to regulations and rationalization of technological solutions to proactively address threats in the safest and most efficient manner through industry-wide collaboration.
Federalist Papers No 37, Proper Form of GovernmentChuck Thompson
This document is Federalist Paper No. 37 by James Madison. It discusses the difficulties faced by the Constitutional Convention in devising an effective form of government. It notes the challenges of balancing liberty and energy in government, delineating federal and state powers, reconciling different state interests, and overcoming other obstacles. The Convention was able to overcome these difficulties and reach unanimity, which was remarkable given the complexity of the issues.
Un 2007 THE CONCEPT OF ODIOUS DEBT IN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAWAuditoriaVLC
This document discusses the concept of odious debt in public international law. It begins by defining odious debt as debt incurred by a despotic regime that did not benefit the state and was instead used to repress the population. It explores the concept's roots in international law principles like equity and state succession. The document then examines contexts where odious debt has been invoked, like regime changes, and issues around applying the concept. It concludes that claims of odious debt must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis in contexts like negotiations or tribunals, depending on the situation. The concept remains grounded in international law but its application is complex and context-dependent.
Anti corruption agencies - purpose, pitfalls, success factorsjatar
This document provides guidance on establishing and supporting effective anticorruption agencies (ACAs). It outlines critical factors for success, including:
1) Careful establishment with a comprehensive anticorruption strategy, independence, realistic expectations, and strong political backing. The "constitutional moment" of establishing an ACA is important to capture momentum for reform.
2) Ensuring cross-agency coordination, as ACAs rely on cooperation from other agencies. Methods include positioning the ACA for influence or providing tools to encourage cooperation.
3) Providing adequate resources and powers, such as authority for investigations, prosecutions, policy guidance and public outreach. Independence from political interference is also important.
4) Considering
Practice note 2: Business environment reforms in conflict-affected contextsInternational Alert
This practice note explains why and how business environment reforms should be taken into consideration by economic development planners and practitioners working in conflict- and post-conflict contexts. It presents some of the main issues, risks and opportunities that economic development professionals need to bear in mind when designing programmes and initiatives that seek to attract foreign investors to unstable contexts.
This article delves into the concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as a transformative international norm designed to address mass atrocities within states, encompassing genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and ethnic cleansing. Originating from the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in response to global inaction during the Rwandan genocide and atrocities in the Former Yugoslavia, R2P represents a paradigm shift in redefining sovereignty. The tripartite structure of R2P, focusing on prevention, reaction, and rebuilding, surpasses traditional humanitarian intervention, respecting state sovereignty. The article then examines the application of R2P in the Russo-Ukrainian scenario, where Russia's incursion into Ukraine challenges the norm. Despite the Security Council's limitations, the General Assembly's resolution condemning Russia highlights indirect acknowledgment of R2P principles. The article assesses R2P's role in the context of other international norms and contends with its imperfections, especially when faced with powerful actors. Legal justifications for intervention are explored, drawing from natural law theories and realist constructivism, while considering the challenges posed by Security Council dynamics, as evident in the Ukrainian crisis. The analysis extends to the prudential criteria for military intervention, emphasizing the balance of consequences and the universal applicability of these criteria. The conclusion acknowledges the ongoing development of the R2P paradigm, emphasizing the need for unwavering advocacy and support from policymakers. It underscores the judicious balance required between legal justifications and prudential sensibility in evaluating military force deployment. Despite challenges, the article affirms the continued relevance of R2P through various coercive measures, including military support, and highlights the norm's success in fostering global consensus and normative acceptance in addressing mass atrocities.
Kosovos AntinomiesAuthor(s) W. Michael ReismanSource Th.docxDIPESH30
Kosovo's Antinomies
Author(s): W. Michael Reisman
Source: The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, No. 4 (Oct., 1999), pp. 860-862
Published by: American Society of International Law
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2555352 .
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860 THE AMERICANJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW [Vol. 93:860
A final lesson of Kosovo is that, in the end, the United Nations-albeit disdained and
circumvented-again became an essential facilitator in ending the conflict. It is not the only
forum for the exercise of creative, sustained multilateral diplomacy, but it remains a resilient
and irreplaceable one. That, in the end, may be the clearest lesson.
