Some activities are easier to practice than to talk about, translation is one of them. This is simply because translation as a practice existed long before translation as a theoretical discipline. Most translators with no doubt wish to see their role in such a positive way: “opening a window” for TT readers, in order to illuminate for them an unfamiliar culture.
This paper aims to analyze ‘EID’ by Auragzeb Alamgir Hashmi from stylistic perspectives including graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. The analysis will help the reader understand not only theoretical aspects of the poem but also its technical ones. So, the study is conducted to analyze graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. It has been helpful to comprehend theme, cultural aspects of Pakistani society, its structure and stylistic issues.
A Comparative Analysis Of Self-Mentions In Applied Linguistics PhD Dissertati...Sabrina Baloi
This document analyzes a study that compared the use of self-mentions in applied linguistics PhD dissertations written by native English writers versus non-native English writers. The study analyzed 40 dissertations (20 from each group) and found that native English writers used more first-person pronouns and possessive adjectives (self-mentions) in the introductions and discussions sections. The findings suggest that non-native writers may take a more impersonal style compared to native writers. It is recommended that non-native writers incorporate more authorial presence and stance in their academic writing.
This study aims at stylistically analyzing Men in the Sun in terms of the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony. The main objective is to show the contribution of these stylistic features (rhetorical questions and use of polyphony) in construing meaning and heightening the aesthetic values of novella and show how focus on specific stylistic features helps in analyzing a literary text. The researchers used the analytical approach to examine how the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony helps in constructing the meaning of the novella and highlighting its main themes. This study will be helpful to students of literature who want to better understand stylistic analysis and how writers use stylistic devices to enhance the meaning they want to convey. The study could also serve as a springboard for further studies in this area and could promote academic discourse on stylistic analysis of various Arabic literary works in English translation.
This document discusses various aspects of style and stylistics. It defines style in language as "distinctive linguistic expression" and says stylistics is the study of style in language. It discusses style as choice, as an expression of personality, as conformity or deviation from norms, and as something influenced by time period and situation. It also outlines different types of stylistic analysis including linguistic, literary, functional, encoding, decoding, and affective stylistics. Encoding stylistics examines an author's individual style and choices while decoding stylistics analyzes a text from the reader's perspective. Affective stylistics closely examines how a text affects the reader in the process of reading.
Stylistics is the study of style in texts. It examines an author's distinctive use of features like vocabulary, grammar, figures of speech and their effects. Foregrounding refers to linguistic features that are made prominent in a text to achieve special effects. It relates to deviation from ordinary language norms. Foregrounding devices attract attention and influence a reader's interpretation through what is emphasized versus backgrounded.
A Contrastive Rhetorical Analysis Of Factual Texts In English And ArabicDereck Downing
This document provides a literature review on contrastive rhetoric, which analyzes differences in writing styles across cultures and languages. It discusses how previous research has found cultural influences on rhetorical choices in various writing genres. However, some studies have found that factual text types like news reports are less influenced by culture, and instead may be shaped more by disciplinary conventions of objective, neutral writing. This paper aims to test the hypothesis that culture has a minimized effect on factual texts, by analyzing linguistic features in English and Arabic newspaper articles and examining whether they display cultural tendencies or writer/reader responsibility styles. It seeks to answer whether factual texts truly show less cultural influence in rhetorical choices.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its historical development and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis examines language use in context beyond the sentence level, analyzing speech acts, conversations, and written texts. The document also covers various models for analyzing spoken and written discourse, how discourse is structured, and how larger patterns in texts are interpreted. Discourse analysis is presented as a broad field that studies both spoken and written language use and how it relates to social contexts.
This document provides an overview of Judit Vándor's thesis on adaptation and retranslation in Translation Studies. The thesis aims to define adaptation and retranslation, highlight their common features and functions in constructing cultural norms. It will analyze how norms have changed between first translations and retranslations of works, and whether retranslation theory is valid. The theoretical background discusses the "cultural turn" and how culture/ideology influence translation. It outlines research on adaptation and retranslation in various periods and contexts. The research questions focus on the connection between adaptation and retranslation, drawing conclusions from differences in retranslations, and assessing the validity of the retranslation hypothesis. Texts will be analyzed using sociological and translation studies methods to answer these
This paper aims to analyze ‘EID’ by Auragzeb Alamgir Hashmi from stylistic perspectives including graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. The analysis will help the reader understand not only theoretical aspects of the poem but also its technical ones. So, the study is conducted to analyze graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. It has been helpful to comprehend theme, cultural aspects of Pakistani society, its structure and stylistic issues.
A Comparative Analysis Of Self-Mentions In Applied Linguistics PhD Dissertati...Sabrina Baloi
This document analyzes a study that compared the use of self-mentions in applied linguistics PhD dissertations written by native English writers versus non-native English writers. The study analyzed 40 dissertations (20 from each group) and found that native English writers used more first-person pronouns and possessive adjectives (self-mentions) in the introductions and discussions sections. The findings suggest that non-native writers may take a more impersonal style compared to native writers. It is recommended that non-native writers incorporate more authorial presence and stance in their academic writing.
This study aims at stylistically analyzing Men in the Sun in terms of the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony. The main objective is to show the contribution of these stylistic features (rhetorical questions and use of polyphony) in construing meaning and heightening the aesthetic values of novella and show how focus on specific stylistic features helps in analyzing a literary text. The researchers used the analytical approach to examine how the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony helps in constructing the meaning of the novella and highlighting its main themes. This study will be helpful to students of literature who want to better understand stylistic analysis and how writers use stylistic devices to enhance the meaning they want to convey. The study could also serve as a springboard for further studies in this area and could promote academic discourse on stylistic analysis of various Arabic literary works in English translation.
This document discusses various aspects of style and stylistics. It defines style in language as "distinctive linguistic expression" and says stylistics is the study of style in language. It discusses style as choice, as an expression of personality, as conformity or deviation from norms, and as something influenced by time period and situation. It also outlines different types of stylistic analysis including linguistic, literary, functional, encoding, decoding, and affective stylistics. Encoding stylistics examines an author's individual style and choices while decoding stylistics analyzes a text from the reader's perspective. Affective stylistics closely examines how a text affects the reader in the process of reading.
Stylistics is the study of style in texts. It examines an author's distinctive use of features like vocabulary, grammar, figures of speech and their effects. Foregrounding refers to linguistic features that are made prominent in a text to achieve special effects. It relates to deviation from ordinary language norms. Foregrounding devices attract attention and influence a reader's interpretation through what is emphasized versus backgrounded.
A Contrastive Rhetorical Analysis Of Factual Texts In English And ArabicDereck Downing
This document provides a literature review on contrastive rhetoric, which analyzes differences in writing styles across cultures and languages. It discusses how previous research has found cultural influences on rhetorical choices in various writing genres. However, some studies have found that factual text types like news reports are less influenced by culture, and instead may be shaped more by disciplinary conventions of objective, neutral writing. This paper aims to test the hypothesis that culture has a minimized effect on factual texts, by analyzing linguistic features in English and Arabic newspaper articles and examining whether they display cultural tendencies or writer/reader responsibility styles. It seeks to answer whether factual texts truly show less cultural influence in rhetorical choices.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its historical development and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis examines language use in context beyond the sentence level, analyzing speech acts, conversations, and written texts. The document also covers various models for analyzing spoken and written discourse, how discourse is structured, and how larger patterns in texts are interpreted. Discourse analysis is presented as a broad field that studies both spoken and written language use and how it relates to social contexts.
