Construction Safety – Week V Assessment
Course Text: Construction Safety and the OSHA Standards by David L. Goestch (2010)
Please use APA formatting with all responses to include in-text citations and
reference for each response. Responses must be 100% original, and non-plagiarized.
1. State the major components of a safety and health plan, describe each component, and
discuss how you would structure each component of the plan on a construction site that
you are in control. Use the Safety and Health Program Evaluation Checklist as a guide to
aid in structuring your plan.
Your essay should be at least 500 words in length and include an introduction, a
body, and a conclusion. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced;
paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
2. Outline and describe the roles and responsibilities of management, supervisors, and
employees in construction safety. How is accountability critical for each of the three
levels? As a safety professional, how would you mitigate accident prevention for
employees?
Your essay should be at least 500 words in length and include an introduction, a
body, and a conclusion. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced;
paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Hazardous Materials Management – Week V Assessment
Course Textbook: Hazardous Material Management and Hazardous Communication
From: The Safety Professionals Handbook, 2nd Edition
Please use APA formatting with all responses to include in-text citations and
reference for each response. Responses must be 100% original, and non-plagiarized.
1. In OSHA’s HazCom Standard, what are “signal words,” and how are they used? Provide
examples in your response.
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying
citations
2. Identify the four types of precautionary statements used for HazCom labels, and provide
sample wording for each.
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying
citations.
3. Describe an example of a workplace situation in which a container of hazardous material
is not required to be labeled.
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying
citations.
4. OSHA’s HazCom Standard requires one of eight specific pictograms be included on
container labels. For four of the pictograms, provide an example of a chemical that would
require its use.
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompany.
The document discusses the costs of construction accidents in the UK. It notes that only a portion of injuries are reported, with construction reporting around 40%. It then discusses how the Health and Safety Executive collects injury statistics and the levels of under-reporting. Construction has the second highest level of risk behind mining. The costs of accidents to businesses and the UK economy are also examined, with accidents costing millions each year.
Determination of the most important General Failure Types based on Tripod-DELTAIJERA Editor
The document discusses the Tripod-DELTA methodology for analyzing accidents and identifying latent failures. It provides the following key points:
1) Tripod-DELTA classifies latent failures that contribute to accidents into 11 General Failure Types (GFTs) such as procedures, training, and organizational factors.
2) It uses a questionnaire to measure these GFTs and identify areas of concern, producing a DELTA profile showing which GFTs need most improvement.
3) Implementing Tripod-DELTA involves customizing the questionnaire for each organization, having employees answer questions, then analyzing the results to identify the most problematic GFTs and actions needed to address latent failures.
56 ProfessionalSafety MAY 2016 www.asse.orgT.docxalinainglis
56 ProfessionalSafety MAY 2016 www.asse.org
T
he construction industry continues to ex-
perience a high number of workplace inju-
ries and fatalities as compared to other U.S.
industrial sectors. Although this number has been
declining over the past 20 years, the rate of decrease
has been slowing, and is nearly stagnant in recent
years (ILO, 2003). As an industry, construction has
averaged 1,010 fatalities per year, indicating that
much improvement is still needed to achieve zero
injuries, illnesses and fatalities (BLS, 2013a). One
such improvement can be found in the collection
and measurement of safety data.
Historically, the construction industry has
defined safety performance through the mea-
surement and assessment of lagging indicators
including injuries, illnesses and fatalities. These
lagging indicators are required by OSHA to assess
the state of construction safety (BLS, 2013a). One
major limitation of assessing safety performance
using lagging indicators is that incidents must oc-
cur before hazards or unsafe behavior can be iden-
tified and mitigated.
Leading indicators are an alternative form of
safety metrics that proactively assess safety per-
formance by gauging processes, activities and con-
ditions that define performance and can predict
future results (Hinze, Thurman & Wehle, 2013).
One such leading indicator is a near-hit, defined as
an incident in which no property damage or per-
sonal injury occur, but could have occurred given
a slight shift in time or position (BLS, 2013a). The
major advantage of measuring leading indicators
such as near-hits is that data can be collected and
analyzed without requiring an injury to occur.
This article presents research products in the
development, deployment and effectiveness of
using a near-hit management program on con-
struction sites. The authors gathered the informa-
tion through personal experience, formal research
in the Construction Industry Institutes Research
Team 301: Using Near Misses to Enhance Safety
Performance, and through secondary research
and literature review. The goals of this article are
to present the near-hit management program and
Eric Marks, Ph.D., P.E., is an assistant professor in the Department of
Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering at the University of
Alabama. His research focuses on innovation and automation in construc-
tion safety, including hazard mitigation strategies and real-time data
collection. Marks is a professional member of ASSE’s Alabama Chapter.
Ibukun G. Awolusi is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Civil, Con-
struction and Environmental Engineering at The University of Alabama. He
holds an M.Sc. in Construction Management from the University of Lagos.
He has both industrial and teaching experience in construction and occupa-
tional safety, and he is actively involved in several research projects related to
construction safety and technology/innovation in constructi.
C H A P T E R 1 3Safety and Health at WorkTRAINING FOR SA.docxRAHUL126667
C H A P T E R 1 3
Safety and Health at Work
TRAINING FOR SAFETY
As the HR manager of a large construction company, your workers’ health and safety is of paramount concern. Last
week, you reported an incidence rate of 7.5 accidents per 100 employees to the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). When you compared these numbers to last year, you found the number had significantly
increased, as it was 4.2. This is concerning, because you know an unsafe workplace is not only bad for employees
and bad for business, but it could result in fines from OSHA. You ask your operations managers to meet with you
about the situation. When you bring this to his attention, he doesn’t seem at all concerned about the almost
double increase in accidents over the last year. He says the increase in accidents is a result of scaffolding falling dur-
ing a building project where several workers were hurt. He says this one accident skewed the numbers. He men-
tions that the supervisor responsible for the scaffolding had been let go six months ago for other reasons, and he
assures you that there is no reason to be concerned. A few weeks after this conversation, two of your workers
spend time in the hospital because of a falling scaffolding injury. Again, you approach the operations manager and
he assures you that those employees were just new and he will implement proper procedures. You know the incid-
ent will result in another high incident percentage, even if there isn’t another accident the rest of the year. You con-
sider your options.
You look back over ten years of accident reports and find there are three areas for which your company seems
to have 90 percent of all accidents. You decide you will develop a training program to address these safety issues in
your workplace. You refer to your HRM textbook for tips on how to prepare and communicate this training to your
employees. When you present this option to your operations manager, he says that employees don’t have the time
to take from their jobs to go through this training and suggests you just let it go. You are prepared for this re-
sponse, and you give him the dollar figure of money lost owing to worker injury in your organization. This gets his
attention, especially when you compare it to the small cost of doing a two-hour training for all employees. Both of
you check your Outlook schedules to find the best day of the week to schedule the training, for minimum impact
on employees’ work.
Workplace Safety and Health Introduction
The author introduces the chapter on workplace safety and health.
1. WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH LAWS
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Be able to explain OSHA laws.
2. Understand right-to-know laws.
Workplace safety is the responsibility of everyone in the organization. HR professionals and managers,
however, play a large role in developing standards, making sure safety and health laws are followed,
and tracking workplace accidents ...
The top four causes of construction fatalities are: Falls, Struck-By, Caught-In/Between and Electrocutions. Identifying and addressing construction hazards can help keep your workers safe. Use these tips to identify potential hazards.
This week’s forum discussion is all about training and equipment. TakishaPeck109
This week’s forum discussion is all about training and equipment. In general, personal protection specialists and details exist to protect human capital. Organizations employ or contract security professionals solely for risk optimization and it is important to understand this before determining what training, skills, or equipment may be necessary to complete the mission. Without a solid understanding of the various risks and threats the client faces, it would be difficult to determine the operational needs of the detail. “Conducting security surveys with an integrated risk management approach, when done in a proactive way, can help provide more cost-effective and successful [protection] programs” (Kovacich & Halibozek, 2016). However, June lays out a few “universal” areas of necessary training in Introduction to Executive Protection which include threat assessment and risk analysis, emergency medicine, advance planning and defensive tactics, and etiquette (June, 2016). In my opinion, security details need individuals who are trained in these five core aspects of protection to be successful, regardless of the threat profile. And in-service training should reflect that. It is important to routinely train and evaluate teams and individuals to increase proficiency because training is primarily focused on “how and when to react” (p. 151).
There are also some essential skills that personal protection specialists should have to be effective. In high threat protection, we generally consider making holes and plugging holes to be the most essential, but the reality is that the greatest threat most clients face is ordinary and shared by everyone in the modern world: vehicle accidents. Driving is a critical foundational skill that all protection specialists should have. Traveling is a necessity in most industries, and it is generally understood that clients in high threat environments are at the greatest risk when moving from point A to B. And routine vehicle accidents are not the only issue. Because attacks on principle are largely functions of time and opportunity, the client is most vulnerable while underway. In general, this promotes driving at faster rates of speed to reduce time on the road, further highlighting the importance of having skilled and capable drivers on security details.
In addition to training and skill requirements, equipment is a major consideration in protective operations. The vehicle is a critical piece of equipment in protective operations (McGovern, 2011) and proper loadout is a big part of success during an incident. Typical loadouts generally include communications equipment, emergency medical supplies such as first aid kits and AEDs, and extradition equipment (APUS, 2020). Properly staging the vehicle and conducting familiarization training is equally important. For example, the Toyota LC200 has become the gold standard for protective operations worldwide and up-armored variants are used by nearly every single state, non ...
This week’s forum discussion is all about training and equipment. ariysn
The document discusses training, skills, and equipment needed for personal protection specialists. It explains that specialists need to be trained in core areas like threat assessment, emergency medicine, defensive tactics, and etiquette. Driving is also identified as a critical skill, as clients face risks while traveling. The document also recommends equipment like medical supplies and communications devices in vehicle loadouts. It stresses the importance of training with any equipment and being familiar with vehicle capabilities before transporting clients.
The document discusses the costs of construction accidents in the UK. It notes that only a portion of injuries are reported, with construction reporting around 40%. It then discusses how the Health and Safety Executive collects injury statistics and the levels of under-reporting. Construction has the second highest level of risk behind mining. The costs of accidents to businesses and the UK economy are also examined, with accidents costing millions each year.
Determination of the most important General Failure Types based on Tripod-DELTAIJERA Editor
The document discusses the Tripod-DELTA methodology for analyzing accidents and identifying latent failures. It provides the following key points:
1) Tripod-DELTA classifies latent failures that contribute to accidents into 11 General Failure Types (GFTs) such as procedures, training, and organizational factors.
2) It uses a questionnaire to measure these GFTs and identify areas of concern, producing a DELTA profile showing which GFTs need most improvement.
3) Implementing Tripod-DELTA involves customizing the questionnaire for each organization, having employees answer questions, then analyzing the results to identify the most problematic GFTs and actions needed to address latent failures.
56 ProfessionalSafety MAY 2016 www.asse.orgT.docxalinainglis
56 ProfessionalSafety MAY 2016 www.asse.org
T
he construction industry continues to ex-
perience a high number of workplace inju-
ries and fatalities as compared to other U.S.
industrial sectors. Although this number has been
declining over the past 20 years, the rate of decrease
has been slowing, and is nearly stagnant in recent
years (ILO, 2003). As an industry, construction has
averaged 1,010 fatalities per year, indicating that
much improvement is still needed to achieve zero
injuries, illnesses and fatalities (BLS, 2013a). One
such improvement can be found in the collection
and measurement of safety data.
Historically, the construction industry has
defined safety performance through the mea-
surement and assessment of lagging indicators
including injuries, illnesses and fatalities. These
lagging indicators are required by OSHA to assess
the state of construction safety (BLS, 2013a). One
major limitation of assessing safety performance
using lagging indicators is that incidents must oc-
cur before hazards or unsafe behavior can be iden-
tified and mitigated.
Leading indicators are an alternative form of
safety metrics that proactively assess safety per-
formance by gauging processes, activities and con-
ditions that define performance and can predict
future results (Hinze, Thurman & Wehle, 2013).
One such leading indicator is a near-hit, defined as
an incident in which no property damage or per-
sonal injury occur, but could have occurred given
a slight shift in time or position (BLS, 2013a). The
major advantage of measuring leading indicators
such as near-hits is that data can be collected and
analyzed without requiring an injury to occur.
This article presents research products in the
development, deployment and effectiveness of
using a near-hit management program on con-
struction sites. The authors gathered the informa-
tion through personal experience, formal research
in the Construction Industry Institutes Research
Team 301: Using Near Misses to Enhance Safety
Performance, and through secondary research
and literature review. The goals of this article are
to present the near-hit management program and
Eric Marks, Ph.D., P.E., is an assistant professor in the Department of
Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering at the University of
Alabama. His research focuses on innovation and automation in construc-
tion safety, including hazard mitigation strategies and real-time data
collection. Marks is a professional member of ASSE’s Alabama Chapter.
Ibukun G. Awolusi is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Civil, Con-
struction and Environmental Engineering at The University of Alabama. He
holds an M.Sc. in Construction Management from the University of Lagos.
He has both industrial and teaching experience in construction and occupa-
tional safety, and he is actively involved in several research projects related to
construction safety and technology/innovation in constructi.
C H A P T E R 1 3Safety and Health at WorkTRAINING FOR SA.docxRAHUL126667
C H A P T E R 1 3
Safety and Health at Work
TRAINING FOR SAFETY
As the HR manager of a large construction company, your workers’ health and safety is of paramount concern. Last
week, you reported an incidence rate of 7.5 accidents per 100 employees to the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). When you compared these numbers to last year, you found the number had significantly
increased, as it was 4.2. This is concerning, because you know an unsafe workplace is not only bad for employees
and bad for business, but it could result in fines from OSHA. You ask your operations managers to meet with you
about the situation. When you bring this to his attention, he doesn’t seem at all concerned about the almost
double increase in accidents over the last year. He says the increase in accidents is a result of scaffolding falling dur-
ing a building project where several workers were hurt. He says this one accident skewed the numbers. He men-
tions that the supervisor responsible for the scaffolding had been let go six months ago for other reasons, and he
assures you that there is no reason to be concerned. A few weeks after this conversation, two of your workers
spend time in the hospital because of a falling scaffolding injury. Again, you approach the operations manager and
he assures you that those employees were just new and he will implement proper procedures. You know the incid-
ent will result in another high incident percentage, even if there isn’t another accident the rest of the year. You con-
sider your options.