THOMAS M. FRANCK
Kosovo 's ANITINOMIES
The insistence on the integrity of procedures is not arid formalism. Lawyers know that
however noble the impulse, action in the common interest that is taken without formal
authority may have incalculable public costs. Group security and individual liberty depend,
in no small part, on orderly decision preceded by due deliberation; actions inconsistent with
the procedures of the law erode their authority and increase the probability of abuse. But
lawyers also know that legal procedures do not always work and that sometimes decisions
have to be taken without regard to them. As Justice Holmes said, "a constitution is not a
suicide pact."
Faced with such antinomies, no lawyer, whatever his or her conclusion as to the lawfulness
of NATO's action in Kosovo, can look back at the incident without disquiet. While some in
our profession will strain to weave strands from various resolutions and ex cathedra
statements of UN officials into a retrospective tapestry of authority (unintentionally
contributing to bases for other claims and actions), all appreciate that NATO's action in
Kosovo did not accord with the design of the United Nations Charter. The question is
whether Kosovo comes under the "suicide pact" rule, ...
Running head Critical infrastructure and key resources1.docxsusanschei
Running head: Critical infrastructure and key resources 1
Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Wilmington University
Shashank Pitla
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Identifying Critical Assets:4
Three important and CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES (CIKR)5
Agriculture5
Government Facilities5
Health Care Sector5
Banking6
Responsibilities and risk assessment6
Information Sharing8
Conclusion10
Works Cited11
Introduction
Critical infrastructure is here after preferred as CI is which has predefined as frameworks and resources, physical or virtual, so basic to the United States that the insufficiency or demolition of such systems and assets would incapacitating influence security, national fiscal security, national general prosperity and prosperity, or any blend of those matters.
PDD-63, distinguished exercises whose basic frameworks ought to be secured data and correspondences, keeping money and fund, water supply flying, expressways, mass travel, pipelines, rail administrations. The following research paper can help in identifying of how can we recognize the basic foundation around us or in a group and what are the obligations that must be taken amid catastrophe in group and which particular office is mindful, how impart the data all through the procedures (GOV, 2009)
The exercises that are so specific are key to the everyday working and security of the nation for instance, transportation of merchandise and individuals, correspondences, saving the financial state, the supply and dispersion of power and water. Residential security and our capacity to observe, low in count of the antagonistic acts additionally rely on upon some of these exercises and in addition other more particular exercises like insight assembling and summon and control of public safety and military strengths. A genuine interruption in these exercises and abilities could indirectly impact on the Nations security and even the capacity of the variety of resources, capacities, data, all personal information, and frameworks/ structure of the system, shaping what has been known as the country's basic foundations. These foundations have developed mind boggling and interconnected, implying that an interruption in one may prompt disturbances in others (GOV, 2009)(Security, NIPP 2013, 2013).Identification of CA:
DHS is also referred as Department of Homeland Security, through different components, by including through state country security authorities and lead organization authorities, looks to recognize framework resources that fit the meaning of basic foundation. The National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program here after is referred as NCIPP and the Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative that is referred as CFDI , bolstered with evaluation and analysis from the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center and the Office of Infrastructure Analysis, recognize those benefits by including in the country and even in the foreign countries ...
This document discusses the legal issues surrounding the extraterritorial use of drones to combat terrorist threats. It examines whether such use is permitted under international law frameworks of jus ad bellum and international humanitarian law. Key points discussed include:
- Drones fall under either the laws of armed conflict or international human rights law, depending on whether their use is part of an armed conflict.
- For armed conflicts, international humanitarian law provides the framework. For self-defense or law enforcement outside armed conflicts, international human rights law and the domestic laws of involved states apply.