This document provides an overview of Judit Vándor's thesis on adaptation and retranslation in Translation Studies. The thesis aims to define adaptation and retranslation, highlight their common features and functions in constructing cultural norms. It will analyze how norms have changed between first translations and retranslations of works, and whether retranslation theory is valid. The theoretical background discusses the "cultural turn" and how culture/ideology influence translation. It outlines research on adaptation and retranslation in various periods and contexts. The research questions focus on the connection between adaptation and retranslation, drawing conclusions from differences in retranslations, and assessing the validity of the retranslation hypothesis. Texts will be analyzed using sociological and translation studies methods to answer these
Style and Importance of Style in StylisticsZia ullah
Here you will find; Style and Importance of Style in Stylistics. Definition of Style and Stylistics. Scholarly definitions. Importance of Style in Stylistics. Conclusion.
The manner a person writes can be characterized by his/her writing style. It is the writing method that a certain author uses. It differs from writer to writer and is influenced by syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be referred to as the "voice" that readers hear when they read a writer's work.
Nuevo presentación de microsoft power pointenriquehra
Discourse analysis is the study of language beyond the sentence level and how it is used in context. It draws from various disciplines like linguistics, psychology, and sociology. Early influential figures included Zellig Harris who studied linguistic elements in extended texts and Dell Hymes who examined speech in social settings. Discourse analysis looks at both spoken interaction and written texts, exploring how parts of conversations and structure of texts relate to their functions and interpretations. It aims to understand language as social action through examining meanings, registers, and patterns in discourse.
Nuevo presentación de microsoft power pointpeterpedrito
Discourse analysis is the study of language beyond the sentence level and how it is used in context. It draws from various disciplines like linguistics, psychology, and sociology. Early influential figures included Zellig Harris who studied linguistic elements in extended texts and Dell Hymes who examined speech in social settings. Models have been developed to analyze spoken discourse in contexts like classrooms and conversations. Discourse analysis also examines written texts and interprets patterns and relationships within and across texts. It aims to understand how language functions in real-world social and cultural contexts.
This document discusses variation analysis, which examines patterns in alternative ways of saying the same thing in a language. Variationists assume that social context influences language use. They study how speech varies based on social and linguistic factors by observing language use in different social settings. The document contrasts the vernacular, which is language used with little attention to style, with more prestigious forms that may be used when speech is being observed or judged. It provides examples of linguistic variation in words, pronunciations, and syntax. The end discusses narrative and list as different text types that have distinct information structures related to temporal sequencing, descriptions, and evaluations.
Literary criticism involves analyzing works of literature to understand what is important about the text, such as its structure, context, themes, and how it manipulates the reader. There are many different schools of literary criticism that provide different lenses for examining literature, such as formalism, which focuses only on elements within the text, and reader-response criticism, which emphasizes the reader's role in interpreting the work. Understanding literature requires considering multiple critical perspectives.
The document discusses a class that focuses on understanding the influence of culture on writing. It introduces contrastive rhetoric, which examines differences in writing across cultures. While Kaplan's early work in this area made broad generalizations, later scholars recognized that writing is influenced by many factors beyond just one's native language and culture. The class considers how to apply contrastive rhetoric insights to teaching English as a second language in a way that is critically aware of issues of power and discourse. It also discusses responding effectively and sensitively to international students' writing assignments in English.
An Exploratory Study On Authorial (In)Visibilty Across Postgraduate Academic ...Sabrina Ball
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed how postgraduate students from Turkey, Britain, and Turkish students writing in English establish their authorial presence in discussion sections of dissertations. The study analyzed 90 dissertations total from the three groups, looking at both explicit mentions using first-person pronouns and implicit mentions using passive voice and impersonal constructions. The quantitative analysis found that Turkish students and Turkish students writing in English preferred implicit mentions to create a more impersonal impression, while British students used more explicit mentions for a more self-prominent academic prose. The qualitative analysis provided some evidence that all three groups used explicit and implicit mentions to accomplish common discourse functions in discussion sections.
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a work.
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a text.
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a text.
This document discusses the interaction between corpus linguistics and translation studies. It notes that while corpus linguistics covers many areas of linguistic study, translation studies is rarely included. Corpora of translations have recently been compiled to analyze language features of translation by comparing translations to non-translations. The document examines how corpus linguistics views translations and places corpus-based translation studies in the context of theoretical trends in translation studies. It argues for contextualizing translation studies by combining corpus analysis with other methodologies.
Translation studies is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the systematic study of translation, interpreting, and localization. It draws from various other fields like linguistics, computer science, and philosophy. The term "translation studies" was coined by James S. Holmes in the 1970s, and it aims to study translation as an academic discipline separate from linguistics and literary studies. Early translation studies focused more on prescriptive approaches, but descriptive linguistic approaches emerged in the 1950s and 1960s from scholars like Vinay, Darbelnet, and Nida. The field has continued to evolve and incorporate various theoretical frameworks from other disciplines.
- Stylistics is the scientific study of style in written and oral texts through the examination of linguistic features like grammar, vocabulary, semantics, and phonology.
- It began in the 1950s and analyzes how these linguistic aspects influence readers' understanding and perception of texts.
- Early influential books and articles on stylistics applied linguistic analysis to literary criticism and focused on determining how language shapes readers' responses.
ppt text register translation final.pptxuntukpribadi
The document provides an overview of text register and its importance in translation. It defines register as how text type varies based on context of situation. Register considers field (subject matter), tenor (relationship between participants), and mode (communication method). It also discusses context of culture and how texts belong to genres and discourses that convey ideology. The document notes genre and discourse shifts must be considered in translation to maintain text function. Translators must understand both source text genres/discourses and common target text genres/discourses to produce coherent and appropriate translations.
1606984051-types-of-stylistics-hehe (3).pptJeff Harold Uy
The document discusses different types or approaches to stylistics, which is defined as the linguistic analysis and interpretation of literary texts and other forms of language use. It describes textualist, interpretative, formalist, functional, evaluative, discourse, contextualist, phonostylistic, socio-stylistic, feminist, and computational stylistics. Each type focuses on different linguistic levels or aims, such as describing textual features, relating linguistic patterns to meaning, or examining issues of gender in language.
Intro to Stylistics Types - 1606984051.pptJeff Harold Uy
This document discusses various types and approaches to stylistics. It defines stylistics as the application of linguistic analysis to the study of literary style. Some of the main types discussed include textualist stylistics, interpretative stylistics, formalist and functional stylistics, discourse stylistics, contextualist stylistics, feminist stylistics, computational stylistics, and cognitive stylistics. The document provides details on the characteristics and goals of each type. It also notes there is overlap between many of the approaches.
1606984051the--types-of-stylistics (1).pptJeff Harold Uy
The document discusses different types or approaches to stylistics, which is defined as the linguistic analysis and interpretation of literary texts and other forms of language use. It describes textualist, interpretative, formalist, functional, evaluative, discourse, contextualist, phonostylistic, socio-stylistic, feminist, and computational stylistics. Each type focuses on different linguistic levels or aims, such as describing textual features, relating linguistic patterns to meaning, or examining issues of gender in language.
A Critical Review Of Translation A Look ForwardDon Dooley
This document summarizes a research article that discusses the field of translation studies. It begins by outlining the importance of translation in today's globalized world for facilitating cross-cultural communication and understanding. It then provides definitions of translation proposed by various scholars and discusses translation's historical role in language teaching. The document also summarizes different types and classifications of translation proposed by scholars like Catford and Jakobson. Finally, it briefly outlines the history of translation studies from ancient times to the present.
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
Style and Importance of Style in StylisticsZia ullah
Here you will find; Style and Importance of Style in Stylistics. Definition of Style and Stylistics. Scholarly definitions. Importance of Style in Stylistics. Conclusion.