You look back over ten years of accident reports and find there are three areas for which your company seems
to have 90 percent of all accidents. You decide you will develop a training program to address these safety issues in
your workplace. You refer to your HRM textbook for tips on how to prepare and communicate this training to your
employees. When you present this option to your operations manager, he says that employees don’t have the time
to take from their jobs to go through this training and suggests you just let it go. You are prepared for this re-
sponse, and you give him the dollar figure of money lost owing to worker injury in your organization. This gets his
attention, especially when you compare it to the small cost of doing a two-hour training for all employees. Both of
you check your Outlook schedules to find the best day of the week to schedule the training, for minimum impact
on employees’ work.
Workplace Safety and Health Introduction
The author introduces the chapter on workplace safety and health.
1. WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH LAWS
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Be able to explain OSHA laws.
2. Understand right-to-know laws.
Workplace safety is the responsibility of everyone in the organization. HR professionals and managers,
however, play a large role in developing standards, making sure safety and health laws are followed,
and tracking workplace accidents ...
The top four causes of construction fatalities are: Falls, Struck-By, Caught-In/Between and Electrocutions. Identifying and addressing construction hazards can help keep your workers safe. Use these tips to identify potential hazards.
This week’s forum discussion is all about training and equipment. TakishaPeck109
This week’s forum discussion is all about training and equipment. In general, personal protection specialists and details exist to protect human capital. Organizations employ or contract security professionals solely for risk optimization and it is important to understand this before determining what training, skills, or equipment may be necessary to complete the mission. Without a solid understanding of the various risks and threats the client faces, it would be difficult to determine the operational needs of the detail. “Conducting security surveys with an integrated risk management approach, when done in a proactive way, can help provide more cost-effective and successful [protection] programs” (Kovacich & Halibozek, 2016). However, June lays out a few “universal” areas of necessary training in Introduction to Executive Protection which include threat assessment and risk analysis, emergency medicine, advance planning and defensive tactics, and etiquette (June, 2016). In my opinion, security details need individuals who are trained in these five core aspects of protection to be successful, regardless of the threat profile. And in-service training should reflect that. It is important to routinely train and evaluate teams and individuals to increase proficiency because training is primarily focused on “how and when to react” (p. 151).
There are also some essential skills that personal protection specialists should have to be effective. In high threat protection, we generally consider making holes and plugging holes to be the most essential, but the reality is that the greatest threat most clients face is ordinary and shared by everyone in the modern world: vehicle accidents. Driving is a critical foundational skill that all protection specialists should have. Traveling is a necessity in most industries, and it is generally understood that clients in high threat environments are at the greatest risk when moving from point A to B. And routine vehicle accidents are not the only issue. Because attacks on principle are largely functions of time and opportunity, the client is most vulnerable while underway. In general, this promotes driving at faster rates of speed to reduce time on the road, further highlighting the importance of having skilled and capable drivers on security details.
In addition to training and skill requirements, equipment is a major consideration in protective operations. The vehicle is a critical piece of equipment in protective operations (McGovern, 2011) and proper loadout is a big part of success during an incident. Typical loadouts generally include communications equipment, emergency medical supplies such as first aid kits and AEDs, and extradition equipment (APUS, 2020). Properly staging the vehicle and conducting familiarization training is equally important. For example, the Toyota LC200 has become the gold standard for protective operations worldwide and up-armored variants are used by nearly every single state, non ...
This week’s forum discussion is all about training and equipment. ariysn
The document discusses training, skills, and equipment needed for personal protection specialists. It explains that specialists need to be trained in core areas like threat assessment, emergency medicine, defensive tactics, and etiquette. Driving is also identified as a critical skill, as clients face risks while traveling. The document also recommends equipment like medical supplies and communications devices in vehicle loadouts. It stresses the importance of training with any equipment and being familiar with vehicle capabilities before transporting clients.
The document summarizes the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, one of the worst industrial disasters, which killed thousands and injured hundreds of thousands after a leak of toxic gas from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India. It discusses how interest in process safety has increased since but still not enough. It calls on universities and chemical engineering programs to do more to integrate process safety into their curricula and research to help prevent future disasters and protect public safety.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed risk management practices in the logistics and construction industries regarding human safety. The study found that worker training was the most critical factor for improving safety based on a survey of employees. Ensuring safety compliance and adequate communication about safety procedures were also important. The study recommends that companies provide regular safety training and incentives, maintain accident records, and compensate workers for injuries to improve safety culture. Overall, the research indicates a relationship between worker safety initiatives like training and better safety management practices in these high-risk industries.
Select one of the following options to complete this assignment.docxlvernon1
Select one of the following options to complete this assignment:
· health information specialist
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that summarizes certifications and continuing education that would be appropriate for a professional role in a hospital or other applicable health care setting.
· Identify a professional organization that would provide professional development opportunities for the role you selected.
· Describe professional development and other opportunities the professional organization would provide to you as a member.
· Explain the importance of being a member in a professional organization.
· Include the link to this organization.
Cite 2 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references to support your assignment.
Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Materials
· Certifications and Continuing Education in Your Professional Role Grading Criteria
Running head: EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION ACCIDENTS 1
EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION ACCIDENTS 21
An Evaluation of Accidents Caused by Human factors in Commercial Aviation.
by
Sandro Jose Chiappe
A Research Project Proposal
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
of Course, ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone Course
For the Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
July 2018
Abstract
The purpose of this project is to evaluate specific accidents in Commercial Aviation history. To evaluate various factors that have culminated in such catastrophes, primarily focusing on human error. Although, there are many unprecedented variables such as natural disasters that may result in devastating accidents, they are not as common as human factors (BASI, 1996). The student will review the details of certain accidents that have been attributed to human factors. One of the accidents for instance, will be Aeroperu, flight 603 that crashed on October 1996 (Skybrary, 1996). Although there were a variety of elements that played into this tragic event, it was primarily attributed to human error. One of the other accidents that will be investigated in the duration of this project is the Colgan crash (Collins). The Colgan crash was a result of multiple components, most notably, the failure of following sterile flight deck procedures by both pilots (Collins). Although it is still under investigation, the Cubana de Aviacion crash of May, 2018 is also suspected to be caused by human errors (Whitefield, 2018). Additionally, the student will evaluate the differences between factors and how they came into play in each of these accidents. In addition to human error, other factors may come into play that may increase the chances of devastation. Factors such as, mechanical, weather, instrumental or environmental (Shapell, 2001). The student will delve in each one of these variables and will determine how each of these factors com.
Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) and Mond IndexEvonne MunYee
Introduction on Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) & Mond Index. Explain the objectives of the index and steps to obtain the index. Mond Index is an extension of Dow F&EI.
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 1
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Demonstrate the ability to locate and interpret the OSHA standards in
Subparts G-I.
2. Define key terms common to the standards covered in this module.
3. Apply the OSHA standards in Subparts G-I to real-world situations.
Unit Lesson
The OSHA standards can be loosely divided into two categories: safety
standards and health standards. The difference is that safety standards
typically prevent injury through design specifications, and health standards
prevent illness that may develop from long-term exposure to specific hazards.
In general, compliance with safety standards is easier than health; we can
install guardrails to prevent falling or saw blade guards to prevent cuts. Health
standards are often based on research into long-term effects of exposure to a
hazard (sometimes called a “stressor” in the health world). Determining
compliance may involve measurements or air sampling and some applied
science to develop controls. Many safety professionals have become proficient
in analyzing health hazards, and some organizations enlist the help of a trained
industrial hygienist. Regardless of who does the measurements, the final
responsibility for OSHA compliance will likely fall to the safety professionals.
An industrial hygienist prepares to test a water sample for contaminants (McGinley, 2006)
Reading
Assignment
See below to access the
required reading material
for this unit.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Air purifying
respirator
2. Atmosphere-
supplying respirator
3. Audiometric testing
program
4. Baseline audiogram
5. Dry spray booth
6. Filtering facepiece
7. Fit test
8. Flashpoint
9. Hearing protector
attenuation
10. Monitoring
11. Negative pressure
respirator
12. Safety can
13. Self-contained
breathing apparatus
(SCUBA)
14. Standard threshold
shift
15. Supplied-air
respirator
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Subparts G–I: Environmental Controls, Hazardous
Materials, and Personal Protective Equipment
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 2
In Unit I, we focused on a number of safety hazards common to most
workplaces. In this unit, we add some health standards, as well as some
standards that combine both safety and health issues. The title of Subpart G,
Occupational Health and Environmental Control, should be a clear indication of
what we can expect to encounter. Note that “environmental control” has
nothing to do with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or other
environmental organizations. Instead, it refers to the workplace environment
and includes sections on ventilation, occupational noise control, and non-
ionizing radiation.
The first section of the ventilation standard provides specifications and
requirements for exhaust hoods and systems ...
The effect methods of control common hazards (assignment 2)zaidi_bad
This document discusses common hazards in the construction industry and effective methods to control them. It identifies several physical hazards like falls, machinery, excavation work, and health hazards like chemicals, physical factors, and biological agents. Poor working conditions from these hazards can negatively impact worker health, safety, and productivity. They also increase costs for workers through injuries and employers through lost work and compensation. The document recommends implementing occupational safety and health programs and regulations to identify hazards, reduce risks, prevent accidents, and promote worker well-being. This can improve safety, morale and save lives and money for all parties.
This document provides an introduction to chemical process safety. It begins by stating that modern chemical plants use complex technology and have the potential for catastrophic accidents, so engineers need sound technical and application knowledge of process safety as well as experience to effectively apply safety technologies. It then discusses how the definition of "safety" has expanded from just worker safety through rules and PPE to also include proactive prevention of accidents through hazard identification and risk assessment. Several terms relevant to process safety are defined. Statistics used to measure safety like OSHA incidence rates and fatal accident rates are also introduced. The concept of risk acceptance and minimizing risk to as low as reasonably practicable is covered. Causes of accidents and accident sequences are discussed.
This document provides an introduction to chemical process safety. It begins by stating that modern chemical plants use complex technology and have the potential for catastrophic accidents, so engineers need sound technical and application knowledge of process safety as well as experience to effectively apply safety technologies. It then discusses how the definition of "safety" has expanded from just worker safety through rules and PPE to also include proactive prevention of accidents through hazard identification and risk assessment. Several terms relevant to process safety are defined. Statistics used to measure safety like OSHA incidence rates and fatal accident rates are also introduced. The concept of risk acceptance and minimizing risk to as low as reasonably practicable is covered. Causes of accidents and accident sequences are discussed.
This document summarizes an article from the journal Professional Safety about bringing safety expectations to a common denominator among project stakeholders. It discusses how recent reductions in occupational injury rates have primarily affected minor incidents, while serious injury and fatality rates decline more slowly. One reason for this is that operational leadership often treats all safety risks equally, regardless of their potential severity. The article explores risk assessment techniques for zero-harm programs and how to better align safety expectations to focus on preventing serious incidents. It also outlines the different safety expectations of clients, contractors, employers and regulators, and debates the pros and cons of the zero-harm philosophy.
What is supply chain risk? What are typical supply chain risks? This is the 2011 version of my annual lecture on Supply Chain Risk for the MSc in Supply Chain Management and Industrial Logistics at Molde University College, Norway
We all know there is no such thing as zero risk. People are exposed to risks at every corner of their lives.
Even the simplest activities we do on a daily basis involve taking risk, for example going out, crossing
the street, driving a car, riding a bike, etc. All these may be considered minimal risks, so we must agree
in this: risk is an inevitable part of our lives.
OSHA has mandated under OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 (C) that by December 1, 2013 employees who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals must undergo training prior to initial assignments and whenever hazards change.
Learn how to prevent or minimize employee exposure to hazardous materials and how to identify which workplace chemicals constitute health hazards. This discussion will include the new labeling requirements, pictograms, and how to comply with OSHA’s training mandate.
For quick access to the Workplace Answers website and/or the webinar, just click on one of the hyperlinks in the slideshow.
IRJET- Labour Safety in Construction Industry: A Literature ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a literature review on labor safety in the construction industry. It discusses how construction is one of the most hazardous industries globally, but continues to see numerous accidents despite existing safety laws in India. The review examines causes of accidents like falls, electrocutions, and being struck by objects. It also looks at techniques that can improve safety, such as hazard analysis, safety training, designating a safety officer, and ensuring proper safety organization and record keeping on worksites. Several studies discussed found management commitment and effective hazard identification are important for reducing accidents and improving safety performance in the construction industry.
FINAL - A Hazard analysis and vulnerability assessment for the Philadelphia C...Vincent P. Mulray
This document analyzes hazards related to a terrorist attack or disaster in the Center City Rail Tunnel in Philadelphia. It summarizes the experience of other rail incidents, assesses the risk to Center City Philadelphia, and identifies characteristics that could help or hinder emergency response. The author conducted interviews and a literature review to recommend that the Philadelphia Fire Department update operational procedures for rail emergencies. Recommendations include enhancing training on rail characteristics and bombings, and including senior fire officials in emergency notification systems. The goal is to improve emergency response and reduce casualties from a potential rail incident in Center City Philadelphia.
OSHA has announced the top 10 violations causing injuries in the workplace in 2017. Find out what they are and how you can keep your employees from encountering these dangers.
The chemical industry is a capital-intensive industry and is a very important contributor to the
wealth of any country. However, some aspects of the industry can be productive or harmful depending on their
effect on the environment. The hazards due to potential accidents such as fire and explosion have increased.
This paper provides a brief introduction into the priority of safety in the chemical industry.
The chemical industry is a capital-intensive industry and is a very important contributor to the
wealth of any country. However, some aspects of the industry can be productive or harmful depending on their
effect on the environment. The hazards due to potential accidents such as fire and explosion have increased.
This paper provides a brief introduction into the priority of safety in the chemical industry.
The chemical industry is a capital-intensive industry and is a very important contributor to the wealth of any country. However, some aspects of the industry can be productive or harmful depending on their effect on the environment. The hazards due to potential accidents such as fire and explosion have increased. This paper provides a brief introduction into the priority of safety in the chemical industry.