- Under the UN Charter, states can only use force abroad with Security Council authorization or in self-defense following an armed attack. Interpreting self-defense
The North Africa American Cemetery and Memorial in Tunisia consolidates the remains of American service members who died in North Africa during World War II. It contains over 2,800 headstones arranged in plots, as well as a memorial wall with the names of over 3,700 missing Americans. The cemetery grounds cover 27 acres and are maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission to honor those who fought and died in the liberation of North Africa from 1942 to 1943.
Tunisie. Le parti islamiste Ennahda s’est engagé à quitter le pouvoir avant la fin
du mois. En cause, son incapacité à gérer l’État, l’hostilité de la part de la société
civile et les grèves organisées par l’UGTT, le puissant syndicat historique tunisien.
La Tunisie vient peut-être de faire un premier pas vers la sortie de crise. Le parti islamiste Ennahda, qui dirige le gouvernement, s’est engagé à quitter le pouvoir avant la fin du mois.…
http://www.reforme.net/journal/%5Breforme-numero-publication%5D/dossier/desavoue-ennahda-va
1. control arms news
New York 12th July 2012
From the podium
The criteria section for the Arms disregard those “substantial risks” or
Trade Treaty is the heart of the override them simply stating ‘natio-
instrument’s capacity to deliver actual nal’ or ‘strategic interest’.
change on the ground. Unfortunately,
the text set out on the matter in the In addition to the criteria themselves,
Chair’s draft paper of July 3rd is too the risk assessment process that would
complex, gives rise to a number of be used with the list above is also es-
inconsistencies and is unworkable. sential. Such an analysis should inclu-
Conversely, the criteria section from de the recipient State’s record of com-
the Chair’s paper’s previous incarna- pliance in relation to the criteria as
tion (July 2011) is clear and can be evidenced by formal commitments in
implemented on a non-discrimina- treaties and other agreements; current
tory basis. government policy and practice to
implement those commitments; and
To provide the ideal cornerstone to the capacity of state institutions to im-
fulfill the ATT’s humanitarian impe- plement international obligations and
rative, Control Arms recommends commitments.
some substantive additions to the
criteria proposed in the 2011 paper The risk assessment will need to also
to make them fully comprehensive – closely analyze the specific arms trans-
in addition to the need for a robust risk fer itself, including the nature of the arms
assessment process against the criteria to This comprehensive list is necessary pre- being transferred and the stated end-use
determine whether to authorize a particu- cisely because of criteria’s crucial role in and end-user.
lar arms transfer. allowing the ATT to generate significant
humanitarian benefits. In addition to the
objective criteria itself, the so-called ‘cha- “Language favored by a few
“The criteria section for the peau’ of the section must be drafted in countries, that would requi-
Arms Trade Treaty is the heart a clear and robust manner to fulfill the re States only to consider, or
of the instrument’s capacity to instrument’s goals and objectives.
take into account the risks,
deliver actual change on the would fail entirely to create
Language favored by a few countries, that
ground” would require States only to consider or the necessary safeguards”
take into account the risks, would fail en-
tirely to create the necessary safeguards,
It is essential for the criteria to reflect the as it would not require action based on
negative consequences the ATT must the risk assessment – even if a substantial When it comes to the strength of the ATT,
strive to prevent, such as serious viola- risk was clear. These formulations are akin the criteria are at the heart of its potential
tions of international humanitarian or to “feel free to ignore” translated into le- as an instrument. To be effective, a ‘pre-
international human rights laws; adverse gal text. It is not difficult to imagine, for sumption’ against transfers that carry a
impact on the sustainable development example, that an unscrupulous exporter substantial risk of the listed negative con-
of the recipient country; risk of diversion willing to transfer arms to a regime mas- sequences is entirely insufficient. The obli-
to unauthorized end-users; may seriously sacring its own people would claim ‘ATT gation should be unequivocal, leaving no
undermine peace and security, provoke or compliance’ by stating it had “taken into room for misinterpretations. The formu-
aggravate instability; be used to perpetra- account” the risks regarding human rights lations suggested above, or a slight varia-
te or facilitate armed violence (including violations – but decided to sell the arms tion thereof, are likely the only ones that
gender-based violence), in the commis- anyway. can in fact deliver the “strong and robust”
sion of organized crime or to perpetrate ATT with the “highest possible” common
terrorist acts; or that would involve co- Without a prohibitive requirement against international standards – the agreed man-
rrupt practices. such transfers, a country would be free to date of this Diplomatic Conference.