The manner a person writes can be characterized by his/her writing style. It is the writing method that a certain author uses. It differs from writer to writer and is influenced by syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be referred to as the "voice" that readers hear when they read a writer's work.
Nuevo presentación de microsoft power pointenriquehra
Discourse analysis is the study of language beyond the sentence level and how it is used in context. It draws from various disciplines like linguistics, psychology, and sociology. Early influential figures included Zellig Harris who studied linguistic elements in extended texts and Dell Hymes who examined speech in social settings. Discourse analysis looks at both spoken interaction and written texts, exploring how parts of conversations and structure of texts relate to their functions and interpretations. It aims to understand language as social action through examining meanings, registers, and patterns in discourse.
Nuevo presentación de microsoft power pointpeterpedrito
Discourse analysis is the study of language beyond the sentence level and how it is used in context. It draws from various disciplines like linguistics, psychology, and sociology. Early influential figures included Zellig Harris who studied linguistic elements in extended texts and Dell Hymes who examined speech in social settings. Models have been developed to analyze spoken discourse in contexts like classrooms and conversations. Discourse analysis also examines written texts and interprets patterns and relationships within and across texts. It aims to understand how language functions in real-world social and cultural contexts.
This document discusses variation analysis, which examines patterns in alternative ways of saying the same thing in a language. Variationists assume that social context influences language use. They study how speech varies based on social and linguistic factors by observing language use in different social settings. The document contrasts the vernacular, which is language used with little attention to style, with more prestigious forms that may be used when speech is being observed or judged. It provides examples of linguistic variation in words, pronunciations, and syntax. The end discusses narrative and list as different text types that have distinct information structures related to temporal sequencing, descriptions, and evaluations.
Literary criticism involves analyzing works of literature to understand what is important about the text, such as its structure, context, themes, and how it manipulates the reader. There are many different schools of literary criticism that provide different lenses for examining literature, such as formalism, which focuses only on elements within the text, and reader-response criticism, which emphasizes the reader's role in interpreting the work. Understanding literature requires considering multiple critical perspectives.
The document discusses a class that focuses on understanding the influence of culture on writing. It introduces contrastive rhetoric, which examines differences in writing across cultures. While Kaplan's early work in this area made broad generalizations, later scholars recognized that writing is influenced by many factors beyond just one's native language and culture. The class considers how to apply contrastive rhetoric insights to teaching English as a second language in a way that is critically aware of issues of power and discourse. It also discusses responding effectively and sensitively to international students' writing assignments in English.
An Exploratory Study On Authorial (In)Visibilty Across Postgraduate Academic ...Sabrina Ball
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed how postgraduate students from Turkey, Britain, and Turkish students writing in English establish their authorial presence in discussion sections of dissertations. The study analyzed 90 dissertations total from the three groups, looking at both explicit mentions using first-person pronouns and implicit mentions using passive voice and impersonal constructions. The quantitative analysis found that Turkish students and Turkish students writing in English preferred implicit mentions to create a more impersonal impression, while British students used more explicit mentions for a more self-prominent academic prose. The qualitative analysis provided some evidence that all three groups used explicit and implicit mentions to accomplish common discourse functions in discussion sections.
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a work.
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a text.
Literary criticism involves analyzing literature through various theoretical lenses to interpret meaning and significance. The document discusses several major approaches to literary criticism including formalism, reader-response criticism, structuralism, biographical criticism, sociological criticism such as feminist and Marxist approaches, new historicism, psychoanalytic criticism, and mythological approaches. Each lens provides a different perspective for examining elements such as language, structure, context, reader experience, social forces, and psychological themes within a text.
This document discusses the interaction between corpus linguistics and translation studies. It notes that while corpus linguistics covers many areas of linguistic study, translation studies is rarely included. Corpora of translations have recently been compiled to analyze language features of translation by comparing translations to non-translations. The document examines how corpus linguistics views translations and places corpus-based translation studies in the context of theoretical trends in translation studies. It argues for contextualizing translation studies by combining corpus analysis with other methodologies.
Translation studies is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the systematic study of translation, interpreting, and localization. It draws from various other fields like linguistics, computer science, and philosophy. The term "translation studies" was coined by James S. Holmes in the 1970s, and it aims to study translation as an academic discipline separate from linguistics and literary studies. Early translation studies focused more on prescriptive approaches, but descriptive linguistic approaches emerged in the 1950s and 1960s from scholars like Vinay, Darbelnet, and Nida. The field has continued to evolve and incorporate various theoretical frameworks from other disciplines.
- Stylistics is the scientific study of style in written and oral texts through the examination of linguistic features like grammar, vocabulary, semantics, and phonology.
- It began in the 1950s and analyzes how these linguistic aspects influence readers' understanding and perception of texts.
- Early influential books and articles on stylistics applied linguistic analysis to literary criticism and focused on determining how language shapes readers' responses.
ppt text register translation final.pptxuntukpribadi
The document provides an overview of text register and its importance in translation. It defines register as how text type varies based on context of situation. Register considers field (subject matter), tenor (relationship between participants), and mode (communication method). It also discusses context of culture and how texts belong to genres and discourses that convey ideology. The document notes genre and discourse shifts must be considered in translation to maintain text function. Translators must understand both source text genres/discourses and common target text genres/discourses to produce coherent and appropriate translations.
1606984051-types-of-stylistics-hehe (3).pptJeff Harold Uy
The document discusses different types or approaches to stylistics, which is defined as the linguistic analysis and interpretation of literary texts and other forms of language use. It describes textualist, interpretative, formalist, functional, evaluative, discourse, contextualist, phonostylistic, socio-stylistic, feminist, and computational stylistics. Each type focuses on different linguistic levels or aims, such as describing textual features, relating linguistic patterns to meaning, or examining issues of gender in language.
Intro to Stylistics Types - 1606984051.pptJeff Harold Uy
This document discusses various types and approaches to stylistics. It defines stylistics as the application of linguistic analysis to the study of literary style. Some of the main types discussed include textualist stylistics, interpretative stylistics, formalist and functional stylistics, discourse stylistics, contextualist stylistics, feminist stylistics, computational stylistics, and cognitive stylistics. The document provides details on the characteristics and goals of each type. It also notes there is overlap between many of the approaches.
1606984051the--types-of-stylistics (1).pptJeff Harold Uy
The document discusses different types or approaches to stylistics, which is defined as the linguistic analysis and interpretation of literary texts and other forms of language use. It describes textualist, interpretative, formalist, functional, evaluative, discourse, contextualist, phonostylistic, socio-stylistic, feminist, and computational stylistics. Each type focuses on different linguistic levels or aims, such as describing textual features, relating linguistic patterns to meaning, or examining issues of gender in language.
A Critical Review Of Translation A Look ForwardDon Dooley
This document summarizes a research article that discusses the field of translation studies. It begins by outlining the importance of translation in today's globalized world for facilitating cross-cultural communication and understanding. It then provides definitions of translation proposed by various scholars and discusses translation's historical role in language teaching. The document also summarizes different types and classifications of translation proposed by scholars like Catford and Jakobson. Finally, it briefly outlines the history of translation studies from ancient times to the present.
Lecture 1st-Introduction to Discourse Analysis._023928.pptxGoogle
Introduction to discourse analysis
What is discourse?
What is discourse Analysis?
Paradigms in linguistics
Cohesion and Coherense
Types of written discourse
Types of spoken discourse
Text and discourse
Scope of discourse analysis
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The Role of Social Evaluation in Influencing Public Speaking Anxiety of Engli...FadilElmenfi1
This study investigates the effect of social evaluation on Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA) of English foreign language learners at Omar Al Mukhtar University, in Libya. The findings that will be reported in this study will be significant particularly to educationist, language teachers, and policy makers and most importantly to the body of knowledge in the area of Public Speaking Anxiety and second language learning.