Industrial Adhesives: Products and Applications – A Global Market OverviewIndustry Experts
Industrial Adhesives application areas explored in this report encompass Pressure Sensitive Products, Packaging, Construction, Woodworking, Transportation and Other Applications. The report also analyzes the product segments including Acrylics, Water-Based PVAc & VAE, Polyurethane, EVA & Polyethylene Hot-Melts, SBC Hot-Melts, Epoxy, Polychloroprene and Others. The major product segments further classified in to sub-types as Acrylics – Emulsion-Based Acrylics, Solvent-Based Acrylics and Other Acrylics; and Polyurethane - Solvent-Based, 100% Reactive, Hot-Melt and Water-Based.
Characteristic data analysis of occupational accident in heavy engineering in...eSAT Publishing House
The document analyzes occupational accident data from a heavy engineering industry from 2012-2013. It categorizes accidents by shift, age, employment type, injury location, nature of injury, and accident type. Statistical analysis finds the accident rate was highest in the first shift, among workers aged 20-29, and for contractor employees. Most injuries occurred to fingers and were cuts. Unsafe acts like operating without permission contributed to accidents. The goal is to understand accident causes to implement preventative measures and reduce future incidents.
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing boa.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing board (county commission, city council, etc.) to outline the prevention and preparedness programs that should be implemented in your community.
Create a PowerPoint presentation consisting of 8−10 slides (excluding the title slide, table of contents slide, and references slide) that covers the following:
Evaluation of the threats specific to your community (man-made and natural)
Threat mitigation techniques that should be incorporated
Important partnerships that should be maintained with both public and private entities
Cost effectiveness of mitigation versus the expense of response to an incident
Business continuity considerations for returning government services to normal operations
.
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersec.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersecurity best practices for EnergyA. In this course, you examined 10 design and security principles (Deception, Separation, Diversity, Commanlity, Depth, Discretion, Collection, Correlation, Awareness, Response) in the context of national and critical infrastructure protection
.
More Related Content
Similar to Construction Safety – Week V Assessment Course Text Const.docx
The document summarizes the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, one of the worst industrial disasters, which killed thousands and injured hundreds of thousands after a leak of toxic gas from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India. It discusses how interest in process safety has increased since but still not enough. It calls on universities and chemical engineering programs to do more to integrate process safety into their curricula and research to help prevent future disasters and protect public safety.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed risk management practices in the logistics and construction industries regarding human safety. The study found that worker training was the most critical factor for improving safety based on a survey of employees. Ensuring safety compliance and adequate communication about safety procedures were also important. The study recommends that companies provide regular safety training and incentives, maintain accident records, and compensate workers for injuries to improve safety culture. Overall, the research indicates a relationship between worker safety initiatives like training and better safety management practices in these high-risk industries.
Select one of the following options to complete this assignment.docxlvernon1
Select one of the following options to complete this assignment:
· health information specialist
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that summarizes certifications and continuing education that would be appropriate for a professional role in a hospital or other applicable health care setting.
· Identify a professional organization that would provide professional development opportunities for the role you selected.
· Describe professional development and other opportunities the professional organization would provide to you as a member.
· Explain the importance of being a member in a professional organization.
· Include the link to this organization.
Cite 2 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references to support your assignment.
Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Materials
· Certifications and Continuing Education in Your Professional Role Grading Criteria
Running head: EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION ACCIDENTS 1
EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION ACCIDENTS 21
An Evaluation of Accidents Caused by Human factors in Commercial Aviation.
by
Sandro Jose Chiappe
A Research Project Proposal
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
of Course, ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone Course
For the Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
July 2018
Abstract
The purpose of this project is to evaluate specific accidents in Commercial Aviation history. To evaluate various factors that have culminated in such catastrophes, primarily focusing on human error. Although, there are many unprecedented variables such as natural disasters that may result in devastating accidents, they are not as common as human factors (BASI, 1996). The student will review the details of certain accidents that have been attributed to human factors. One of the accidents for instance, will be Aeroperu, flight 603 that crashed on October 1996 (Skybrary, 1996). Although there were a variety of elements that played into this tragic event, it was primarily attributed to human error. One of the other accidents that will be investigated in the duration of this project is the Colgan crash (Collins). The Colgan crash was a result of multiple components, most notably, the failure of following sterile flight deck procedures by both pilots (Collins). Although it is still under investigation, the Cubana de Aviacion crash of May, 2018 is also suspected to be caused by human errors (Whitefield, 2018). Additionally, the student will evaluate the differences between factors and how they came into play in each of these accidents. In addition to human error, other factors may come into play that may increase the chances of devastation. Factors such as, mechanical, weather, instrumental or environmental (Shapell, 2001). The student will delve in each one of these variables and will determine how each of these factors com.
Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) and Mond IndexEvonne MunYee
Introduction on Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) & Mond Index. Explain the objectives of the index and steps to obtain the index. Mond Index is an extension of Dow F&EI.
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 1
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Demonstrate the ability to locate and interpret the OSHA standards in
Subparts G-I.
2. Define key terms common to the standards covered in this module.
3. Apply the OSHA standards in Subparts G-I to real-world situations.
Unit Lesson
The OSHA standards can be loosely divided into two categories: safety
standards and health standards. The difference is that safety standards
typically prevent injury through design specifications, and health standards
prevent illness that may develop from long-term exposure to specific hazards.
In general, compliance with safety standards is easier than health; we can
install guardrails to prevent falling or saw blade guards to prevent cuts. Health
standards are often based on research into long-term effects of exposure to a
hazard (sometimes called a “stressor” in the health world). Determining
compliance may involve measurements or air sampling and some applied
science to develop controls. Many safety professionals have become proficient
in analyzing health hazards, and some organizations enlist the help of a trained
industrial hygienist. Regardless of who does the measurements, the final
responsibility for OSHA compliance will likely fall to the safety professionals.
An industrial hygienist prepares to test a water sample for contaminants (McGinley, 2006)
Reading
Assignment
See below to access the
required reading material
for this unit.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Air purifying
respirator
2. Atmosphere-
supplying respirator
3. Audiometric testing
program
4. Baseline audiogram
5. Dry spray booth
6. Filtering facepiece
7. Fit test
8. Flashpoint
9. Hearing protector
attenuation
10. Monitoring
11. Negative pressure
respirator
12. Safety can
13. Self-contained
breathing apparatus
(SCUBA)
14. Standard threshold
shift
15. Supplied-air
respirator
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Subparts G–I: Environmental Controls, Hazardous
Materials, and Personal Protective Equipment
BOS 4025, OSHA Standards 2
In Unit I, we focused on a number of safety hazards common to most
workplaces. In this unit, we add some health standards, as well as some
standards that combine both safety and health issues. The title of Subpart G,
Occupational Health and Environmental Control, should be a clear indication of
what we can expect to encounter. Note that “environmental control” has
nothing to do with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or other
environmental organizations. Instead, it refers to the workplace environment
and includes sections on ventilation, occupational noise control, and non-
ionizing radiation.
The first section of the ventilation standard provides specifications and
requirements for exhaust hoods and systems ...
The effect methods of control common hazards (assignment 2)zaidi_bad
This document discusses common hazards in the construction industry and effective methods to control them. It identifies several physical hazards like falls, machinery, excavation work, and health hazards like chemicals, physical factors, and biological agents. Poor working conditions from these hazards can negatively impact worker health, safety, and productivity. They also increase costs for workers through injuries and employers through lost work and compensation. The document recommends implementing occupational safety and health programs and regulations to identify hazards, reduce risks, prevent accidents, and promote worker well-being. This can improve safety, morale and save lives and money for all parties.
This document provides an introduction to chemical process safety. It begins by stating that modern chemical plants use complex technology and have the potential for catastrophic accidents, so engineers need sound technical and application knowledge of process safety as well as experience to effectively apply safety technologies. It then discusses how the definition of "safety" has expanded from just worker safety through rules and PPE to also include proactive prevention of accidents through hazard identification and risk assessment. Several terms relevant to process safety are defined. Statistics used to measure safety like OSHA incidence rates and fatal accident rates are also introduced. The concept of risk acceptance and minimizing risk to as low as reasonably practicable is covered. Causes of accidents and accident sequences are discussed.
This document provides an introduction to chemical process safety. It begins by stating that modern chemical plants use complex technology and have the potential for catastrophic accidents, so engineers need sound technical and application knowledge of process safety as well as experience to effectively apply safety technologies. It then discusses how the definition of "safety" has expanded from just worker safety through rules and PPE to also include proactive prevention of accidents through hazard identification and risk assessment. Several terms relevant to process safety are defined. Statistics used to measure safety like OSHA incidence rates and fatal accident rates are also introduced. The concept of risk acceptance and minimizing risk to as low as reasonably practicable is covered. Causes of accidents and accident sequences are discussed.
This document summarizes an article from the journal Professional Safety about bringing safety expectations to a common denominator among project stakeholders. It discusses how recent reductions in occupational injury rates have primarily affected minor incidents, while serious injury and fatality rates decline more slowly. One reason for this is that operational leadership often treats all safety risks equally, regardless of their potential severity. The article explores risk assessment techniques for zero-harm programs and how to better align safety expectations to focus on preventing serious incidents. It also outlines the different safety expectations of clients, contractors, employers and regulators, and debates the pros and cons of the zero-harm philosophy.
What is supply chain risk? What are typical supply chain risks? This is the 2011 version of my annual lecture on Supply Chain Risk for the MSc in Supply Chain Management and Industrial Logistics at Molde University College, Norway
We all know there is no such thing as zero risk. People are exposed to risks at every corner of their lives.
Even the simplest activities we do on a daily basis involve taking risk, for example going out, crossing
the street, driving a car, riding a bike, etc. All these may be considered minimal risks, so we must agree
in this: risk is an inevitable part of our lives.
OSHA has mandated under OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 (C) that by December 1, 2013 employees who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals must undergo training prior to initial assignments and whenever hazards change.
Learn how to prevent or minimize employee exposure to hazardous materials and how to identify which workplace chemicals constitute health hazards. This discussion will include the new labeling requirements, pictograms, and how to comply with OSHA’s training mandate.
For quick access to the Workplace Answers website and/or the webinar, just click on one of the hyperlinks in the slideshow.
IRJET- Labour Safety in Construction Industry: A Literature ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a literature review on labor safety in the construction industry. It discusses how construction is one of the most hazardous industries globally, but continues to see numerous accidents despite existing safety laws in India. The review examines causes of accidents like falls, electrocutions, and being struck by objects. It also looks at techniques that can improve safety, such as hazard analysis, safety training, designating a safety officer, and ensuring proper safety organization and record keeping on worksites. Several studies discussed found management commitment and effective hazard identification are important for reducing accidents and improving safety performance in the construction industry.
FINAL - A Hazard analysis and vulnerability assessment for the Philadelphia C...Vincent P. Mulray
This document analyzes hazards related to a terrorist attack or disaster in the Center City Rail Tunnel in Philadelphia. It summarizes the experience of other rail incidents, assesses the risk to Center City Philadelphia, and identifies characteristics that could help or hinder emergency response. The author conducted interviews and a literature review to recommend that the Philadelphia Fire Department update operational procedures for rail emergencies. Recommendations include enhancing training on rail characteristics and bombings, and including senior fire officials in emergency notification systems. The goal is to improve emergency response and reduce casualties from a potential rail incident in Center City Philadelphia.
OSHA has announced the top 10 violations causing injuries in the workplace in 2017. Find out what they are and how you can keep your employees from encountering these dangers.
The chemical industry is a capital-intensive industry and is a very important contributor to the
wealth of any country. However, some aspects of the industry can be productive or harmful depending on their
effect on the environment. The hazards due to potential accidents such as fire and explosion have increased.
This paper provides a brief introduction into the priority of safety in the chemical industry.
The chemical industry is a capital-intensive industry and is a very important contributor to the
wealth of any country. However, some aspects of the industry can be productive or harmful depending on their
effect on the environment. The hazards due to potential accidents such as fire and explosion have increased.
This paper provides a brief introduction into the priority of safety in the chemical industry.
The chemical industry is a capital-intensive industry and is a very important contributor to the wealth of any country. However, some aspects of the industry can be productive or harmful depending on their effect on the environment. The hazards due to potential accidents such as fire and explosion have increased. This paper provides a brief introduction into the priority of safety in the chemical industry.
Industrial Adhesives: Products and Applications – A Global Market OverviewIndustry Experts
Industrial Adhesives application areas explored in this report encompass Pressure Sensitive Products, Packaging, Construction, Woodworking, Transportation and Other Applications. The report also analyzes the product segments including Acrylics, Water-Based PVAc & VAE, Polyurethane, EVA & Polyethylene Hot-Melts, SBC Hot-Melts, Epoxy, Polychloroprene and Others. The major product segments further classified in to sub-types as Acrylics – Emulsion-Based Acrylics, Solvent-Based Acrylics and Other Acrylics; and Polyurethane - Solvent-Based, 100% Reactive, Hot-Melt and Water-Based.
Characteristic data analysis of occupational accident in heavy engineering in...eSAT Publishing House
The document analyzes occupational accident data from a heavy engineering industry from 2012-2013. It categorizes accidents by shift, age, employment type, injury location, nature of injury, and accident type. Statistical analysis finds the accident rate was highest in the first shift, among workers aged 20-29, and for contractor employees. Most injuries occurred to fingers and were cuts. Unsafe acts like operating without permission contributed to accidents. The goal is to understand accident causes to implement preventative measures and reduce future incidents.
Similar to Construction Safety – Week V Assessment Course Text Const.docx (20)
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing boa.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing board (county commission, city council, etc.) to outline the prevention and preparedness programs that should be implemented in your community.
Create a PowerPoint presentation consisting of 8−10 slides (excluding the title slide, table of contents slide, and references slide) that covers the following:
Evaluation of the threats specific to your community (man-made and natural)
Threat mitigation techniques that should be incorporated
Important partnerships that should be maintained with both public and private entities
Cost effectiveness of mitigation versus the expense of response to an incident
Business continuity considerations for returning government services to normal operations
.