2. Policy corner
We need an ATT that fully and explicity addresses gender-based armed violence
The irresponsible trade in arms is devas- there is a substantial risk that the arms Gender-based violence is violence rela-
tating lives and livelihoods around the under consideration are likely to be ted to social expectations and positions
world. We need a robust Arms Trade used to perpetrate or facilitate acts of based on gender and can be committed
Treaty that puts humanitarian and human gender based violence, including rape by and aimed at both men and women.
rights, as well as livelihoods, at its core. To and other forms of sexual violence. However, most gender-based violence
do this effectively the treaty must address is committed by men, and is directed
the issue of gender-based armed violence. Explicitly referencing gender-based against women and girls and linked to
violence in the criteria will ensure the discrimination.
Sexual violence is often used as a delibe- impact of an arms transfer on gender-
Gender-based violence is defined by the
rate tactic in conflict. Women and girls based violence is fully and explicitly
UN Committee on the Elimination of
are particular targets as they are often considered by national licensing agen-
Discrimination against Women (CE-
viewed as the bearers of cultural identity. cies once the treaty is agreed. DAW) in General Recommendation
In addition, existing cultures of violence 19 as being “directed against a woman
and discrimination against women can This must further be recognized in because she is a woman or that affects
be exacerbated during conflict as an ex- the preamble and goals of the treaty. women disproportionately.”
treme manifestation of the abuse women Moreover, in order to fully protect wo-
face in peacetime. And even after conflict men from the most prevalent forms Sexual violence includes rape, sexual
formally ends, gender-based violence can of gender-based armed violence, the slavery, forced prostitution, forced preg-
persist. ATT must include SALW, its ammu- nancy or forced abortion, enforced ste-
nition, and its parts and components rilization, indecent assault, trafficking,
The ATT must include a criterion under – in addition to absolutely all types of inappropriate medical examinations,
which States shall not transfer arms where transfers. strip searches and sexual harassment.
The Arms Trade Treaty: Securing Women’s Rights and Gender Equality
“On Saturday they took me and five other The arms trade affects everyone – men, men are disproportionately affected by
women into a room. It was in the morning. women, boys and girls – in different ways. high levels of firearms-related homicides
There were three of them. They told us to The following are some examples of how and domestic violence. Research carried
undress. I refused. One of them hit me with the arms trade perpetrates or facilitates out in Guatemala by the Human Rights
his knife. I told him it was not human. He the perpetration of gender-based violen- Ombudsman’s Office shows that for all
said: ‘We will see about that’. He took his ce against women both in times of con- murder cases, 69 per cent of women are
gun out and I was obliged to yield. The flict and peace. Including gender-based killed with firearms.
three men raped us, they wore masks. Af- violence in the criteria of an ATT would
terwards, they left and we were kept in the acknowledge that both exporting and The ATT should require States to not
house until Wednesday. Every day, a gen- importing countries would have a joint, allow an international transfer of conven-
darme brought us something to eat. They though different, responsibility to prevent tional arms where there is a substantial
returned on Monday. It was the same men; these crimes. risk that the arms under consideration are
I suppose it was the same men. It was late likely to be used to perpetrate or facilitate
in the afternoon and they raped us again. Sexual violence is often widely and syste- acts of gender-based violence, including
On the evening of 22 December towards matically employed against civilians du- rape and other forms of sexual violen-
5pm, they released us. I have not dared to ring armed conflict, though the scale on ce. To apply this criterion, States must
go to see a doctor since then.” which it occurs is largely underestimated conduct a meaningful assessment of that
and its links to the proliferation of arms is risk – in other words, they must act with
The arms trade has specific gender dimen- rarely examined. Margot Wallström, UN all due diligence when assessing an arms
sions and direct links to discrimination Special Representative on Sexual Violence transfer application.