Age as an Affective Factor in Influencing Public Speaking Anxiety of English ...FadilElmenfi1
The study is to show how age factor can influence public speaking anxiety among English Language Learners at Omar Al-Mukhtar University. To indicate the influence of age factor a questionnaire was distributed to the participants of the study.
Venuti's Foreignization: Resistance Against The Arabic Culture.pdfFadilElmenfi1
This paper gives a brief study on Domestication and Foreignization, and the disputes over these two basic translation strategies. Domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent and fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for the target language readers.
Conflicting Discourse of Foreignizing Informative Text: The Case of Kamal Abu...FadilElmenfi1
As the title of this paper indicates, this work is concerned with the translation of Said's controversial book, Orientalism. It is a analytical study of extracts of Orientalism, as translated into Arabic by Kamal Abu Deeb (1995/1980), in relation to the difficulties that the translator encountered while dealing with this book. The reason that this translation is selected for discussion is that this translation concerned with one of the most controversial books in the world, which can be classified as a cultural (informative) text.
Cultural Decomposition: How To Distinguish Figurative From Non-Figurative.pdfFadilElmenfi1
If interpretation is so essential to the translator's work, some will argue, the entire process of translation will fall outside the realm of Semantics proper, which is the branch of linguistics most relevant to translation.
The Role of Gender in Influencing Public Speaking Anxiety.pdfFadilElmenfi1
This study investigates the role of gender in influencing public speaking anxiety. Questionnaire survey was administered to the samples of the study. Technique of correlation and descriptive analysis will be further applied to the data collected to determine the relationship between gender and public speaking anxiety. This study could serve as a guide to identify the effects of gender differences on public speaking anxiety and provide necessary advice on how to design a way of coping with or overcoming public speaking anxiety.
Micro-Linguistics Perspective in the Translation of Sensitive Issues of Sūrah...FadilElmenfi1
The study aims at examining the problems the Qurʾān translators encounter while translating the Qurʾān. It is based on the translation of professional translator namely, Yusuf Ali. The translated text is compared to the original text to determine to which extent the translation reflects the real meaning of the original Qurʾānic text. In short, the study sets out to identify the problematic areas in the translated Qurʾānic texts on the syntactic and semantic levels.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
- - -
This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
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Contextual Aspects of Style and Translation: With Particular Reference to English-Arabic Translation.pdf
1. English Language and Literature Studies; Vol. 4, No. 1; 2014
ISSN 1925-4768 E-ISSN 1925-4776
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
33
Contextual Aspects of Style and Translation: With Particular
Reference to English-Arabic Translation
Fadil Elmenfi1
1
Department of English, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Derna, Libya
Correspondence: Fadil Elmenfi, P. O. Box 82, Department of English, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Derna,
Libya. Tel: 218-91-836-0743. E-mail: fadil.elmenfi@gmail.com
Received: November 18, 2013 Accepted: January 19, 2014 Online Published: February 21, 2014
doi:10.5539/ells.v4n1p33 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v4n1p33
Abstract
Some activities are easier to practice than to talk about, translation is one of them. This is simply because
translation as a practice existed long before translation as a theoretical discipline. Most translators with no doubt
wish to see their role in such a positive way: “opening a window” for TT readers, in order to illuminate for them
an unfamiliar culture. In today’s translation circles, the translations accepted by mainstream translation norms
more often than not share such features as fluency, smoothness and transparency. The target text is free of the
slightest trace of translation and reads as if it had been written by the original author in the target language. The
differences, including the strangeness, and otherness, are replaced by something familiar to the target reader.
This paper, is basically devoted to shedding light on the impact of Abu Deeb’s style, in translating Orientalism,
and how Abu Deeb’s style effect his translation.
Keywords: style, translation, Edward Said, Kamal Abu Deeb, Orientalism
1. Introduction
It is true that the writer has his/her particular stylistic/linguistic choices whether consciously or not; it is also true
that the author is the producer of his/her texts and has preferences and certain intentions in mind, so is it not true
that he/she is the owner of his/her text which he/she directs to the reader? Moreover, some writers as they write a
certain text may be intending one thing, but they may change their mind later on.
Stylistic translation stresses the overlap between message and style. To render the former as correctly as possible
into the TL we need to choose the proper style to accommodate it. This style should be faithful to that of the SL
text and at the same time appropriate to the TL text whenever possible. Respectively, style or how it is expressed
is inseparable from and part of the message or what is said.
On the one hand, Edward Said, who was born on 1st November 1935 and died on 25th September 2003, was a
Palestinian-American author, acclaimed literary critic and professor of English and Comparative Literature at
Columbia University for more than four decades. Said was a prolific writer as the author of more than 20 books
during his lifetime. Said had his own style which hardly anyone shared with him, as he always relied on literary
texts as well as cultural texts, based on academic methods of research in literary criticism. His style was received
with difficulty by the reader, even in English-speaking countries because of his many digressions, and being
aware of the characteristics of academic writing in the humanities where it is difficult to generalize. Tom Paulin
in his article “Writing to the moment” which was published in The Guardian (25 September 2004) says that “The
cadences of Said’s prose resist the consistency of plain style”, as when he argues that the intellectual must
choose ‘the method, the style, the texture’ best suited for the purpose of saying the truth to power. The texture of
his prose challenges that blurred, evasive, timid judiciousness which lies at the heart of much academic writing.
His prose is pitched against what he calls ‘the academic flaccidity’ of English Studies, the determination of its
practitioners to show themselves ‘to be silent, perhaps incompetent’ about the social and historical world.”
Furthermore, Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin, the editors of the book Edward Said Reader, refer to Noam
Chomsky (2002, p. 6) as describing Said’s intellectual contribution as follows: “His scholarly work has been
devoted to unravelling mythologies about ourselves and our interpretation of others, reshaping our perceptions of
what the rest of the world is and what we are.”
Finally, it is widely known that authors have their own personal intentions and stylistic choices. However, these
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intentions and choices are constructed in the author’s mental, social, cultural and ideological environment, which
might not apply to readers/translators who may have a completely different environment.
2. Style and Translation
There are a number of definitions of style and no particular definition is agreed upon to be the ultimate definition;
the Encarta English Dictionary, for example, lists ten definitions of style. The third definition says that style is a
way of writing or performing: the way in which something is written or performed as distinct from the content of
the writing or performance. This is where we commence our discussion. So style can mean different kinds of
things. Looking at the definition, we can see that style is used as a term distinct from content in writing and it
stresses form or format.
Furthermore, style is an essential feature in every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer’s character and his
emotions at the time, and no paragraph can be constructed without revealing, to some extent, the personality of
its author. A universal thought is that each writer has a literary style and that his writing reflects his style. It goes
without saying that different literary works have discernibly different styles.
The discussion of faithfulness to content has always been emphasized and dealt with seriously, but faithfulness to
style seems to contain more difficulties. Style in literature is the novelist’s choice of words and phrases, and the
way he constructs sentences and paragraphs by arranging those words and phrases. Style allows the author to
shape how the reader experiences the work. For instance, one writer may use clear, simple words, and direct
sentences, while another may use more complex vocabulary and elaborate sentence structures. Even if the
themes of both works are similar, the differences in the authors’ styles make the experiences of reading the two
works different.