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersec.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersecurity best practices for EnergyA. In this course, you examined 10 design and security principles (Deception, Separation, Diversity, Commanlity, Depth, Discretion, Collection, Correlation, Awareness, Response) in the context of national and critical infrastructure protection
.
You have been commissioned to create a manual covering the installat.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been commissioned to create a manual covering the installation planning issues relating to the following network servers:
A domain controller
A DNS server
A Terminal Access Gateway
A Web server
A database server
A file and print server
In covering the installation planning issues, you should provide hardware advice in terms of a) system capabilities (internal and input/output); b) which systems should be replicated to ensure high availability [assume 99.999% uptime]; and c) which systems can be co-located on one or more virtualized servers
.
You have been challenged by a mentor you respect and admire to demon.docxmaxinesmith73660
A mentor has challenged you to demonstrate your commitment to early childhood by choosing an issue affecting children's development, examining it in your state, and identifying advocacy strategies to champion the cause.
You have been chosen as the consultant group to assess the organizat.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been chosen as the consultant group to assess the organization’s readiness to perform in a high value care environment
(better care, lower cost)
. Using the tools in
CEO Checklist
(ATTACHED)
how would you brief management in your assessment of the organization under those principles?
Interview key stakeholders in the organization to gain information and categorize in the subsection provided in the checklist (ATTACHED).
Two Pages (one for each element)
Please focus on these two elements as these are my sections to complete!
1) Governance priority—visible and determined leadership by CEO and Board (one page)
2) Culture of continuous improvement—commitment to ongoing, real-time learning (one page)
Thanks!
.
You have been assigned a reading by WMF Petrie; Diospolis Parva (.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been assigned a reading by WMF Petrie; Diospolis Parva (posted as a pdf folder).
You needn’t read the whole volume; I would like you to concentrate on pp.(4-12) which outlines Petrie’s method.
Further information about Petrie’s method can be found in Bard in box 5-A, pp. 100-102.
For this discussion, answer the following questions;
1. Why does Petrie invent sequence dating? What kinds of artifacts does Petrie use to construct his relative sequence?
2. Why is the following statement important for “anchoring” Petrie’s method in time?
“The most clear series of derived forms is that of the wavy handled vases (Class W)…side by side with this (Class) W pottery… we have seen to be later than the rest, as it links to the historic age… lettered L,” (Petrie 1901:5).
3. Why do you think Petrie’s method reflects the passage of time?
Your answer should be 3-4 paragraphs.
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world’s books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the filesWe designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain from automated queryingDo not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionThe Google “watermark” you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legalWhatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do n.
You have been asked to speak to city, municipal, and state elected a.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to speak to city, municipal, and state elected and appointed officials who investigate disaster management at the next governmental meeting. Your main task is to recommend policy actors who could be involved in disaster management planning after a catastrophic event. These individuals will be involved during the entire process.
Develop a PowerPoint presentation to guide your presentation. Be sure to address the following:
Identify key local, state, and federal partners as policy actors.
Provide rationale for the selection of each policy actor.
Determine how these specific people will aid the community amid the devastation.
As you develop your PowerPoint, you may wish to interview someone in your community that is involved in disaster planning. Interviews can be conducted in-person, via telephone, or by email. However, this is not required. Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as speaker notes for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists.
Support your presentation with at least five scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources may be included.
Length: 12 slides (with a separate reference slide)
Notes Length: 200 words for each slide
Be sure to include citations for quotations and paraphrases with references in APA format and style.
.
You have been asked to provide a presentation, covering the history .docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to provide a presentation, covering the history of the juvenile court system in the United States. In your history, be sure to address the following issues:
10-12 slides
When was the first juvenile court established?
What was the child-saver movement during the 1800s? How did this social movement lead to the creation establishment of the juvenile justice
system?
What is
parens patriae
, and how has this concept influenced juvenile courts in the United States?
Identify and describe 2 significant changes in the legal rights of juvenile offenders since the establishment of the juvenile justice
system.
3-4 paragraphs
Peter is a 14-year-old boy living in New York in the year 1870. Peter has stolen a horse and has been arrested by local law enforcement.
Discuss what life may have been like for Peter as a young person in the United States at this time.
How were young people treated in everyday life?
How were their criminal actions handled?
How would Peter's punishment be different as compared to an adult who was arrested for the same crime?
.
You have been asked to organize a community health fair at a loc.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to organize a community health fair at a local public school. The health fair will provide information and education on the following topics related to health promotion:
*Immunizations
*Importance of healthy diet and exercise
*Avoidance of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol
*Responsible sexual behaviors (use of condoms, risk of sexually transmitted infections including HIV, and concerns related to unintended pregnancies)
*Injury and violence prevention (motor vehicle crashes, firearms, poisonings, suffocation, falls, fires, and drowning)
The volunteers who will be manning the stations are from the health care community (i.e., doctors, nurses, dietitians, and social workers). You want to ensure that the team members take into consideration the familial health traditions, personal beliefs, and the values of the people who will be attending the health fair. In a three- to four-page paper (excluding title and reference pages), address the following points:
-Identify potential areas where health care providers’ culture may influence the treatment approach/recommendations, which may be in conflict with the health belief of a community member’s culture and practices.
-Describe the differences.
-Describe the role, if any, social control will play in the development of the educational materials presented by differentiating health and wellness rituals among people of different cultures.
-Recommend potential strategies that the health care team can use when faced with a cultural practice that conflicts with the medical model.
-Recommend strategies to increase community participation and enhance the relationships/partnerships between the medical community and members of the culturally diverse community.
The Critical Thinking Paper
^Must be three to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style.
^Must use at least two scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
^Must document all sources in APA style.
^Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style.
.
You have been asked to explain the differences between certain categ.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to explain the differences between certain categories of crimes. For each of the following categories of crime, provide a general definition of the category of crime and give at least 2 detailed examples of specific crimes that fall into each category:
Violent crimes
Crimes against persons
Crimes against property
Crimes of public morality
White-collar crime
Cyber crime
Then, for the following scenarios, discuss the categories of crimes involved in each scenario, and explain the specific criminal charges that you would apply to each scenario. You can utilize the Library, Internet, and other resources to research the criminal statutes of a state of your choice to help you determine which criminal charges should be applied:
David S. was running around a public park at 3 AM without his clothes on, singing and shouting loudly. Police arrived after neighbors called to complain. They saw David S. tipping over a garbage can and when they shouted for him to stop, he threw the garbage can into a car, breaking one of its side windows. The police arrested David S. His blood alcohol level was twice the legal limit.
Gary M. was arrested by the FBI when he showed up at a local mall to meet a 14-year-old girl for a date, which he arranged over the Internet. He didn't know that the “14-year-old girl" was actually a 35-year-old male FBI agent.
Elaine R. was an accountant working for a large corporation. She had been falsifying the accounting records and sending some of the corporate funds to her own bank accounts in an offshore bank. The corporation found out what she had been doing and reported her to the police.
Your complete answer to this assignment should be 1–3 pages.
.
You have been asked to evaluate a 3-year-old child in your clinic. .docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to evaluate a 3-year-old child in your clinic. Riley’s mother is concerned that “her speech has sounded “bumpy” over the last two weeks. She also reports that Riley has a cousin who stutters. During the evaluation, Riley demonstrated occasional whole word repetitions and hesitations in her speech. She did not appear to notice these disfluencies.
.
You have been asked to develop UML diagrams to graphically depict .docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to develop UML diagrams to graphically depict and describe the architecture of two (2) unrelated software systems. The first system is for an automated ticket-issuing system used by passengers at a railway station. The second system is for a computer-controlled video conferencing system, located in a corporate office and accessible to senior management that allows video, audio, and computer data to be visible to several participants at the same time.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
Create two (2) UML diagrams, one (1) showing a conceptual view and one (1) showing a process view of the architectures for each of the two (2) following systems (for a total of four [4] diagrams) through the use of Microsoft Visio or its open source alternative, Dia.
Note:
The graphically depicted solution is not included in the required page length.
An automated ticket-issuing system used by passengers at a railway station.
A computer-controlled, video-conferencing system that allows video, audio, and computer data to be visible to several participants at the same time.
Describe how you created the conceptual and process view for all four (4) diagrams. In the description, be sure to provide a justification for each key decision in the design.
Explain how you arrived at your final solution for the four (4) conceptual and process view diagrams that you have created.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
Include charts or diagrams created in Visio or an equivalent such as Dia. The completed diagrams / charts must be imported into the Word document before the paper is submitted.
.
You have been asked to develop UML diagrams to graphically depict an.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to create UML diagrams depicting the conceptual and process views of two unrelated software systems: 1) an automated ticket-issuing system for a railway station, and 2) a computer-controlled video conferencing system for a corporate office. You must create two diagrams for each system (one conceptual view diagram and one process view diagram), for a total of four diagrams. You then need to write a 3-5 page paper describing how you created the diagrams and justifying the key design decisions.
You have been asked to develop a quality improvement (QI) process fo.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to develop a quality improvement (QI) process for your medical facility employer. You have previously established the skill sets required for QI team members. The chief information officer has asked you what areas you will be analyzing and how you will determine if your project was successful or not. Complete the following:
Write a paper that details the method that you will use to quantitatively and qualitatively measure your QI process for various QI areas in your health care facility.
.
You have been asked to design and deliver a Microsoft PowerPoint pre.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to design and deliver a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation to your team regarding the upgrade and the integration of the WATCH network into SHG's Active Directory forest. Since your team is geographically dispersed, you must create the slides and record the presentation so that when you distribute it to your team, they can watch and listen to the recording to understand the upgrade and integration.
You will need to do the following:
Explain how to integrate the existing WATCH networking standards, protocols, and access methods.
Select which is the most appropriate protocols and access standard to use without any loss of existing functionality to the billing department, the intranet, or the existing Internet site.
These functionalities will be migrated later, but for now your team needs only the migration plans for the administrative and bookkeeping functions.
.
You have been asked to be the project manager for the development of.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to be the project manager for the development of an information technology (IT) project. The system to be developed will allow a large company to coordinate and maintain records of the professional development of its employees. The company has over 30,000 employees who are located in four sites: Florida, Colorado, Illinois, and Texas. The system needs to allow employees to locate and schedule professional development activities that are relevant to their positions. Sophisticated search capabilities are required, and the ability to add scheduled events to the employees’ calendars is desired. The system needs to support social networking to allow employees to determine who is attending conferences and events. This will promote fostering relationships and ensure coverage of conferences that are considered of high importance.
Once an activity has been completed, employees will use the system to submit the documentation. The system should support notifications to management personnel whenever their direct reports have submitted documentation. The system should also notify employees if their deadline to complete professional-development requirements is approaching and is not yet satisfied.
There are several types of architectural views. For the given scenario, develop 2 architectural views.
There must be enough detail for the design to be handed off to an implementation team.
.
You have been asked to conduct research on a past forensic case to a.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to conduct research on a past forensic case to analyze how digital data was used to solve the case. Choose one of the following digital forensic cases:
S. v. Doe (1983), Doe U.S. (1988), People Sanchez (1994), Michelle Theer (2000), Scott Tyree (2002), Dennis Rader (2005), Corey Beantee Melton (2005), James Kent (2007), Brad Cooper (2008)
Using the Stayer Library or the Internet, search for the case notes and reports for the case and answer the following:
Summarize the case, the pertinent actors, evidence, and facts.
Outline the specific digital evidence that was used in the case.
Describe how the investigators found and documented the evidence, if any.
Describe the procedures and tool(s) used for acquiring potential evidence.
Describe the obstacles faced in the investigation.
Outline the most significant improvement to digital forensic investigations/tools that assisted with efficiency and reliability.
Provide the links to two modern tools that could have assisted with the collection of evidence.
Use at least five (5) quality resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date.
.
You have been asked for the summary to include the following compone.docxmaxinesmith73660
Telehealth is defined as the use of telecommunications technologies to provide clinical health care at a distance. It allows nurses to assess, diagnose, and treat patients using telecommunications technology. Telehealth has expanded access to care for rural communities by enabling virtual visits and remote patient monitoring. The evidence shows that telehealth improves health outcomes for patients in remote areas by overcoming barriers to accessing specialists. A recommended strategy is for healthcare organizations to implement telehealth programs that use remote patient monitoring for chronic disease management in rural communities, as studies have found it reduces hospitalizations and healthcare costs while improving patient outcomes and satisfaction.
You have been asked to be the project manager for the developmen.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to be the project manager for the development of an information technology (IT) project. The system to be developed will allow a large company to coordinate and maintain its records of the professional development of its employees. The company has over 30,000 employees, who are located in four sites: Florida, Colorado, Illinois, and Texas. The system must allow employees to locate and schedule professional-development activities that are relevant to their positions. Sophisticated search capabilities are required, and the ability to add scheduled events to the employees' calendars is desired. The system needs to support social networking, which will allow employees to determine who is attending various conferences and events. This will promote the fostering of relationships and ensure that the company has representation at important conferences.
Once an activity has been completed, employees will use the system to submit the documentation. The system should support notifications, which will allow managers to receive notice whenever their direct reports have submitted documentation. The system should also notify employees if their deadline to complete a professional-development requirement is approaching and it has not yet been completed. Because the expenditure has been approved for the project, it is now time to justify the start-up of the project with a business case.
Using the above scenario, develop a business case and project charter (2–3 pages each). Include the following:
Section 1: Business Case (Unit 1)
Description of the problem or opportunity being presented to the business
Costs and benefits of each alternative solution
Recommended solution needed for approval
List of alternative solutions, feasibility of each in a table, and the selected solution
Section 2: Project Charter and WBS (Unit 1)
Identify project vision
Define scope of project
List project deliverables
List roles and responsibilities
List risks, issues, and assumptions
.
You have been asked by management, as a senior member of your co.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked by management, as a senior member of your corporate IT team, to provide insight into the meaning of IoT wireless services and foundational concepts. You want to discuss the foundational IoT wireless concepts and influence IoT will have on the organization’s wireless and mobile connectivity and services. Provide a response to the following:
Discuss the real meaning of Internet of Things and its impact everything that has the ability to communicate.
What types of “Things” communicate within the IoT concept?
How do these types of “Things” communicate?
How do “mobile technologies” relate to IoT?