and gender-based violence. Emboldened in Conflict, made this point in her official
by weapons, power and status, both Sta- Statement to the UN Security Council, Extracts from a policy paper from WIL-
te and non-State parties often perpetrate “conflict-related sexual violence is not PF, IANSA Women’s Network, Amnesty
gender-based violence, disproportiona- specific to one country or continent: it is International and Religions for Peace In-
tely affecting women with impunity. This a global risk”. ternational. For full text, please see: http://
has far-reaching implications for efforts www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/docu-
to consolidate peace, security, gender Weapons are used to facilitate repression ments/Disarmament-fora/att/policypaper.
equality and secure development. and state violence… In some states, wo- pdf
3. Civil society weighs in Bullet points
Seydi Gassama, Amnesty International: “It should be unthinkable • Roughly 66,000 women are violently ki-
that governments can choose to supply weapons, munitions, arma- lled around the world each year, accoun-
ments and other arms to governments where the likelihood of those ting for 17% of intentional homicides.
arms being used to commit or facilitate serious human rights viola-
tions or war crimes or crimes against humanity” • Almost 50% of ‘femicides’ occur in the
domestic sphere, when the perpetrator is
Deepayan Basu Ray, Oxfam: “The poorly regulated trade in arms the current or former partner.
and ammunition weakens the ability and willingness of govern-
ments to create enabling environments. Development gains are • Between 2004 and 2009, the following
reversed as communities are paralyzed; schools are closed, and im- countries had the highest femicide rates
mense strains are placed on health systems…” in the world, all over 9 per 100,000 (in
descending order): El Salvador, Jamaica,
Jasmin Galace, IANSA: “I am afraid that some of you may suggest Guatemala, South Africa and Russia.
that this is just a trade treaty. Yes, I am afraid for the people who
will not get access to clean water and basic health services or who • In the same period, over 60% of femici-
can’t go to school because funds are diverted to weapons purchases” des in Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Gua-
temala and Honduras involved the use of
Mimidoo Achakpa, WREP, Nigeria: “The devastation caused by a firearm.
armed violence prevents my people from advancing their develo-
pment and improving their own lives. This is why we are here. At • The proportion of homicides committed
the core of this treaty is the humanitarian imperative, the notion with firearms is often much higher on a
that the harm caused by arms proliferated because of poor trade local level. In 2007–09, the percentage
regulations is unacceptable” of femicides committed with firearms in
Ciudad Juárez (Mexico) increased dra-
matically, reaching 82% in 2009 and thus
Hazem Ksouri, Tunisie Libre: “We came here carrying the people’s nearing the percentage observed in homi-
suffering and pain: the suffering of a mother who lost her son in cides with male victims (89%).
Tunisia, the suffering of tens of thousands of displaced, detained
and kidnapped people in Syria, where the evidence of crimes com- Source: Global Burden of Armed Violence
mitted against humanity by the Syrian government increases daily” 2011
From the real world
On-the-ground stories on the need for a robust ATT
Kenneth Enimampi works in the Demo- enable the media to correctly report and women of DRC. They get held at gunpoint,
cratic Republic of the Congo for “Femmes call on their government for action. The threatened to death and then raped.”
des Medias pour la Justice”, a member network supplies women throughout the Arms are what allow these men to do-
of the International Action Network on Great Lakes with documentation trans- minate these women, she explains. They
Small Arms. Kenneth is currently in New lated into Swahili and Lingala in order to shoot toassert power. All day long, they
York attending the Diplomatic Conferen- mobilize women against armed violence. waste their ammunition to frighten their
ce on the Arms Trade Treaty in the hope victims. They can afford to, because the
of furthering her agenda, the primary Kenneth explained how journalists in her incoming flow of ammunition seems li-
focus of which is the impact of the irres- country were ill versed in ATT termino- mitless.