2.1 Translator’s Style
Malmkjaer (2004) uses the term “translational stylistics” to describe those studies concerned with the recreation
of the translator’s choices made in the TT. Translational stylistics is a special type of stylistics that views the TT
in its relation to the ST. However, stylistic differences between two translations of the same text are evidence of
different interpretations on the part of the two translators of the cognitive state combined in the text. Until now,
the focus on the translator’s style and stylistic choices has been on the TT. Before that, and as a preliminary to
this stage, the translator makes his/her choices, which are certainly not identical to those made by the writer of
the ST. The new proposition of “co-authoring” in translation studies may be borrowed from recent literary
studies which consider the reader as a co-author of the text, and by analogy, the same applies to the translator.
Both the translator’s and the author’s voices co-exist in the rendered text. Among the translation theorists who
have attended to the stylistics of the translated text is Venuti (2000) who has pointed to an interaction between
the visible presence of the translator in the target text and the presence of the author in the source text. The
models of domestication and foreignization proposed by Venuti will be discussed in greater details in the coming
pages.
The factors that influence the translator’s stylistic choices and state of mind are another point of interest. The
translator has his/her own style, choices, likes, dislikes, social, cultural, religious, mental, ideological, political
and attitudinal background, personal experience and knowledge and view of the world like any regular reader.
Thus, it is self-evident that these factors affect the translator’s style of translation and they will be reflected in his
rendered text.
Recently, in relation to reader-response theory, relevance theory, text world theory and the translator’s style and
approach to the processing of the ST in terms of cognitive stylistics, some writers (e.g., Mackenzie, Sperber and
Wilson and others) have come to view the translator as a writer. According to them the translator is the writer of
the translation who is responsible for the style of the translated text which readers of the translation respond to
and from which he/she creates meaning. Thus, the translator has the role of a writer who motivates discovery in
the reader (see Boase-Beier, 2006, p. 51). The text, according to Sperber and Wilson (1995) and other proponents
of text world theories, apart from imposing some structure on the reader’s experience, has no restrictions on the
meanings it is possible for the reader to construct. The onus in these theories is on the reader (or translator) to
construct meaning by guidance from the text (see also Iser, 1979). Besides, the author can be responsible only
for certain guidance offered to readers/translators.
The translator is the writer and creator of the translation in two senses: first, without a translator, a TT would not
come into existence; secondly, the translator is the former of the translated text out of the ST. He/she is not
merely reproducing, reconstructing, or recreating the author’s meaning in the original into the target text. He/she
reads and understands the original on its author’s terms and conditions, to construct it on his/her terms and
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conditions of background knowledge, culture, ideology, experience, conventions, etc.
2.2 Style and Fidelity
Generally, it is impossible to find an expression in one language that is entirely equivalent to one in another as
each language has its way of idiomatic collocations. Faithfulness is generally considered to be one of the most
important elements in achieving a high level of correctness and accuracy. However, as Venuti (2000, p. 21) notes,
fidelity in the translation of individual words can almost never fully reproduce their original meaning.
The translator has several responsibilities towards the source text author. According to Chesterman (1997, p. 169)
the translator has to seek a balance of loyalty to both sides, that is to say, he has to remain in a central position in
which he achieves with both the author’s message and the competent reader’s comprehension. Venuti (2000, p.
60) views this matter as an “either/or” situation, in terms of either the translator leaving the author in peace as
much as possible and moving the reader towards him, or doing the opposite in which he leaves the reader in
peace as much as possible and moves the author towards him. He comments on Schleiermacher’s approach to
the different methods of translating, by stating that Schleiermacher argues that translation can move in either
direction, i.e., whether the author is brought to the reader’s language or the reader is carried to the author’s
language. In the first case, we do not translate words in the proper sense; we, in fact, apply a kind of paraphrase
to the original text. It is only when we force the reader from his linguistic habits and oblige him to move within
those of the author that there is actually translation. This view, to a large extent, is reflected in Venuti’s strategy,
foreignizing, as opposed to domesticating strategy.
The translator has to consider whether a text is literary or non-literary, a distinction that has its results in the
analysis and interpretation of the text, for the major differences in style between the two types. The different
styles of the text language (formal, colloquial, etc.) have to be seriously considered by the translator for their
important reflections on the interpretation, and hence translation, of the text.
3. The Translation of Orientalism
Kamal Abu Deeb, the Syrian intellectual, was the first to translate Edward Said’s book, Orientalism, into Arabic.
His translation was criticized intensively, because of more than one aspect. The most controversial reason is the
new Arabic vocabularies that he invented and which did not have any history or Arabic background. Abu Deeb,
in fact, tried to do something unique that would differentiate him from other writers and translators.
In 1981, the first translation of Orientalism appeared, undertaken by Kamal Abu Deeb; it was very difficult and
complex. In this respect, Sabry Hafez (2004, p. 82) states that “Aside from obfuscating his brilliant argument,
the translation had an enormous negative impact on his legacy and the perception or misperception of his work
among Arab intellectuals. Its thick verbosity, pretentious terminology, and confused vocabulary associated him
with the type of sterile and problematic language that was the hallmark of the coterie of Adonis, a clique that
clung to Said for some time and complicated the way he was perceived in Arab intellectual circles for years”. He
goes on to say that “though the message of Said’s Orientalism was distorted in Arab intellectual circles and
indeed among the wider public through the traditionalists’ widely disseminated misrepresentation of his main
thesis as a kind of identity politics, the book did spark wide debate on the issues it addressed”. By the same token,
Edward Said himself, in the last chapter of Orientalism which he added to the 1995 edition and which was
published after the Arabic translation of Abu Deeb appeared, described Abu Deeb’s translation as having
differences and made many comments on it.
The translation of Abu Deeb was criticized by a number of Arab writers who thought that his way of translating
the book made the book rather difficult to understand. For example, Muhammad Al-Ahamari (2003), in his
eulogy of Said in the article “Edward Said: If he was a Muslim, We would Seek Allah’s Mercy for him” which
was published in Al-ʿAṣr Magazine اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ on September 27th 2003, notes that Orientalism is not translated
well and that Abu Deeb’s translation is ambiguous and destroys the work of Said. In this respect, Al-Ahamari
(2003) states that “I wish that the Arab reader had Orientalism in a new translation as the translator [Abu Deeb]
foreignised and damaged his [Said’s] writing. If you compare these translations [Abu Deeb’s] and other
translations [of Said’s books] such as the translation of Representations of the Intellectual or the book [featuring]
the long interview with him [i.e., Said] conducted by David Barsamian, you will see the difference between the
two approaches.”
Abu Deeb made a great effort to almost completely avoid using western expressions which already exist in
Arabic. According to Edward Said: “I regret to say that the Arabic reception of Orientalism, despite Kamal Abu
Deeb’s remarkable translation, still managed to ignore that aspect of my book which diminished the nationalist
fervour that some inferred from my critique of Orientalism, which I associated with those driven to domination
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and control, also to be found in imperialism. The main achievement of Abu Deeb’s painstaking translation was
an almost total avoidance of Arabized Western expressions; technical words like discourse, simulacrum,
paradigm, or code were rendered from within the classical rhetoric of the Arab tradition. His idea was to place
my work inside one fully formed tradition, as if it were addressing another from the perspective of cultural
adequacy and equality.” (Said, 1978, 2003, p. 339)
Kamal Abu Deeb decided to restrict himself voluntarily to what he called representation of the translated text,
which means representing the entire structure of the text, not an idea only. He started by alluding to the difficulty
of Edward Said’s book in both reading and translating. The sources of difficulty in the translation of Orientalism
are not a single dimension, but multiple. The difficulty lies in Orientalism as much as in the development of the
Arabic language. Edward Said is able to deal with language in all dimensions. In respect of such a thought, one’s
response is not determined in the context of easy and difficult, but in a different context and at a different level:
the level of ability to use the most difficult level in analysis, the most ambiguous concepts in the discussion of
what seems ordinary (see Abu Deeb, 1981, 1995, p. 9).
