Containerization revolutionized global freight transport in the mid-20th century. It involves transporting goods in standardized steel containers that can be loaded from one mode of transport to another, such as from ship to rail. This replaced previous systems where cargo was handled individually, reducing damage, losses, and transport time. The use of containers led to more efficient cargo handling and intermodal transfers. It also allowed for greater economies of scale in shipping and lower transport costs overall. Containerization has now become the dominant system for freight shipping worldwide.

1. 60
Years on slides to review !
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Containerization

2. Prior to Containerization
multiple handling
All cargoes other than bulk commodities were moved package by package and
piece by piece with multiple handling, resulting in damage, pilferage and time
loss.
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3. With the advent of Containerisation
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4. On 26 April 1956, Malcolm McLean loaded 58
containers on refitted tanker main deck

6. Containerization is a system of freight transport based on a range of steel
intermodal containers . Containers are built in standardised dimensions as
per ISO instructions, and can be loaded and unloaded, stacked and
transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode
of transport to another from ship , rail , trailers etc.

7. IMPORTANCE OF Containerization
 Strength & Flexibility
 Cost Effective Alternative
 Superior Insulation Properties
 Easy to Transport (intermodal & D2D)
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8. Container ship
How much it bigger!

9. Containerization advantages
1- Standard transport product
2- Flexibility of usage
3- Management
4- Economies of scale
5- Speed
6- Security
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10. Cellular container vessel
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11. Geared container vessel
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12. OOCL HONG KONG
Largest container ship ever built.
In service since May 2017
IM0 NO. 9776171
LOA X B X Depth = 400X59X32 m
Maximum draft 16 m
Max. speed 19kts
GRT = 210 000 T
Dead Weight = 197 000 T
Capacity 21,413 TEUs
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14. World merchant fleet as @ 1/1/2016
Bulk32.9%- GC 21.2% -Crude13.7% -Con10.2%-Ch10.1% -RORO-PAX8.4% -Gas3.4 %Total 51409
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15. CONTAINER
CHARASTISTICS
& TYPES

16. ISO containers
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18. Corner Fitting
Hinge
CSC Plate
Locking Bar
Guide
Bracket
Cone Protector
Gasket
Cam & keeper
Handle
Catch & retainer
J-Bar
TIR Plate
RightRightLeft Door Sill
Door Header
Handle Hub
Weight Decal
REAR

19. Front Header
Front Sill
Front Panel
Front Corner Post
Corner Fitting
Right Left
Bottom
Top
Cone Protector
FRONT
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20. Bottom Rail
Forklift Pocket
Ventilator
Top Rail
Bottom Rail
Gusset
UIC Decal
Height Code
SIDE
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21. Roof Panel
Rear Extension Plate
Roof Gusset
Top Rail
Roof Gusset
Front Extension PlateLeft Right
ROOF

22. Right Side PanelLeft Side Panel
Roof Panel
Front Panel
Central Rail
Goose Neck Tunnel Plate
Floor
Lashing Ring
Lashing Ring Lashing Ring
Lashing Bar
Lashing Ring
Interior

24. Dry freight containers
Insulated containers
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25. Refrigerated containers
Bulk containers
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26. Ventilated containers
Flat rack containers
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27. Platform containers
Open top containers
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28. Open side containers
Tank containers
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29. Half height containers
Live stock containers
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30. Collapsible containers
Over-Height containers
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31. Over-width containers
Military purpose containers
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32. Commodity Group and Containerization Level
Category (SITC) Examples Containerization
Grains (~5%) Cold chain (~75%)
Meat, Fish, Wheat, Rice, Corn, Sugar,
1. Food & Live Animals
Coffee, Cocoa, Tea Coffee (~95%)
Wine & Tobacco High2. Beverages & Tobacco
LumberIron ore Cotton
3. Raw Materials Lumber, Rubber, Cotton, Iron ore
Coal (~2%)
Coal, Crude oil, Kerosene, Natural gas4. Fuels & Lubricants
5. Animal & Vegetable oils HighOlive oil, Corn oil
Salt, Fertilizers, Plastics6. Chemicals Low to average
Cement Metals Paper Textiles
Paper, Textiles, Cement, Iron & Steel,
7. Manufactured Goods
Copper
Vehicles
8. Machinery & Equipment Very highComputer equipment, Televisions, Cars
9. Miscellaneous& Manufactures Furniture, Clothes, Footwear, Cameras, Very high
Books, Toys
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33. Top container producers
1- CIMC (China International Marine
Container Group Co., Ltd.)
2- SINGAMAS (Singamas Container Holdings
Ltd.)
3- CXIC (CXIC Group Containers Co., Ltd.)
4- CSCL (China Shipping Container Lines
Co.,Ltd)
5- MCI (Maersk Container Industry)
6- JINDO (Jindo Co., Ltd.)
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34. GLOBAL FIGURES