Provide definitions for the following concepts within the IoT sphere:
RFID, Sensors, Smart technology and Nano technology
.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Construction Safety – Week V Assessment Course Text Const.docx
1. Construction Safety – Week V Assessment
Course Text: Construction Safety and the OSHA Standards by
David L. Goestch (2010)
Please use APA formatting with all responses to include in-text
citations and
reference for each response. Responses must be 100% original,
and non-plagiarized.
1. State the major components of a safety and health plan,
describe each component, and
discuss how you would structure each component of the plan on
a construction site that
you are in control. Use the Safety and Health Program
Evaluation Checklist as a guide to
aid in structuring your plan.
Your essay should be at least 500 words in length and include
an introduction, a
body, and a conclusion. All sources used, including the
textbook, must be referenced;
paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying
citations.
2. 2. Outline and describe the roles and responsibilities of
management, supervisors, and
employees in construction safety. How is accountability critical
for each of the three
levels? As a safety professional, how would you mitigate
accident prevention for
employees?
Your essay should be at least 500 words in length and include
an introduction, a
body, and a conclusion. All sources used, including the
textbook, must be referenced;
paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying
citations.
Hazardous Materials Management – Week V Assessment
Course Textbook: Hazardous Material Management and
Hazardous Communication
From: The Safety Professionals Handbook, 2nd Edition
Please use APA formatting with all responses to include in-text
citations and
reference for each response. Responses must be 100% original,
3. and non-plagiarized.
1. In OSHA’s HazCom Standard, what are “signal words,” and
how are they used? Provide
examples in your response.
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources
used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material
must have accompanying
citations
2. Identify the four types of precautionary statements used for
HazCom labels, and provide
sample wording for each.
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources
used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material
must have accompanying
citations.
3. Describe an example of a workplace situation in which a
container of hazardous material
is not required to be labeled.
4. Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources
used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material
must have accompanying
citations.
4. OSHA’s HazCom Standard requires one of eight specific
pictograms be included on
container labels. For four of the pictograms, provide an example
of a chemical that would
require its use.
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources
used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material
must have accompanying
citations.
5. What are the generally accepted signal words for safety
warning signs that are not related
to hazardous chemicals—for example, labels and signs for
hazardous machinery? How
are they used?
Your response must be at least 150 words in length. All sources
5. used, including the
textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material
must have accompanying
citations.
ureau of
xamined for
skylights.
-through
DAFW.
pectively,
at direct
rent work
alyses have
can use a
work crews
Falls through Roof and Floor Openings and Surfaces,
Including Skylights: 1992–2000
Thomas G. Bobick, P.E.1
Abstract: Fall-related occupational injuries and fatalities are
still serious problems in the U.S. construction industry. Two B
Labor Statistics databases—Census of Fatal Occupational
Injuries and Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses—
were e
1992–2000. An important subset of falls-to-lower-level
incidents is when workers fall through openings or surfaces,
including
A total of 605 fall-through fatalities occurred during 1992–
6. 2000. Also, 21,985 workers were injured seriously enough from
fall
incidents to miss a day away from work(DAFW). Fall-through
injuries are among the most severe cases for median number of
Median DAFW were 35, 11, 25, 12, and 36 for fall-through roof
and floor openings, roof and floor surfaces, and skylights, res
compared to 10 DAFW for all fall-to-lower-level incidents in all
U.S. private industry. A conservative approach, which assumes
th
and indirect costs are equal, estimates a range of $55,000–
$76,000 for the total cost of a 1998 DAFW fall-through injury.
Cur
practices should use commercial fall-prevention products to
reduce the frequency and costs of fall-through incidents. These
an
identified a subset of fall-related incidents that contribute to
excessive costs to the U.S. construction industry. Researchers
systems approach on these incidents to identify contributing
risk factors. Employers and practitioners can alert managers and
about these dangerous locations to eliminate these hazards that
are often obvious and easy to rectify.
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:6(895)
CE Database subject headings: Construction site accidents;
Fatalities; Injuries; Cost estimates; Occupational safety.
nctly
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Introduction
The British Health and Safety Executive states quite succi
that “roof work is dangerous”(HSE 1998). Early research con
ducted by Parsons and Pizatella(1984) with the Division of
Safety Research(DSR) of the U.S. National Institute for Occup
tional Safety and Health(NIOSH) described the construction i
dustry as a “work environment subject to continuous chan
That is still currently true. Parsons et al.(1986) and Personic
(1990) indicated that the construction industry, and roofers
10. death for workers in all U.S. industries[behind transportatio
incidents(41.6%), assaults and violent acts(18.7%), and contac
with equipment and objects(16.0%)] [Bureau of Labor Statistic
(BLS) 2001b, pp. 37–38]. An analysis conducted by NIOSH/DS
(Braddee et al. 2000) of occupational fatalities that occurred
the U.S. during the years 1980 to 1994 reported similar find
Kisner and Fosbroke(1994) indicated that the leading cause
death to U.S. construction workers during 1980–1989 was fa
(25.4%). A study by Kines (2001) indicated that “fall from
heights” contributed to 23% of all construction-related fatal
in Denmark during 1993–1999.
Fatal falls occur every year in each of the nine major Divis
of private industry, as defined in the Standard Industrial Cla
cation (SIC) Manual (Office of Management and Budget 198).
During the period 1992–2000, more than 50% of all fall-rela
deaths occurred in the Construction Division, whereas durin
same years, only 11% of the fall-related fatalities occurred in
Services Division, and 9% of the fall-related fatalities occurre
the Manufacturing and the Agriculture–Forestry–Fishing D
sions.
Work-related falls, including falls-on-the-same level,
counted for 16.4% of all serious injuries that occurred in U
private industry in 1993(BLS 1996b). Serious injuries are d
scribed by BLS as those that cause at least one day away
work (DAFW) beyond the day the incident occurred. The f
category was exceeded only by “bodily reaction and exer
and “contact with objects and equipment” for frequency
DAFW injuries in 1993.
Of the three industrial sectors that comprise the Constru
Division (SIC Major Groups 15, 16, and 17), the General Build
ing contractors(SIC Major Group 15) and the Special Trade co
tractors(SIC Major Group 17) typically have an elevated exp
13. and
s of
two
y the
ts of
te as
bute
I re-
r
ses,
d in
e
onding
the
egory
rrors
ion.
n-
ears
9a,
n a
stab-
s
y
years
b-
the
14. re-
years
-
rma-
8,
ed to
ma-
c,
ere
ts that
ge
year,
also
was
FW
ven
0, 21
ry. To
tually
even
that
Heavy Construction contractors(SIC Major Group 16). Part of
the General Building Major Group is Residential Building c
struction (SIC Code 152) and Nonresidential Building constru
tion (SIC Code 154), which includes both commercial and ind
trial construction. Workers in these two Groups are exposed
variety of potential fall-to-lower-level hazards. In the Spe
Trade Major Group, the Roofing, Siding, and Sheet metal con
tors (SIC 1760) and Structural Steel Erection contractors(SIC
1791) have to perform tasks that routinely expose worker
fall-related hazards. Other trades, such as contractors in Ma
15. and other stonework(SIC 1741), Painting and paper hanging(SIC
1720), and Carpentry(SIC 1751) also conduct tasks that expo
workers to potential falls to a lower level, but not to the sa
extent as roofers and steel erectors.
The writer’s analysis of the BLSAnnual Surveyfor 1997(BLS
1999c, p. 420) revealed that the median number of DAFW for “
types of falls” was 8 days for all U.S. private industry. Med
number of DAFW for “falls-to-lower level” for U.S. private in
dustry in 1997 was 12. However, the median number of DA
for a “fall-through roof opening(RO)” was 60 days. Because
the extremely high median values of DAFW for fall-through
cidents, a decision was made to conduct a detailed analy
these types of injury incidents.
The objective of this current study was to compile descrip
statistics(frequency and severity) related to incidents that
involv
workers falling through either an opening or some type of s
face. Fallsfrom a roof orfrom the leading edge are not included
this analysis. This analysis includes only fall-through incide
which are described by the BLS to have occurred through:(1)
An
existing floor opening(FO), (2) an existing RO,(3) an existing
floor surface(FS), (4) an existing roof surface(RS), or (5) an
existing skylight(SL) fixture.
A note of explanation is needed here. Employers are req
to protect workers from potential fall-through incidents by re
lations from the Occupational Safety and Health Administra
(OSHA), specifically 29 CFR(Code of Federal Regulations) Sec.
1910.23 for General Industry and 29 CFR Sec. 1926.500, Su
M for the Construction Industry. Descriptions used in the B
data books differ from these OSHA regulations. A “hole” is
fined in 29 CFR Sec. 1926.500(b) as “a gap or void 2 in.s5.1
cmd
16. or more in its least dimension, in a floor, roof, or other walk
working surface,” and an “opening” is defined(in the same sec
tion) as “a gap or void 30 in.s78 cmd or more high and 18 in
s48 cmd or more wide, in a wall or partition, through which e
ployees can fall to a lower level.” According to the OSHA re
lations, a hole occurs only in a floor or roof. This differs from
listings in the BLS publications. However, since the focus of
study is to analyze the BLS data, the standardized descrip
used in the BLS publications(listed above as FO, RO, FS, R
and SL) are also used in this analysis.
Methods
Fatal Injuries
Analysis of fatal incidents was conducted using the BLS Ce
of Fatal Occupational Injuries(CFOI) data for the years 199
through 2000(BLS 1994, 1995b, 1996a, 1997a, 1998b, 199
2001b, 2002b). The years 1992–2000 were chosen becaus
CFOI database was initiated in 1992, and the year 2000 wa
most current data when this compilation was started. CFO
administered by BLS, along with participating State agencies.
896 / JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
CFOI collects data from U.S. private industry, all governm
agencies(federal, state, and local), and from self-employed co
tractors.
Data on work-related fatalities are compiled from various F
eral and State administrative sources, such as death certifi
workers’ compensation reports and claims, reports to regul
agencies, medical examiner reports, police reports, and new
ports(BLS 1999b). More than 30 data elements are collected
17. coded, including information about the worker, circumstance
the fatal incident, and nature of the fatal injury. At least
independent source documents are typically required to verif
work relatedness of the fatal injury. CFOI states that coun
occupationally related fatalities are “as complete and accura
possible.”(BLS 1999b, p. 2).
Two limitations associated with CFOI data that may contri
to minor discrepancies in the data compiled from the CFO
ports are:(1) “States are allowed a[one] time revision, one yea
after the initial total is published. This allows additional ca
identified after the initial publication deadline, to be include
the final (revised) total.” (BLS 2001b), and (2) fatality data ar
reported in the source documents as percentages of corresp
totals. The first limitation may have inadvertently occurred if
revised totals were not always used to develop specific cat
counts, and the second limitation may contribute to minor e
when choosing an integer value from a percentage calculat
Serious Injuries
Analysis of “DAFW” incidents utilized data from the BLS A
nual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses for the y
1992 through 2000(BLS 1995a, 1996b, 1997b, 1998a, 199
1999c, 2001a, 2002a,c). This is an estimate of values based o
two-stage sample of approximately 250,000 U.S. business e
lishments(i.e., private industry only) (stage 1) during the year
1992–1994 (BLS 1995a, 1996b, 1997b), and approximatel
180,000 to 169,000 U.S. business establishments during the
1995–1998(BLS 1998a, 1999a,c, 2001a). The number of esta
lishments sampled for 1999 and 2000 were not available from
BLS website. Original and follow-up mailings resulted in a
sponse rate that varied from 90% to 93% across the seven
(BLS 1995a, 1996b, 1997b, 1998a, 1999a,c, 2001a). From the
selected establishments(stage 1), approximately 550,000 “inju
ries and illnesses with days away from work(stage 2) were used
19. days
ld no
, the
y
r of
the
of an
only
serva
any
ed,
as
e of
e
t cat-
f a
se the
tive
fre-
ork
te
fatal
he
the
,
r
all-
U.S.
fall-
20. level
lves
xist-
d to
ined,
vel
e
be-
282
stry
vate
ed
nine
on-
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,
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udy
at
7%,
; note
missed-days category was multiplied by one or two. The next
categories were multiplied by the midpoint of each range(4, 8,
15.5 and 25.5, respectively). The middle value of each of the
four ranges was used to calculate the total number of days m
because cases were assumed to be uniformly distributed acr
values in each range. For example, in the 11 to 20 DAFW
egory, it would be equally likely for any of those ten values
occur. Twelve missed days is as likely to occur as 17 missed
since these are independent random events. One value wou
21. be expected to occur more often than any other value. So
midpoint of that category(15.5) is multiplied by the frequenc
count for that interval to obtain the estimated total numbe
DAFW in that particular interval. The case distribution for
ù31 category could not be determined because of the lack
endpoint for the category. Thus, a conservative estimate of
31 days was applied to each case in that category. The con
tive nature of this estimate is evidenced by the fact that in m
cases(14 of 45) reported in Table 9, the median days miss
which is listed in brackets[ ], is indeed greater than 31, and
high as 70 or 72 for the number of DAFW in Table 9. Becaus
these two assumptions(i.e., uniform distribution for four of th
categories, and assigning only 31 missed days to the las
egory), the total calculated numbers of DAFW are more o
reasonable estimate than a definitive total. However, becau
assumptions were applied equally across all nine years(1992 to
2000) and to all five fall-through work site categories(listed in
Table 9), the resulting totals provide an indication of the rela
contribution of the five different categories to the overall
quency and severity of the fall-through problem.