In the coming discussion we will see how Abu Deeb’s translation followed a new method of translation as a
pretext to enrich Arabic literature and culture. The severe criticism that this translation generated among Arab
intellectuals, together with the opaqueness of its language, may thus have motivated the retranslation of the same
text after a quarter a century.
Sixteen years after he produced his translation of Orientalism (1981), Abu Deeb published an Arabic translation
of Said’s Culture and Imperialism and imbued it with the same narratives of language and translation.
3.1 Situating Abu Deeb in Context
The translation of Orientalism by Abu Deeb in (1981, 1995) included as an introduction an analysis of his
translation process by which he treated the transformations which exist in the translated text. Abu Deeb (1981,
1995: p. 10) believed that if this analysis was able to be understood easily, then the process of translation would
be much better. In a brief statement in the introductory part of his translation of Orientalism Abu Deeb (ibid, p.
10) has clearly shown that the translation process reproduces the rendered text in such a way that it assumes the
necessity of recognizing its comprehensive structural features, in addition to reproducing the text in a language
which is able to embody these features and the structural features to the maximum. By this he meant not only
rendering an intellectual message from one language to another, but taking into account the structure and form
(the morphological elements) of the sentence. Abu Deeb (1981, 1995, p. 14) carries on to say that the objectives
for his translation are “to embody, as much as possible, the structure of the thoughts that create an effective
discourse and to contribute to extending the structure of the target language to accommodate this discourse”.
According to the previous statement we may judge that Abu Deeb is attempting to apply the structuralist
approach in translating texts.
Al-Herthani (2009, p. 117) notes that Abu Deeb’s “commitment to revive the Arabic language may be a part of
his extended project aiming to renew the studies of Arabic literary culture through structuralism”. Abu Deeb sees
this not only as a way of reviving language, but as a fundamental [radical] revolutionization of thought, its
relation with the world and its position within it (see Abu Deeb, 1979, p. 7).
Structuralism does not change language or society as such, Abu Deeb argues, but it changes the way in which
both language and social relations are perceived. Abu Deeb’s espousal of structuralism rests on his belief that it
is able to change the thought that conceptualises language, society and poetry (see Abu Deeb, ibid, p. 7).
Abu Deeb’s project, and in particular his support for structuralism, produced two different reactions among other
scholars of Arabic literary criticism: the first group considered his work as an innovative conceptual narrative
that provided a new method of research, a method that attempted to enrich Arab culture; while the other group
believed Abu Deeb was a dissident who aimed to damage the Arab culture and encourage whatever was related
to the West. Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Maqaleh (from Yemen) (2000, p. 15) notes that Kamal Abu Deeb applied the
principles of structuralism and that he was able to connect contemporary Arab literary criticism rooted in history.
Dr. Al-Maqaleh presented a critical paper on the celebrated intellectual entitled “Laud of Friendship” at the
Sana’a Forum for Young Poets when they held their Second Forum for Young Arab Poets on April 22-26 2009 at
the cultural centre in Sana’a, in which he pointed out that Abu Deeb should be recognized precisely for the
important change he made to the structure of modern Arab criticism. He added that Abu Deeb was one of the few
Arabs who had experienced the West and recognized the dimension of its imperial project as an attempt to
control the world culturally and politically. Al-Maqaleh noted that Kamal Abu Deeb and Edward Said were
similar and worked together toward the same target which was to correct the ruined image of Arabs in the West.
Both realized the value of modernism as an inevitable necessity in life, literature and the arts, and defending the
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numerous conventional styles in literary creation and criticism. He said that both men offered the West more than
they gained from it.
The Egyptian, Salah Fadl, in the same context, supported Al-Maqaleh’s point of view on Abu Deeb’s approach.
He also expressed his admiration and congratulated Kamal Abu Deeb for his intellectual contributions to
Structuralism theory in Arabic literature. In his article in Al-Ahram Magazine (2006) entitled “On Admiring
Kamal Abu Deeb and his criticism”, Salah Fadl declares that Abu Deeb worked very hard to structuralise the
principles of Arabic poetics, and revolutionise critical discourse as a whole through his writings, though it could
be said that an initial contribution had been inherent in the poetry of Arabic literature since Abu Nuwas, Abu
Tammam (Habib ibn Aws Al-Ta’i), even Adonis, whose contribution could be considered important in enriching
Arabic poetry.
Jabir Asfur agrees with Fadl and Al-Maqaleh that Abu Deeb’s approach was a great achievement in improving
Arabic literature. Asfur (2007) states that he is fascinated by Abu Deeb’s endeavour to apply structuralist
criticism to Arabic poetry, describing it as a pioneering attempt that constitutes a truly innovative launching pad
for a new concept of studying Arabic poetry. Asfur (2007) goes on to say that he read Abu Deeb’s article
“Towards a Structural Analysis of Pre-Islamic Poetry” three times, each time admiring his approach more and
more.
On the other hand, there are some people who do not agree with Abu Deeb’s approach, defending their
disagreement with the notion that Abu Deeb was fascinated by the western style and merely wished to westernize
Arab brains. Among these critics is Abdul Aziz Hammuda, who was the first to refute Abu Deeb’s approach and
the theory of modernism in general.
In his interview with El-Madina magazine, Hammuda (1998, p. 18), states that “Abu Deeb’s analysis of
‘Mu’allaqat Imru’ul Qays’ was a very long analysis which attempted to force the poem to give another meaning
which does not exist in the poem, and this process of analysis led to more ambiguity.”
Moreover, Hammuda described Abu Deeb as one of those who tried to stereotype the Arab intellectual, and
Westernization by attempting to impose an analytical approach on Arabic literature.
Al Herthani mentions two scholars who are in an agreement with Hammuda; they are Sad Al-bazi and Mijan
Al-ruwili (2002). Al-Herthani (2009, p. 117) described and summarised several reservations regarding Abu
Deeb’s conceptual approach expressed by the two, saying that Kamal Abu Deeb’s writings are [described as]
barely intelligible; indeed, he specifically sets out to write in an obscure style. Then they commented on Abu
Deeb’s repeated claim of methodological innovativeness as having no supporting evidence, and finally, they
claim that Abu Deeb’s writing is confused and gives evidence of misrepresenting the sources he draws upon.
Abu Deeb does not locate his strategies of translation within the frame of structuralism. Despite that, Al-Herthani
(ibid, p. 119), notes that the effect of the structuralist narrative is obvious in the work of Abu Deeb as a translator,
in the main texts of the translations of Orientalism and Culture and Imperialism.
According to Abdul Aziz Hammuda (1998, p. 155) simplification, whether it affects the meaning or not, is a
horrible crime against structuralism according to structuralists. Regarding this point, Abu Deeb’s translation of
Orientalism has been characterized by a number of Arabic critics and readers as obscurity of expression (not
adapting the style of simplification), and this ambiguity leads us to imagine that Edward Said’s book is a book
which contains a lot of information that is difficult to obtain. In this respect, Asa’ad Abukhalil insists that Abu
Deeb’s translation is not successful precisely because he invented his own terminology. Asa’ad Abukhalil (2003,
p. 12) states that “Abu Deeb’s translation was not successful at all; he translated according to his whim, coining
phrases and terms of his own even where these differed in meaning from the source text.”
The role played by Abu Deeb as a reader/translator of Said’s text is crucial. Al-Herthani (2009, p. 119) states that
the reader’s reading/interpreting of the text is given primary position since the text’s author is regarded,
metaphorically, as “dead” once his/her text is completed. The reader is allowed to look at the text from any angle
he wants; the text is free of the original author’s intention, and the original text itself has no existence. The
reader’s reading becomes the only present activity in this new vacuum which accompanies the author’s death and
the absence of the text; thus the author in the structuralist perspective is dead and there is no place whatsoever
for his intention (see Hammuda, 1998).