35. Container shipping economic cycle & Traffic 1980-2015
Million TEU
1000
Adoption Acceleration Peak Growth Maturity
900 1956-1992 1992-2002 2002-2008 After 2008
800
Reference
Everyone is a genius
700
Vision
Network development
600
Reality
Productivity multipliers
New (niche) services
500
Productivity gains
Developing
400
opportunities
Niche markets
300
200
Massive diffusion
Network
complexities
100
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Risk
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36. Global containerized trade 1996-2015

37. World market share %Fleet capacity
(Million TEUs)
Company
15.23.048MAERSK
13.42.678MSC
91.794CMA CGM
4.80.953EVERGREEN
4.70.945HAPAG-LLOYD
4.30.864COSCO
3.50.700CSCL
3.110.629HAMBURG-SUD
3.100.620HANJIN
30.592OOCL
Top Container Shipping Companies as @ 1/1/2016

38. Main global carrier alliances and their
market share as@ 1/1/2015
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40. Singapore port, the busiest transshipment port
2016

41. The Largest and the busiest
Rotterdam port has the largest
area and longest berths globally
Shanghai port is number one globally
in terms of containers handling

42.  Substitution-Based
New niches (commodities and cold chain)
Capture of bulk and break-bulk markets
 Incidental
Trade imbalances
Repositioning of empty containers
Containerization
 Induced
Transshipment (hubbing, relay and intersection
Economies of scale in maritime shipping
 Derived
Economic and income growth
Globalization (outsourcing)
Fragmentation of production and consumption
Containerization Growth Factors
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43. Main container ports & average GDP growth and driver for port infrastructure investments

45. Container
Equipment Handling
Systems

46. 1- Chassis System
Gantry Crane
Advantage:
 No additional yardhandling equipment
 Easy access for roadtruckers
Disadvantage:
 Extremely area consuming
 Availability of chassis fromcontainer operator
Chassis system
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47. 2- Straddle Carrier Direct System
Advantages:
*Flexibility
*Relatively low wheelloads
Disadvantages:
*Long travel distances
*Damage sensitivity
*Less suitable for automation
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48. 3- Yard Gantry System
Gantry Crane
Rail Mounted gentry craneRubber Tyred gantry
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49. 4- Complex Combination systems
G. C S. C
R.S

50. 5- Lift Truck systems
Lift Truck / Reach Staker

51. Classic and new maritime routes
maritime
routes
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52. Traditional maritime Trade routes

54. STRATEGIC
Challenges
Operational
&problems

55. TACTICAL AND SHORT RANGE Challenges FOR
Container Port operation
 Relationship with others within port limits
 Safety performance
 Greater operational complexity as a result of much bigger ships
 Managing congestion risks
 Staying profitable though shipping line economic cycles
 Doing more with less space
 Empty container management
 Fleet over capacity
 Container weighing
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56. 50 Years of Containerization
Decision problems complexities in container terminals
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57. Factors behind Empty Container Flows
 Imbalanced Flows
 Cargo / Equipment Specialization
 Feeder Services
 Cabotage Rules

58. STRATEGIC AND LONG RANGE CHALLENGES
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59. © Abdulla Wanis Tabet

60. Other usage
of
containers

61. Other usage of containers

62. And more!

63. THANK YOU
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