Data
Fatal Injuries
Between 1992 and 2000, 55,919 individuals were killed at w
in the U.S. (Table 1). This total is the combination of priva
Table 1. Proportion of U.S. Occupational Fatal Injuries Caused
by
Year
Total U.S.b
occupational
22. fatal
injuries
Total U.S.b
fatal falls
(% of column 2)
Total U.S
fatal falls
lower leve
(% of colum
1992 6,217 600(9.6) 507 (84.5)
1993 6,331 618(9.8) 534 (86.4)
1994 6,632 665(10.0) 580 (87.2)
1995 6,275 651(10.4) 578 (88.8)
1996 6,202 691(11.1) 610 (88.3)
1997 6,238 716(11.5) 653 (91.2)
1998 6,055 706(11.7) 625 (88.5)
1999 6,054 717(11.8) 634 (88.4)
2000 5,915 734(12.4) 659 (89.8)
Total 55,919 6,098(10.9) 5,380 (88.2
aSource: CFOI = Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Bureau
of L
bTotal U.S. includes private industry + all government sources
+ self-
cN.A. = data not available for these two years.
dThese values have been estimated from the CFOI data tables
tha
eThe CFOI data tables for 1998 and 1999 provide a separate
listin
fThis total and(average proportion) are based on 7-years of data
23. only
industry, government agencies(federal, state, and local), and
self-
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
ll
t
-
employed contractors. Table 1 presents yearly totals of U.S.
falls (of all types) and U.S. fatal falls to a lower level. During t
nine years, a total of 6,098 U.S. workers(10.9% of total) were
killed by falling, either on same level or to lower level. Of
6,098 fatalities, 5,380(88.2%) U.S. workers(private industry
government, self-employed) were killed when falling to a lowe
level. Table 1 also lists private industry fatalities, including f
related deaths. Private industry accounted for 89.6% of all
occupational fatalities for 1992–2000, and 94.8% of all
related fatalities(5,780 of 6,098).
Table 2 presents data for 1992–2000 for falls to a lower
in all U.S. workplaces, and for a subset of fatalities that invo
falls through ROs or FOs or through RSs or FSs, including e
ing SLs. Because of BLS confidentiality requirements relate
minimal category counts, data for RSs and FSs were comb
resulting in four separate categories in Table 2.
For 1992–2000, the yearly occurrence of fall-to-lower-le
fatalities has increased from 507 to 659(Table 2). Since 1993, th
number of workers killed by a fall-through event has ranged
tween 57 and 77 per year. Of 605 fatal fall-through incidents,
fatalities(46.6%) involved openings, 150(24.8%) involved exist-
ing SLs, and 173(28.6%) involved RSs and FSs(Table 2).
24. Fatal injury data for the private sector construction indu
are presented in Table 3. The proportion of fatal injuries in pri
sector construction increased from 16.7%(919) to 21.6%(1,154)
for 1992–2000(Table 3). Overall, fall-related fatalities account
for 31.8% of private construction deaths. Also, over the
years, 53% of fatal falls in U.S. private industry occurred in c
struction.
Of the fall-related fatalities in private construction dur
1992–2000(Table 4), 22.3% occurred in General Building(SIC
15), 7.5% occurred in Heavy Construction(SIC 16: bridges
roads, etc.; SIC 16 is not listed in Table 4), and 70.1% occurred
Special Trades(SIC 17). These values agree with an OSHA st
(Culver and Connolly 1994) of fatal falls for 1985–1993 th
found the percent distribution for SIC 15, 16, and 17 to be 1
nd Falls to Lower Level, 1992–2000a
Fatal injuries,
only private
industry
(% of column 2)
Fatal falls,
only private
industry
(% of column 5)
Fatal falls to
lower level,
private industry
(% of column 6)
25. 5,497 (88.4) 552 (10.0) N.A.c
5,643 (89.1) 570 (10.1) N.A.c
5,959 (89.8) 620 (10.4) 551d (88.9)
5,495 (87.6) 621 (11.3) 554d (89.2)
5,597 (90.2) 660 (11.8) 584d (88.5)
5,616 (90.0) 688 (12.2) 620d (90.1)
5,457 (90.1) 682 (12.5) 606e (88.9)
5,488 (90.6) 683 (12.4) 617e (90.3)
5,344 (90.3) 704 (13.2) 636c (90.3)
50,096(89.6) 5,780 (11.5) 4,168f (89.5)f
tatistics, Department of Labor.
yed contractors.
cident event for major private industry divisions.
talities caused by falls-to-lower level.
: the(average proportion) is not related to column 6.
Falls a
.b
to
l
n 3)
)
abor S
27. for
fall-
te in
20.9
ality
the
lated
isses
rred
n Private
Two subgroups of SIC 15 are Residential Building(SIC 152)
and Nonresidential Building(industrial and commercial) (SIC
154). In CFOI, SIC 17 is composed of 16 subgroups of w
activities, ranging from plumbing and roofing to carpentry
excavation work. These 16 subgroups were analyzed for
related fatalities, with the top five listed in Table 4. Across
nine years, these five trades account for 1,514 of the 2
(70.5%) fall-related fatalities that occurred in SIC 17.
For 1992–2000, roofing, siding, and sheet metal work(SIC
176) had the most fall-related deathssn= 574d, followed by
struc
tural steel erection(SIC 1791;n= 322) (Table 4). Thus, each yea
an average of 64 workers died from falling while working in
roofing, siding, and sheet metal industry, and an average
workers died from falling while erecting structural steel. T
other three trades in Table 4 are listed since fall-related dea
those trades amounted to about 50% of their total deaths.
Fatality rates were not reported in CFOI data in 1992 or 1
For 1994–2000, fatality rates(for all causes) in U.S. private in
28. dustry decreased from 5.7 to 4.6 deaths per 100,000 wo
(Table 5). In construction, fatality rates(all causes) have de
creased across the seven years, from 14.8 to 12.9 death
Table 2. Selected U.S. Occupational Fall-Related Deaths, 1992–
20a
Year
Total U.S.b
fatal falls
to lower level
Total U.S.b
fall-through cases
(% of total fatal falls
to lower level)
Fall
exis
op
1992 507 41(8.1)
1993 534 66(12.4)
1994 580 57(9.8)
1995 578 73(12.6)
1996 610 66(10.8)
1997 653 77(11.8)
1998 625 77(12.3)
1999 634 74(11.7)
2000 659 74(11.2)
29. Total 5,380 605(11.2)
aSource: CFOI = Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Bureau
of L
bTotal U.S. includes private industry + all government + self-
employe
Table 3. Proportion of U.S. Private Industry Fatal Injuries
Cause
Construction, 1992–2000a
Year
Fatal injuries,
private industry
Fatal injuries,
construction indu
(% of column 2)
1992 5,497 919(16.7)
1993 5,643 932(16.5)
1994 5,959 1,028(17.2)
1995 5,495 1,055(19.2)
1996 5,597 1,047(18.7)
1997 5,616 1,107(19.7)
1998 5,457 1,174(21.5)
1999 5,488 1,190(21.7)
2000 5,344 1,154(21.6)
Total 50,096 9,606(19.2)
a
Source: CFOI = Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Bureau
of Labor S
30. 898 / JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
r
100,000 construction workers(Table 5). Fatality rates for roofer
(all causes) remained elevated in 1994–2000(except for 1998),
ranging between 27.5 and 31.0 deaths per 100,000 roofers.
Fall-related fatality rates for all U.S. private industry(1994–
2000) have remained steady at 0.6 deaths per 100,000 U.S.
ers. Fall-related fatality rates in construction decreased sli
from 4.8 to 4.2 deaths per 100,000 construction workers
1994–2000(Table 5). Despite the decrease, the average
related fatality rate in construction(1994–2000) is more than
712
times greater than the national-average fall-related fatality ra
private industry(4.6 versus 0.6 deaths per 100,000 workers).
The
fall-related fatality rate for roofers has a 7-year average of
deaths per 100,000 roof workers. This roofer fall-related fat
rate is 4
1
2 times greater than the fall-related fatality rate for
construction industry, and 35 times greater than the fall-re
fatality rate for all U.S. private industry.
Serious Injuries
An injury is described by BLS as serious when the worker m
at least one full day of work beyond the day the incident occu
h
of
34. industry
General
building
(SIC 15)
(% of column 2)
Residential
building
(SIC 152)
Nonresidential
building
(SIC 154)
Special
trades
(SIC 17)
(% of column 2)
Roofing,
siding, and
sheet metal
(SIC 176)
Structural
metal
erection
(SIC 1791)
Masonry, stone
36. 24 (53.3) 27 (46.6)
Total (9 year avg) 3,058 681(22.3) 282+c 305+c 2,148 (70.2)
574 ^68.0&d 322 ^72.8&d 225 ^48.3&d 204 ^55.2&d 189
^50.9&d
aSource: CFOI = Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Bureau
of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor.
bThis (%) is the proportion of the total number of fatal injuries
in that year that were fall-related in that trade. For example, in
1992, a total of 80 fatal injuries occurred in SIC 176, of which
47s=nd or
(58.8%) where fall related. Thus,s47d ÷ s0.588d = 80 total.
cThese two totals are 8-year totals only since 1992 values were
not reported by BLS.
dValues in the angular brackets^ & are overall averages for the
9 years.
JO
U
R
N
A
L
O
F
C
O
N
S
40. 8
atality rate
s to a
(DAFW incidents). During 1992–2000, more than 17.6 milli
workers suffered serious injuries, an average of 1,960,000
year. The yearly BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and
nesses is also known as the Annual Survey. Table 6 list
number of DAFW cases for all U.S. private industry, for all ty
of fall events, and for falls to a lower level. The number
Table 5. Frequency and Rate of Fatal Injuries(from All Causes,
and Fa
Occupation, 1994–2000a
Year 1994 1995 1996
Private industry fatalities
Total frequency 5,959 5,495 5,597
Fall-related frequency 618 625 659
Employment
(in thousands)
104,754 106,522 108,472
All-cause ratec 5.7 5.2 5.2
Fall-related ratec 0.59 0.59 0.61
Construction industry fatalities
41. Total frequency 1,028 1,055 1,047
Fall-related frequency 330 337 337
Employment
(in thousands)
6,948 7,153 7,464
All-causes ratec 14.8 14.7 14.0
Fall-related ratec 4.8 4.7 4.5
Roofer fatalities
Total frequency 53 60 61
Fall-related frequency 38 45 41
Employment
(in thousands)
180 205 197
All-causes ratec 29.4 29.3 31.0
Fall-related ratec 21.1 22.0 20.8
aSource: CFOI = Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Bureau
of L
bThese employment values were not reported in the BLS
publication
cThe fatality rate is the number of deaths per 100,000 workers.
Table 6. Frequency of Days-Away-From-Work(DAFW) Cases,
with M
Lower Level, 1992–2000a
42. Year
Total days
Private industry
Number
DAFW cases
Median
DAFW
Numb
DAFW c
1992 2,331,100 6 374,
1993 2,252,591 6 370,
1994 2,236,639 5 393,
1995 2,040,929 5 343,
1996 1,880,525 5 330,
1997 1,833,380 5 313,
1998 1,730,534 5 292,
1999 1,702,470 6 297,
2000 1,664,018 6 303,
Total 17,672,186 — 3,019
aSource: Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses(the
Annual Surv
b
This (value) is a percentage of “all types of falls”(column 4) for
that year.
900 / JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
43. MANAGEMENT
DAFW cases that occurred in 2000(1,664,018) is about a 29%
decrease from the 1992 value. Median number of DAFW per
has varied between 5 and 6 days during the nine years(Table 6).
From 1992 to 2000, 3,019,803 workers(17.1%) were seriousl
injured by falling at work. The median DAFW for all types
fall-related injuries varied between 7 and 8 days(Table 6). Inju-
ted Causes) for U.S. Private Industry, the Construction Industry,
and Ro
1997 1998 1999 2000
7-year
average
5,616 5,457 5,488 5,344 5,56
688 682 683 704 666
111,417 113,688b 114,333b 116,174b 110,766
5.0 4.8 4.8 4.6 5.0
0.62 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.60
1,107 1,174 1,190 1,154 1,10
377 384 379 374 360
7,844 8,097b 8,500b 8,946b 7,850
14.1 14.5 14.0 12.9 14.1
4.8 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.6
44. 55 50 59 65 58
41 39 51 48 43
200 242b 214b 215b 208
27.5 20.7 27.6 30.2 28.0
20.5 16.1 23.8 22.3 20.9
tatistics, Department of Labor.
renced and were estimated by backcalculating from BLS-
provided fs.
DAFW, in Private Industry, Caused by All Types of Falls and
Fall
-from-work(DAFW) cases
pes of falls All falls to lower level
Median
DAFW
Number(%)b
DAFW cases
Median
DAFW
8 116,500(31.1%)b 10
7 111,266(30.1%)b 10
7 111,308(28.3%)b 10
7 104,801(30.5%)b 10
45. 7 98,544(29.8%)b 10
8 99,882(31.9%)b 12
8 95,460(32.7%)b 10
7 93,881(31.6%)b 10
8 95,329(31.4%)b 11
(17.1% of
total)
926,971(30.7%)b (5.2% of
total)
reau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
ll-Rela
abor S
s refe
edian
-away
All ty
er
ases
800
112
308
929
913
48. s a
rk
LS
vel
,
com-
in-
as 11
e an-
stry
low
ional
by all
k-
lls and
ey), Bu
ries caused by falling to a lower level accounted for 30.7% o
types of falls. The median DAFW for fall-to-lower-level incide
has been as high as 11 and 12, but primarily has been 10 D
(Table 6).
Construction accounted for 10% of all DAFW injuries occ
ring in private industry in 1992–2000(Table 7). All types of
falls
accounted for 20.6% of construction-related DAFW injur
while fall-to-lower level injuries accounted for 11.8% of co
struction DAFW injuries for 1992–2000. Thus, for every se
fall-related serious injuries in construction, four involved a fa
a lower level.
Of the 207,240 fall-to-lower-level DAFW injuries that o
49. curred in construction over the nine years, 48,920(23.6%) oc-
curred in General Building(SIC 15), and 140,888(68.0%) in
Special Trades(SIC 17) (Table 8). Of the 48,920 fall-to-lower
level injuries, 57.8% occurred in Residential Building(SIC 152)
and 40.5% in Nonresidential Building(SIC 154). The number o
DAFW injuries occurring in Residential work was higher in e
of the nine years than the DAFW injuries in Nonresidential w
(Table 8). As presented in Table 8(SIC 152 versus SIC 154),
these individual increases range from a low of 37 DAFW inju
(1.1%) in 1994 (3,316 versus 3,279) to a maximum increase
1,767 DAFW injuries(104%) in 2000(3,462 versus 1,695). Over
the 9-year period, a yearly average of 938(42.6%) more DAFW
injuries occurred in Residential construction than in Nonresi
tial construction.