3.2 The Syntax Logic in Abu Deeb’s Translation
Matching word with word, structure with structure and sentence with sentence is Abu Deeb’s approach to
translation. He is able to deal with the original text without explaining or simplifying it. According to Abu Deeb
(1981, 1995, p. 12) this needs courage, innovation and adventure to deal with the language as a continuous
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process of creating idioms and coining new terms and not to regard the language as a sacred issue.
When Abu Deeb began his translation of Orientalism, he gave the book a subtitle which could suggest some
other subject other than the actual one which is contained within the book. The main Arabic title, اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮاق, is the
standard equivalent of the English word Orientalism. The choice of the subtitle in Arabic was controversial;
while the original subtitle is Western Conceptions of the Orient; Abu Deeb in his rendered version decided to
change it to اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ
.
اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ
.
اﻹﻧﺸﺎء (Knowledge. Power. Discourse). This subtitle makes the reader concentrate on
the broader issue of the relationship between power, knowledge and discourse that is arranged by Abu Deeb as a
frame to understand the particular relationship of the West and the Orient (see Al-Herthani, 2009). However, the
full stop after each word could be an indication that each one is a topic on its own.
In Abu Deeb’s Arabic version of the book Orientalism, he chose to write “Transferred into Arabic” اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ُ
ﻪَ
ﻠَ
ﻘَ
ﻧ
rather than “Translated” ُ
ﺔَ
ﻤَ
ﺟْﺮَ
ﺗ, while he wrote on the Arabic version of Culture and Imperialism “Translated”
ُ
ﺔَ
ﻤَ
ﺟْﺮَ
ﺗ instead of “Transferred into Arabic” اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ُ
ﻪَ
ﻠَ
ﻘَ
ﻧ. Al-Herthani (ibid, p. 123) explains that the latter choice
of Abu Deeb “اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ُ
ﻪَ
ﻠَ
ﻘَ
ﻧ” hints at his own conceptual narrative of translation and what it includes and, to be
precise, he explains Abu Deeb’s usage of the word “naqalahu” (transferred) rather than “tarjamahu” (translated)
by saying that the latter is not an Arabic word and as a result it has been badly used by translators. More
essentially, Al-Herthani asked Abu Deeb and his answer was that he tried to transpose the text with its complex
features, visible and invisible, from the source language to the target language. He did not just translate meaning.
In this respect, Abu Deeb (1981, 1995, p. 10) notes that “this imploding (Note 1) will not take place unless we
indulge in a pioneering adventure, unless we dare to transfer not only ideas from the world but also boldly
review the language, its deep and surface structures, its phonetic, morphological and syntactic components; this
daring [adventure] ultimately aims at an essential achievement: expanding the language.”
ا ﺑﻨﺎهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ً
ﺎأﻳﻀ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻞ وﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮأة ،اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮة إﻻ ،ﺗﺼﻮري ﻓﻲ ،اﻟﺘﻔﺠﻴﺮ هﺬا ﻳﺘﻢ وﻟﻦ
ﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ
اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ وهﻮ ﺟﻮهﺮي إﻧﺠﺎز إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻬﺪف ﺟﺮأة ،واﻟﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ،واﻟﻤﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ،اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ،واﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ
,
أ آﻤﺎل
ﺑﻮدﻳﺐ
( 1981, 1995, p. 10)
Keeping this concept in mind we may conclude that Abu Deeb’s approach is the total assimilation of the ST, at
the same time retaining the structural features of the ST, because the text’s message alone is not satisfactory. In
the scales of translation procedures by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) this definition of restrictions on translation
was represented as being more inclined towards literal translation than free translation. Abu Deeb rejects the
traditional techniques of translation which replace the structures of the ST with those of the TT and make the TT
suit the source text’s language structure. As a result Abu Deeb (1981, 1995, p. 14) announces the aims of his
translation which are to represent the structure of the thoughts that help to make an effective discourse and to
achieve the extension of the target language structure and thus give what is needed for this discourse.
Contextually, Abu Deeb (1981, 1995, p. 14) notes that he could write Orientalism in a way that is different from
that of Said, but the resultant text will reflect my own style and my personal interact with the Arabic language.
On the same subject, Al-Herthani (2009, p. 146) declares that Abu Deeb tries to show that he deserves the same
importance and treatment that Said had already received, reminding us that he (Abu Deeb) is able to produce his
personal discourse as well as generating his personal debates.
3.3 Coining New Words and Style Effects
Abu Deeb tried to treat the incapability of the Arabic language through developing some new terms. For example,
the word اﺳﺘﺒﻨﺎء is a rendered Arabic word for the English one “restructuring”, containing two Arabic morphemes:
the prefix اﺳﺘـ is in place of the English prefix “re” and the root ﺑﻨﺎء stands for “constructing”. The most common
Arabic equivalent for the prefix “re” is إﻋﺎدة (a noun literally meaning “doing the action again”, “repeating”).
According to the previous explanation, the usual translation of the word “restructuring” would be “ﺑﻨﺎء ”إﻋﺎدة.
Another essential point that should also be noted is that Abu Deeb adds the syllable وﻳﺔ in Arabic to express the
English meaning in a more formal way among words which contain extra syllables, e.g.,
(scientistic—humanistic). Before discussing examples, I should note here that Kamal Abu Deeb is the first
translator to use this technique.
ﻋﻠﻤﻮﻳﺔ
Scientistic
ﻋﻠﻢ
Science
إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ
Humanistic
إﻧﺴﺎن
Human
ﺷﻌﺒﻮﻳﺔ
Populist
ﺷﻌﺒﻲ
Popular
ﺗﻘﻨﻮﻳﺔ
Technology
ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ـ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ
Technique
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In addition, Abu Deeb comes up with a number of prefixes and makes new use of already existing prefixes for
the sake of generating concise Arabic notions that are capable of conveying the essence of the English text in an
equally succinct style. These include:
ﻟﻴـ (a contraction of ﻟﻴﺲ ) to stand for “a” in negated words such as “ahistorical” (not historical), which
he translated as ﻟﻴﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ
ﻓﻮ (a contraction of ﻓﻮق ) to stand for “over” or “super”, such as “super-political” which he translated
as ﻓﻮﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ
اﻟﺰﻳـ (a contraction of )زاﺋﻒ to stand for “pseudo”, such as “pseudo-scientific” which he translated as
ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ـ اﻟﺰﻳـ
زا (a contraction of زاﺋﺪ ـ )إﺿﺎﻓﻲ to stand for “extra”, such as “extra-academic” which he translated as
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ـ زا
Moreover, Abu Deeb coined new words which did not previously exist in the Arabic language, like اﺟﺘﺼﺎدي
which is a rendered word for the English “socioeconomic”, and the word اﺟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻲ for the English word
“sociopolitical”; these new vocabularies led to readers being confused, as the words are novel not only at the
level of the meaning but also concerning their forms and pronunciation. Another point that should be noted here
is that Abu Deeb rendered the English formula 1830s as [ت ]ا [1830], which resembles a mathematical way of
writings. Although it would be much simple to the readers if he had translated it as ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎت.