ponsible trade in arms on gender-based logy. Indeed, for these journalists, arms
violence. Their approach to the problem is control holds too much technical langua- Kenneth strongly affirms that without a
mostly media advocacy, initiating actions ge, which undermines their perception of criterion on gender-based violence and
in DRC to bring arms control in the me- the relevance of the issue.. Kenneth and the inclusion of ammunition in its scope,
dia spotlight. her organizationare witnesses to the daily the Arms Trade Treaty will be incomplete.
struggles of women in the DRC. Her presence and message at the United
In order to create media awareness and pi- Nations should not be overlooked; rather,
que journalists’ interest, Kenneth and her “Women are taken hostage, used as sex delegates should benefit from Kenneth’s
organization have established a training slaves, raped, martyrized physically and expertise and recognize the direct correla-
program for journalists that simplifies the mentally every day in DRC. Their chil- tion between the irresponsible internatio-
technical language they are unfamiliar dren are taken from them and put in the nal arms trade and gender-based violence.
with. In addition, information briefings militias. This war has taken a huge toll on “War promotes this culture of sexual vio-
are regularly held. Her network puts for- women’s youth. A simple task like getting lence. Weapons do not nourish, but put an
th the necessary tools and resources to up and getting bread is dangerous for the entire nation at risk.”
4. From the campaign trail Tweet podium
#armstreaty
Women living in the
shadow of the gun
In the war-torn Democratic Republic of
Congo, women are being victimized –
at a rate of nearly one every minute.
The time to act is now. Sign the petition for a bullet proof
Arms Trade Treaty at www.controlarms.org
A dose of
international law
In the media Does a UN body good
Ammunition - the Next Round in Arms Trade Control – AllAfrica.com – 9th July – For International Covenant on Civil and Politi-
a couple of hundred dollars or less an arms dealer can illegally source a blank end user cal Rights, Article 26
certificate with the required signatures and stamps - needed to transfer weapons across
international borders - and “if no one checks its authenticity (often the case) he can ship “All persons are equal before the law and
his wares to the world’s hotspots with minimal risk, for maximum profit,” a report by are entitled without any discrimination to
the Small Arms Survey (SAS) said in 2008. the equal protection of the law. In this res-
pect, the law shall prohibit any discrimi-
Seeking Rules for the World’s Guns – Middle East Online – 10th July – A conference nation and guarantee to all persons equal
opened last week under the auspices of the United Nations to draft a multilateral treaty and effective protection against discrimi-
aimed at controlling the international trade in conventional arms. nation on any ground such as race, colour,
sex, language, religion, political or other
When the UN wants to negotiate a global arms control deal, it turns to ... Iran – Fox News opinion, national or social origin, proper-
– 10th July – The stunning appointment by member states attending the UN Conferen- ty, birth or other status.”
ce of the Arms Trade Treaty in New York came last week, and is just the latest example
of the world body appointing rogue and repressive regimes to leadership roles.
Les ONG inquiètes du déroulement des négociations sur le commerce des armes à l’ONU
– La Croix – 11 Juillet – Les associations invitées à la conférence de l’ONU sur un traité Convention on the Elimination Of All
réglementant le commerce des armes se sont plaintes mardi 10 juillet d’être écartées Forms Of Discrimination Against Women,
d’une partie des sessions de négociations. Article 3
Time for the US to Get Behind a Global Arms Treaty – Business week – 11th July – As “States Parties shall take in all fields, in
good American patriots celebrated the Fourth of July by blowing stuff up, international particular in the political, social, econo-
diplomats were gathering in New York for month-long treaty negotiations over a sector mic and cultural fields, all appropriate
of the world economy that generates about $55 billion in exports each year: the arms measures, including legislation, to ensure
trade. the full development and advancement of
women, for the purpose of guaranteeing
Chance to make the world a better place - New Zeland Herald - 11th July - At this mo- them the exercise and enjoyment of hu-
ment an international meeting in New York is trying to solve one of the 21th century, a man rights and fundamental freedoms on
cause of conflict from gag-wars in Mexico to the civil war in Syria. a basis of equality with men.”
Useful resources: http://controlarms.org and http://controlarmsblog.posterous.com/
Find out where countries stand on key issues: http://armstreaty.org/
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