The Annual Survey lists nine subgroups for Special Tra
Five subgroups exceeded 10% of the SIC 17 9-year
(140,888), and are listed in Table 8. These five account for 78
of the total SIC 17 DAFW injuries. The next two trades are C
pentry and Floor work(SIC 175) and Painting and Paper hang
(SIC 172), averaging 8.6% and 7.4% of the SIC 17 9-year to
Total injuries caused by fall-through events are separated
the five BLS work site categories—ROs and FOs, SLs, and
and FSs(Table 9). Three variables are presented:(1) Yearly list-
ing of total injuries for each work site,(2) median DAFW (in
brackets), as reported in the BLS Annual Survey, and(3) total
calculated DAFW(in parentheses). Both variables(2) and(3) are
needed to understand the overall scope of the serious injurie
occurred in the five work sites. Median DAFW(variable 2) is a
Table 7. Proportion of Private Industry Days-Away-From-
Work(DAFW)
Fall-to-Lower-Level Events, 1992–2000a
Year
50. Private industry,
total DAFW cases
Total
(% of column 2)
1992 2,331,100 209,564 (9.0)
1993 2,252,591 204,769 (9.1)
1994 2,236,639 218,835 (9.8)
1995 2,040,929 190,591 (9.3)
1996 1,880,525 182,334 (9.7)
1997 1,833,380 189,839 (10.4)
1998 1,730,534 178,341 (10.3)
1999 1,702,470 193,765 (11.4)
2000 1,664,018 194,410 (11.7)
Total 17,672,186 1,762,448 (10.0)
aSource: Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses(the
Annual Surv
measure of the severity of the resulting injury(impact on the
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
t
individual worker). Total calculated DAFW(variable 3) is a mea
sure of the overall effect of all injuries(overall impact on th
construction industry).
Individual median DAFW values in Table 9 range from 3
72. Since fall-through events are a subset of falls-to-lower-l
individual median values(Table 9) should be compared to t
median fall-to-lower-level DAFW values in Table 6(i.e., 10, 11
and 12). This will provide an indication as to how severe th
individual (values) are, and indicates where workers may be m
likely to be seriously injured. When the individual median va
51. from Table 9 are compared to those in Table 6, 29 of 45(64.4%)
individual median values exceed the corresponding yearly m
values. As seen in Table 9, somemedianvalues for the time t
return-to-work were as high as 50 to 70 work days(i.e., 10 to 14
work weeks), which means that many workers required e
longer time periods to return to work than these already-exce
values.
For 1992–2000, 21,985 workers fell through the five work
types (Table 9), and were injured seriously enough to mis
collective (conservative) total of 350,934 work days. Each wo
site lists the yearly value, which was obtained from the B
Annual Surveys, for the median DAFW for fall-to-lower-le
incidents. The average of these nine(median) values for RO, SL
and RS work sites was 36, 35, and 25 DAFW, respectively,
pared to 10 DAFW for all private industry fall-to-lower-level
cidents. The average of the nine median values for the FO w
DAFW and for the FS, it was 12 DAFW.
Discussion
Fatal Injuries
The current study indicates that between 1992 and 2000, th
nual number of work-related fatalities in U.S. private indu
averaged 5,566, fluctuating from a high of 5,959 in 1994 to a
of 5,344 in 2000, a 10% decrease. While the overall occupat
deaths are decreasing, the number of fatal injuries caused
types of falls in U.S. private industry has increased 28%(from
552 in 1992 to 704 in 2000). Similarly, fatalities caused by wor
s, in Private Industry and Private Sector Construction, Caused
by Fa
Private construction, DAFW cases
106. 7)
”
co
lu
m
n
.
and self-employed)has increased 30%(from 507 in 1992 to 65
in 2000). Data are available for just the last 7 years for f
injuries to private industry workers resulting from a fall to a lo
level. From 1994 to 2000, fall-to-lower-level fatalities in priv
industry increased 15%, from 551 to 636.
Table 3 indicates that fatal injuries in U.S. private construc
from all causesincreased 26%(from 919 in 1992 to 1,154 i
2000). However, fatalities caused byall types of fallsin U.S.
private construction increased even more, to 40%(from 267 in
1992 to 374 in 2000).
The current study also indicates that during the period 1
2000, a total of 403 roofers died, of which 303(75.2%) died by
falling to a lower level(Table 5). During the years 1994–200
the fall-related fatality rates in the roofer occupation ranged
16.1 deaths per 100,000 roof workers in 1998 to 23.8 death
100,000 roof workers in 1999. Across the 7 years, the fatality
for roofers caused by falling averaged 20.9 deaths per 10
workers, which is 4
1
2 times the fatality rate for all constructi
workers caused by falling.
For this study, analysis of the CFOI database focused on w
107. ers falling through an opening in the roof or floor, through
roof or floor surface when it collapsed under the worker
through an already-installed SL fixture. During 1992–2000,
number of fatal injuries resulting from fall-through events
averaged 67 per year. This total is composed of an average
deaths from workers falling through a RO or FO(46.3%), 19
from falling through a RS or FS(28.4%), and 17 deaths fro
falling through a SL(25.4%). Assuming a roof construction se
son of 12 months, then, on average, a worker died about ev
work days by falling through an opening, a surface, or a sky
during the years 1992 to 2000.
Work-related fatalities caused by falls through skylights
roof openings were identified in the late 1980’s as impo
safety concerns that resulted in the release of a NIOSH
related to roof worker activities near these work areas(NIOSH
1989). Subsequently, an injury reduction matrix was develo
that identified the need to develop design criteria for incre
strength characteristics for SLs, along with the need to spec
the building construction contract language the use of pr
guarding of ROs and SL fixtures(Bobick et al. 1994). In 2000,
NIOSH published a summary of data for selected fall-rel
events in the U.S. during 1980 to 1995(Braddee et al. 2000).
This
document includes descriptions of 90 fall-related fatal inves
tions, conducted by NIOSH/DSR between 1982 and 1997
discusses fall-prevention recommendations. Of the 90 fata
24 resulted from a fall-through event.
The analysis of OSHA data conducted by Culver and Con
(1994) on construction fatalities for 1985–1993 observed
“unprotected or improperly protected roof openings warran
much attention as fall protection from roof edges”. The s
concern still exists a decade later.
109. from
l in
ccur-
2
n
2 to
ally
40
ll-to-
FW
in-
l of
ate
roach
that
kets
were
fall-
at the
FW
days, 11–20
ecause of the
ments for employers, and an increase in the availability of
tective systems to guard openings and SLs. There is no ea
swer to explain the lack of improvement in the percentag
deaths related to falls through openings or SLs. Existing
prevention systems should be evaluated under controlled c
110. tions as part of normal work duties to enhance their accepta
Also, future research should attempt to develop other type
passive engineering products that will assist in eliminating po
tial fall-through fatalities.
Serious Injuries
The annual number of work-related serious incidents in U.S
vate industry has declined from 2.33 million in 1992 to 1
million in 2000 (28.6% reduction) (Table 6). Serious injurie
caused by all types of falls in private industry have fluctu
across the 9 years, but had an overall decrease of 18.9%
1992 to 2000. Serious injuries caused by falls to lower leve
private industry have had a similar decrease(18.2%), from
116,500 in 1992 to 95,329 in 2000(Table 6).
For 1992–2000, the annual number of serious incidents o
ring in U.S. private construction(from all causes) averaged
Table 9. Proportion of Fall-Through Days-Away-From-
Work(DAFW)
Values, and Calculated Total DAFW, 1992–2000a
Year
All fall-through
DAFW cases
frequency and
(total calculated
DAFW)c
Fall-through
roof opening
frequency
112. 1998 2,069 202[9] 705 [6
(32,304) (2617) (9075)
1999 1,570 100[10] 617 [7
(25,316) (1701) (7842)
2000 2,095 128[38] 627 [10
(34,110) (3458) (9129)
Totals 21,985 1,758[35]d 8,566 [1
(350,934) (34,882) (124,67
aSource: Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses(the
Annual Surv
bfMedian DAFWg = Median number of days away from work
for each
cThe Annual Survey provides a breakdown of total days-away-
from-
days, 21–30 days, and 31 days or more. These yearly breakdown
v
five fall-through incident types. See explanation in Methods
section
dThe [value] is the average of the nine yearly median values
listed
slightly less than 196,000. Across the 9 years, the number of
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
-
serious incidents decreased slightly(7.2%) from 209,564 in 199
to 194,410 in 2000(Table 7). Serious injuries in constructio
caused by a fall-to-a-lower level decreased 15% from 199
1998, followed by a 15% increase from 1998 to 2000 to virtu
the same level as 1992(2% decrease). Over the 9 years, 207,2
construction-related serious injuries were the result of a fa
lower-level incident. These represent about 12% of all DA
incidents that occurred in construction.
113. An important subset of the fall-to-lower-level occurrences
cludes those involving a fall-through event. The 9-year tota
21,985 incidents(Table 9) accounted for a conservative estim
of 350,934 missed work days. Part of the conservative app
involved assigning only 31 missed days of work to the cases
had missed 31 or more workdays. In 14 of 45 yearly
totals(Table
9), the median days away from work, which are listed in brac
[ ], actually exceeded 31. If the appropriate median value
used in these 14 instances, the total number of(calculated) days
away from work would be even greater for the 21,985
through occurrences for 1992–2000. For the 14 instances th
median days away from work exceeded 31(listed in Table 9), six
in U.S. Industry, for Specific Work Sites, with Annual Median
DA
Fall-through
skylight frequency
(median
DAFW)b and
(total calculated
DAFW)c
Fall-through
roof surface
frequency
(median
DAFW)b and
(total calculated
DAFW)c
115. reau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor.
ent.(From each year‘s Annual Survey, BLS, DoL.)
ases into the following categories—1 day, 2 days, 3–5 days, 6–
10
were used to estimate the total number of days missed from
work b
above column.
Cases
ugh
ning
cy
n
and
lated
)c
1]
)
]
)
0]
)
]
)
]
)
0]
)
]
120. used
Estimated Costs of Fall-Related Injuries
An important point is that many of the serious injuries had re
ery times that exceed the median values of 62 or 70 missed
Thus, the overall scope of the required recovery times(12 to 14
work weeksand more) for the fall-through injuries in these thr
categories is extremely lengthy, and verifies the severity o
injuries that occur from falls through ROs, SLs, and RSs. F
prevention efforts should have renewed focus in these thre
egories.
The total cost associated with these serious injuries is
prised of two components—direct and indirect costs. Direct c
include medical payments for the injuries, workers’ compensa
costs for missed work time, equipment or parts replaceme
breakage occurred, and other ancillary expenses such as
lance service charges and medical supplies used at the jo
Indirect costs include items such as downtime while the inci
is investigated, clean-up costs, administrative time for de
with the injury, training of replacement workers(especially if a
new hire is required), and a decrease in productivity(because o
new hire inefficiency or from a reassigned permanent worke
familiar with new job duties). Laufer (1987) mentions that thre
items that contribute greatly to the overall costs are “diminis
efficiency of the injured after recovery; crew time loss after
accident; and crew productivity loss due to replacement wor
LaBelle (2000) discusses a variety of factors that should be
sidered when determining total costs of incidents involv
missed work days.
A conservative estimate, which has been chosen for this
cussion, is that direct and indirect costs are equal, and tha
amount paid in medical expenses and workers’ compensation
ments actually represents only half of the overall costs. O
estimates have been more robust and have suggested th
121. indirect costs range from two to three times the direct
costs(Gice
2001) to three to five times the direct costs(Liberty Mutual
2001). A study conducted by the Construction Industry Insti
(ENR 1990) indicated that when legal costs are included, indi
costs can escalate to 20 times the direct costs of medica
compensation. Recent information corroborates this estima
random sample of fall-through incidents that were litiga
showed that the cost for four fatalities ranged from $550,00
$1.4 million (settlement dates were 1985–1990), and for six non
fatal incidents, from $285,000 to $3.54 million(1985–1992) (L.
Barbe, personal communication, 2002).
A Liberty Mutual press release(February 2001) dealt with the
development of aWorkplace Safety Index. The development o
the Safety Indexinvolved Liberty Mutual using its own claim
information, along with data from BLS and the National Ac
emy of Social Insurance, to determine the ten leading caus
injuries and illnesses for 1998. The total amount paid in w
and medical payments(direct costs) was $38.7 billion(Liberty
Mutual 2001). Falls-to-lower level was the fourth most cos
(following overexertion, falls on same level, and bodily react)
and accounted for 9.33% of the total or $3.61 billion. Using
from Tables 6 and 9 for 1998, the 2,069 fall-through incid
amounted to 2.17% of the 95,460 fall-to-lower-level cases. T
the corresponding direct costs for the 1998 fall-through inju
amount to $78.337 million(2.17% of $3.61 billion). Thus, the
direct costs for each of the 2,069 fall-through incidents amou
to $37,862. Using the conservative estimate that direct costs
indirect costs, then the total(combined) cost for each of the 2,06
incidents is twice the $37,862, or an average of $75,724 pe
cident.
904 / JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
122. MANAGEMENT
.
-
.
e
l
Other information related to the cost of injuries indicated
fractures averaged $23,138 per claim(Fefer 1992). Although no
stated, the assumption was made that this cost was from 19
determine a 1998 equivalent value, an on-line inflation calcu
(at www.bls.gov) was utilized to determine an updated cost. T
the direct costs for fractures, which is the likely result whe
worker survives a fall through a RO or through an unguarded
was $27,691 in 1998. Using the same conservative estimat
indirect and direct costs are equal, the total(combined) cost
would be $55,382. This provides a reliable range($55,000 to
$76,000) for the cost of a 1998 serious injury caused by a
through event.
When compared to the total number of roofs being installe
a year throughout the U.S., a fall-through incident happens r
infrequently, and might actually be considered a rare event. H
ever, when an incident does occur, the excessive costs asso
with these potential tragedies could be economically disastro
small- or medium-sized construction companies. The potenti
a fall-through incident to occur is present on every job site,
can be eliminated fairly easily.
Readers wishing to estimate injury costs on their own
access a recent on-line publication available from the Euro
Agency for Safety and Health at Work(Occupational Safety &
Health E-News 2002). The article, “Inventory of socio-econom
123. costs of work accidents,” is summarized in Fact Sheet 28.
article and the summary are both available at: ht
agency.osha.eu.int/. It uses standard spreadsheet software
culate the total costs of workplace incidents(including “hidden
costs”) and then permits a cost-benefit analysis to be cond
that compares the financial benefit of investing in preventive
sures, and compares them with the costs of not having the
preventive measures.