Another new morphological item created by Abu Deeb is ﺗﺤﺘﺮﺿﻴﺔ which contains ﺗﺤﺖ (under) and أرض (ground),
standing for the English word “underground”. Al-Herthani (2009, p. 135) notes that this term has a
well-established political equivalent in Arabic, namely ﺳﺮي (secret). Abu Deeb uses another word اﺳﺘﺠﻨﺎﺑﻴﺔ to
mean “irrational fear and hatred of foreigners” as a translation of the word (xenophobia). The Arabic equivalent
which he has used is not a standard expression and I would suggest the following translation: ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻲ اﻟﺨﻮف
اﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ or اﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ُ
بُهﺎ
ر. The word اﺳﺘﺠﻨﺎﺑﻴﺔ is regarded as a model for the vocabulary of Abu Deeb that does not
convey the meaning and has no equivalent in the mind of the Arabic reader.
By the same token, I agree, as a reader before being a researcher, that the words listed in the index of terms that
Abu Deeb included at the beginning of Orientalism, might be completely new to Arab readers and consequently
could prevent them from the cognitive enjoyment of the book, as a result of the words having no cultural and
memory echo (see Abu Deeb, 1981-1995, p. 21).
Hashim Salih (1980) was one of the first Arab translators who attempted to translate the word “discourse” into
Arabic as اﻟﺨﻄﺎب (speech). According to Al-Herthani (2009, p. 136) the term اﻟﺨﻄﺎب has become considered the
most common Arabic equivalent of “discourse”. Despite that, Abu Deeb made the decision not to use the
equivalent established by Hashim and chose the term اﻹﻧﺸﺎء instead (insha’—composition) to translate the word
“discourse” instead of the other common meaning of the word in Arabic which is اﻟﺨﻄﺎب. Abu Deeb defends his
point of view by saying that the word اﻹﻧﺸﺎء expresses the meaning better than اﻟﺨﻄﺎب, because the word اﻹﻧﺸﺎء
revives an old idiom, and easily accepts inflection, e.g., إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ “discursive” could inflect the verb أﻧﺸﺄ “compose”
without confusion with any term that has problematic significations, which can occur when we use ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻲ
“discursive” or the verb ﺧﺎﻃﺐ “to give a speech” (see Abu Deeb, 1981, 1995, p. 17).
As has been previously stated Abu Deeb, for the sake of justifying his linguistic style in translation, stated that
the Arabic language is not as sacred as the text of The Holy Quran, and it accepts development. But in the case
of translating the title of the book Culture and Imperialism to واﻹﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ, he did not change the word اﻹﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ
to the word اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر. Although he strives to avoid borrowing from English, Abu Deeb uses the Arabic loan word
اﻻﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺔ as a substitute for the English “imperialism”. Thus, this choice contradicts his intention of developing
the Arabic language. Abu Deeb (1997, p. 47) states that the English word is very common in Arabic and carries
different significations that he was not able to express using one Arabic word. Thus, he was overwhelmed by the
word “imperialism”, for months and tried to find an appropriate translation for it, but could not.
Through this approach, Abu Deeb is trying to inform the reader that the difficulty of finding proper equivalences
should be dealt with by adopting a form of creativity and adventure on the side of the translator, and not by
regarding language as a “sacred entity” that cannot be touched or improved (see Abu Deeb, 1981, 1995, p. 12).
ﺑﻞ ،ﻳﻤﺲ ﻻ ً
ﺎﻣﻘﺪﺳ ً
ﺎﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴ ً
اوﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرهﺎ ﻻ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام واﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮة ،واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر ،ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮأة اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻧﻮاﺟﻪ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ
اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﺪ
.
1981, 1995, p. 12)
,
أﺑﻮدﻳﺐ آﻤﺎل
(
Thus, Abu Deeb’s standpoint is that language is not a sacred thing that cannot be changed in any way, but rather
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40
a continuous process of generating terminologies, and the development of civilization, which is based on the
improvement of language that occurs when the linguistic dimension of the cultural development process appears
all of a sudden as if it has imploded. However, this imploding is not going to take place without some daring
exploration concerning the language. Theoretically, Abu Deeb’s declarations in his introduction (of Orientalism)
were put into practice in his translation of Orientalism, and by this rendering, he tried to ensure that we have the
ability to assimilate, and to remove the quality of sacredness from the language so that he (Abu Deeb) would be
capable of preparing himself to create new Arabic terms that would correspond to the English ones. No doubt
Abu Deeb might have paid attention to such terms and exerted a lot of effort. However, it would be helpful if
these inventions were discussed before using them in translating an important book that had not been translated
into Arabic before.
4. Conclusion
Abu Deeb (1981, 1995, p. 9) states that he would be simplifying the matter if he described Said’s book as being
difficult, for both reading and translating. He also regards Said’s style as being very sophisticated, to the extent
that he is able to deal with the English language at all levels. However, as we have seen in previous analyses
attempted in the present paper, Abu Deeb’s translation method can be said to be less effective, as he supports
mechanical transference of structure, in addition to the obscurity and ambiguity as seen in the examples supplied
in the present paper.
This analysis has suggested that Abu Deeb’s method was effect on the style of text, because he calls for a
mechanical transference of structure, thus rendering the TT not just “foreign” but obscure and ambiguous as seen
in the examples analysed in the present paper. To sum up, Abu Deeb employs this technique to enrich Arabic
literature and culture and he experiments with the Arabic language when he renders Said’s texts, as a part of the
his project. However, his translation of Orientalism has proved controversial in the Arab World.
The translation of Orientalism by Abu Deeb was certainly constructed in a way that would influence the
reception of the book and its author in the Arab world for a considerable number of years. Abu Deeb’s translation
choices labeled Said’s writing as inaccessible, complex and demanding an outstanding level of intelligence from
the reader.
Abu Deeb’s method was not a success because it minimized the importance of Arabic; the Arabic language
became unable to be understood by its speakers according to Mona Ibrahim (2004, p. 1032). Immersed in his
conceptual narrative of language and translation she noted that Abu Deeb failed to consider the modern Arab
audience’s needs and power relations that characterise the world today. Mona Ibrahim (ibid, p. 1032) states that
his claim of invisibility is false given the [obvious] signs of his dominating presence. The failure to consider the
power relations that characterise the modern world is the major failing of this translation which leads to the
assimilation of the Anglo-American mechanisms of cultural hegemony over the third world countries, and that
Abu Deeb’s translation is hardly resistant at all, if not submissive altogether.
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.
)
2007
(
.
”
اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻸدب ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر
“
ﻣﺠﻠﺔ
اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ
،
580
،
http://dx.doi.org/10.3437/5632-20932.152.4.672
ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ،اﻷﺣﻤﺮي
) .
2003
(
.
”
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﺮﺣﻤﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎ آﺎن ﻟﻮ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ إدوارد
“
اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ
،
http://dx.doi.org/11.9804/2150-65789.792.4.183
ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ،اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺢ
) .
2000
(
.
اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎت
اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ،ﺑﻴﺮوت ،
وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ
.
أﺳﻌﺪ ،أﺑﻮﺧﻠﻴﻞ
) .
2003
(
.
”
اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ
“
،
اﻻداب ﻣﺠﻠﺔ
،
http://dx.doi.org/11.5496/3246-78021.813.7.980
إدوارد ،ﺳﻌﻴﺪ
.
)
1981
(
.
اﻹﺳﺘﺸﺮاق
:
اﻹﻧﺸﺎء ، اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ، اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ
اﻷﺑﺤﺎث ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ، ﺑﻴﺮوت ، اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ، دﻳﺐ أﺑﻮ آﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ،
اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
Notes
Note 1. The term ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ would normally be translated as “exploding”, but in the context of Abu Deeb’s project and
based on his discussion, a more appropriate term to use as equivalent might be “implode”. Unlike exploding,
which takes place on the outside, imploding involves working from the inside, i.e., developing and expanding the
deep and surface structures of the language rather than borrowing another language’s lexis and structures.
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