Fall-Prevention Equipment
OSHA regulations for the construction industry[29 CFR Sec
1926.501(b)(4)(i)] state that “Each employee on walking or wo
ing surfaces shall be protected from falling through holes (inc
ing skylights) more than 6 feets1.8 md above lower levels, b
personal fall-arrest systems, covers, or guardrail systems er
around such holes.” (Mancomm 2002), and that “Each employe
on a walking/working surface shall be protected from trippin
or stepping into or through holes (including skylights) by cove.”
[29 CFR Sec. 1926.501(b)(4)(ii )] (Mancomm 2002). If used
prop
erly, personal fall-arrest systems can be quite effective. How
they serve as a fall-protection measure, not as a fall-preve
device. This section will focus primarily on products and ma
als that can be used to prevent the fall from occurring in the
place.
Openings/Holes
Smaller holes that may be a tripping hazard for a worker or
permit a hand tool or small objects to drop through it are no
focus here. Instead, this discussion considers holes(in floors or
roofs) that are large enough that a worker can fall through if
unguarded or uncovered. These types of openings will even
permit items, such as a stairway, elevator shaft, or heating,
tilating, and air conditioning ductwork, to pass through from fl
to floor. As the structure progresses upward, each floor h
126. tting,
plas-
ot be
n the
n has
of a
nu-
nolo-
the
arn-
self.
rior
are at
ned to
n be
g to
ndard
c-
t 200
en.
flect
uires
es 2
ugh
ll-
e-
ages
127. rded
t in
tates
ndard
hese
the
es of
from
com-
floor
pow-
ent
also.
rking
men-
pre-
aces
n-
plex
d a
ncy
can
con-
an be
d to
Gen-
material is used has to have sufficient strength, has to be pro
secured, and “marked with the word ‘HOLE’ or ‘COVER’
provide warning of the hazard,” as specified in OSHA regula
29 CFR Sec. 1926.502(i)(4) (Mancomm 2002). If it is not
secured
and marked, it is like setting a deadly trap for the other worke
the crew(Barnhard 2001). Fatal injuries have occurred when
128. worker has stepped on an unsecured covering. When the
cured cover shifted, the worker fell through the newly cre
opening to his death(McVittie 1995). Other injuries have oc
curred when a worker picked up the sheet of plywood cove
the hole, with the intention of using it elsewhere, and then ste
directly into the opening. Both fatalities and serious injuries h
occurred this way. Thus, it is critical that all hole coveri
should be secured. However, if a secured cover has to be rem
during the construction process, then a properly trained wo
should be equipped with a correctly anchored personal fall-a
system for protection from falling into the uncovered roof or fl
opening.
Job-built guardrails can be constructed from 2 in. by 4
lumber and then left in place. If supplies have to be brough
through that opening or access is needed for any reason, th
built guardrail will be removed and may or may not be repla
as it should be. If the two-by-fours are damaged when the
removed, it is less likely that the guardrail will be rebuilt.
There are a variety of commercially available products
can be used to easily construct a guardrail around roof or
openings, and can be removed and then reinstalled. One pr
made of high-strength polymer, is a support base that is des
to be used on low-slope(flat) surfaces only. The configuration
such that a pair of two-by-fours can be inserted vertically so c
members can be attached at the top- and midrail locations.
boards are needed, the design permits a two-by-four to be
inserted into the base for that purpose. A second product, ma
extruded aluminum, is a bracket that has openings at the top
midrail height so two-by-fours can be slid through them and
ily attached in place. The base of the bracket is adjustab
permit its usage on a flat surface and on three different
pitches. The advantage to both of these products is that the
be installed quickly, easily removed from around the opening
then are able to be reused without having to use additional m
129. rials. These products save preparation time and reduce ma
costs.
Skylights
SLs have increased in popularity both for family residence
well as for commercial and industrial buildings. SLs are use
illuminate homes, office buildings, shopping centers, and nu
ous buildings. Availability of inexpensive, easily install
weather-proof plastics has contributed to this trend(Bobick et
al.
1994). SLs that are designed to melt during a structural fire h
replaced traditional louvered smoke vents as a way to rem
smoke from a burning building(Bobick et al. 1994). Before the
SL fixture is installed in the roof, an unguarded opening re
sents a potential for a serious or fatal injury, as discussed p
ously. However, even after the SL is installed, it can repres
potential fall-related injury or fatality to maintenance and ser
personnel who have to go on the roof to complete routine t
Unguarded SLs are potential fall hazards to workers becaus
SL material, referred to as the lens(Kirby 2002), may not be
designed to support the weight of a worker when stepping, si
or falling on it.
SLs are made in both flat and domed configurations. Flat
tic sheets can be increased in thickness to increase the strength
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
-
-
,
l
130. capabilities. However, the thickness of domed plastic cann
easily increased because of the physical requirements whe
plastic material has to be bent. Thus, the domed configuratio
the potential for breaking underneath the dynamic loading
worker sitting down or falling against the skylight lens. SL ma
facturers should consider investigating the use of new tech
gies and high-strength materials that will not interfere with
light transmissibility.
Currently, some SL manufacturers have been including w
ing decals on the SL framework or on the plastic lens it
Although well intentioned, warning labels are definitely infe
to other protective measures, such as SL screens. There
least two manufacturers of protective screens that are desig
fit over both flat and domed skylights. These products ca
effective in protecting workers if they are installed accordin
the manufacturer’s instructions.
SLs are required to be protected by a screen or a fixed sta
railing [29 CFR Sec. 1910.23(a)(4)]. Requirements of the prote
tive screen are specified in 29 CFR Sec. 1910.23(e)(8), which
states that “they are capable of withstanding a load of at leas
pounds applied perpendicularly at any one area on the scre…
[and] under ordinary loads or impacts, they shall not de
downward sufficiently to break the[skylight lens] below them.”
A
protective safety screen costs approximately $125 and req
two workers about twenty minutes to install. Data from Tabl
and 9 indicate that from 1992 to 2000, 150 of 605 fall-thro
fatalities (24.8%) involved SLs, and that 1,093 of 21,985 fa
through severe injuries(5.0%) involved SLs, with a median r
covery time of 36 work days. Comparing these two percent
gives an indication that if a worker falls through an ungua
skylight, the likelihood is much greater that the fall will resul
a fatality and not just a serious injury. Best safety practice dic
135. s:
f
A
r,
A
r,
s:
f
A
r,
efficient team when a specific construction task has to be
pleted. Many times, however, this same teamwork does not
when safety concerns need to be addressed. The team m
complete their tasks with safety as a priority. Ringen et
al.(1995)
state that “it is difficult to develop effective, safe teamwork un
[constantly changing] conditions.” Similar to professional spo
teams, professional work teams have to be aware of and
other crew members about unsafe conditions, and encourag
behavior in one another.
Weeks and McVittie(1995) reviewed a 1994 study that de
with the attitudes and safety practices of road maintenance w
ers and their immediate supervisors. The 1995 review state
“workers felt that the supervisor’s management methods ha
greatest effect on safe work habits.” Weeks and McVittie s
that a common theme in studies they reviewed was that “po
attitudes toward safety by workers and management are mu
supportive, and their attitudes tend to rise and fall toget
Therefore, management should fully support developing an
forcing a proactive fall-prevention program so workers will r
tinely follow safe work behaviors. Workers supervised by saf
136. conscious managers will consider safety to be important
follow safe practices while working.
Relevance to Both Researchers and Industry
Practitioners
This analysis has compiled construction-related injury and fa
data from published BLS documents. Although the “fall-throu
event occurred infrequently, when it did happen, the me
length of time off work was 2
1
2 to 3
1
2 times as long as oth
fall-from elevation injuries that occurred in construction(25 to
35
days off work versus 10 days). Analyses of incidents that focus
identifying the underlying contributory causes need to be
ducted by safety researchers.
Additionally, employers and industry practitioners should a
first-line supervisors, work crews, and competent persons
these dangerous work locations on all types of residential or
mercial building construction. Keeping workers aware and p
erly trained will help to keep them alert to the dangers assoc
with fall-through types of incidents. These particular hazards
often obvious and easily rectified with easy-to-install f
prevention commercial products.
Summary
Fatal injuries involving workers falling through ROs and FOs
RSs, and FSs, and through unguarded SL fixtures have c
137. tently claimed 55 to 75 workers each year since the mid-19
The current study indicates that a fatality occurs, on ave
about every 4 work days from a fall-through event during a
month roof construction season. The roofer occupation ha
average fall-related fatality rate(20.9) that is 412 times greate
than the average fall-related fatality rate of 4.6 deaths per 10
workers for all construction activities.
Workers who survive the fall-through events may be seve
injured. On average, 2,443 workers were seriously injured
year during the period 1992–2000 from a fall-through incid
The resulting median number of work days missed relate
injuries from falling through roof openings ranged(across th
nine years) from 9 to 62 work days, and from 3 to 72 work da
for falls through skylights. The current study presents data
suggest that the total costs(direct and indirect costs combined)
906 / JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
t
e
associated with a serious fall-through injury that occurred in 1
ranged from $55,000 to $76,000 per incident.
U.S. employers are required to protect their workers from
ing by instituting a comprehensive fall-protection program.
tails of such a program are specified in the OSHA regulat
Parts 1910 and 1926. However, some key requirements in
developing a site-specific fall protection plan; securely cove
holes and openings; installing a guardrail, safety net, or SL
tection system; providing workers with personal fall-arrest eq
ment; as well as, providing work-site supervisors and emplo
138. with appropriate fall-related safety training. Developing and u
such a comprehensive fall-protection plan can prevent worke
talities, severe injuries, and related costs associated with
through incidents.
Acknowledgments
The writer would like to extend his appreciation to Mr. Da
Fosbroke, Statistician, Division of Safety Research(DSR),
NIOSH whose assistance at the beginning of this effort was
ful in providing focus, and throughout for his regular deta
review comments and insightful suggestions; to Mr. Dan L
formerly with NIOSH/DSR and currently with the Minnesota D
partment of Health, for assistance with fatality rates and hi
view of the document; to Ms. Doloris Higgins, Occupatio
Safety and Health Specialist, DSR, NIOSH for her thorough
knowledgeable review; and, to Ms. Peggy Suarez, Senior E
mist, Bureau of Labor Statistics, for completing a review on s
short notice. Thanks also goes to Mr. Lewis Barbe, Nati
Chairman of the American National Standards Institute A1
Committee on Roofing, for his review comments, his help in
plying background documents, and his personal communic
input.
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Parsons, T. J., Pizatella, T. J., and Collins, J. W.(1986). “Safety
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Personick, M.(1990). “Profiles in safety and health: Roofing
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148. Authors: Bobick, Thomas G.
1
[email protected]
Source: Journal of Construction Engineering & Management.
Dec2004, Vol. 130 Issue 6, p895-
907. 13p.
Document Type: Article
Subject Terms:
*FALLS (Accidents)
*INDUSTRIAL hygiene
*BUILDING
*CONSTRUCTION industry
*WORK-related injuries
Geographic Terms: United States
Author-Supplied Keywords:
Construction site accidents
Cost estimates
149. Fatalities
Injuries
Occupational safety
NAICS/Industry Codes: 236110 Residential building
construction
Abstract:
Fall-related occupational injuries and fatalities are still serious
problems in the U.S.
construction industry. Two Bureau of Labor Statistics
databases—Census of Fatal
Occupational Injuries and Survey of Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses—were examined
for 1992-2000. An important subset of falls-to-lower-level
incidents is when workers fall
through openings or surfaces, including skylights. A total of
605 fall-through fatalities
occurred during 1992-2000. Also, 21,985 workers were injured
seriously enough from
fall-through incidents to miss a day away from work (DAFW).
Fall-through injuries are
150. among the most severe cases for median number of DAFW.
Median DAFW were 35, 11,
25, 12, and 36 for fall-through roof and floor openings, roof and
floor surfaces, and
skylights, respectively, compared to 10 DAFW for all fall-to-
lower-level incidents in all
U.S. private industry. A conservative approach, which assumes
that direct and indirect
costs are equal, estimates a range of $55,000-$76,000 for the
total cost of a 1998 DAFW
fall-through injury. Current work practices should use
commercial fall-prevention
products to reduce the frequency and costs of fall-through
incidents. These analyses have
identified a subset of fall-related incidents that contribute to
excessive costs to the U.S.
construction industry. Researchers can use a systems approach
on these incidents to
identify contributing risk factors. Employers and practitioners
can alert managers and
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0Thomas%20G.%22%7C%7Csl~~rl','');
mailto:[email protected]
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152. copied or emailed to
multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright
holder's express written
permission. However, users may print, download, or email
articles for individual use.
This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the
accuracy of the copy.
Users should refer to the original published version of the
material for the full abstract.
(Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Author Affiliations:
1
PhD, CSP, Research Safety Engineer, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division
of Safety Research, 1095
Willowdale Rd., Mailstop H-G800, Morgantown, WV 26505-
2888
ISSN: 0733-9364
DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2004)130:6(895)
153. Accession Number: 15074374
Construction Safety: Week V Article Review
Unit V Article Review
For this assignment, a peer-reviewed, academic article has been
selected to review. The article to
be reviewed is:
Falls through Roof and Floor Openings and Surfaces, Including
Skylights: 1992–2000
Authors: Bobick, Thomas G.1 [email protected]
Source: Journal of Construction Engineering & Management.
Dec2004, Vol. 130 Issue 6, p895-
907. 13p.
The Week V Article Review will help you develop your writing
assignments in Weeks VI &
VIII. The purpose of this assignment is to practice reviewing
articles that contribute to the
Construction industry. The authors of these articles are
154. researchers and professionals who have
shared or experimented with ideas that demonstrate potential to
improve the industry.
As a professional in the industry, it is in your best interest to
review the literature and trends.
This provides you with the opportunity to read about what was
successful and how it was
accomplished. Plus, it allows you to analyze what was
unsuccessful, how you can improve it, or
at least how you can avoid repeating the mistakes of others.
As you read and review the article selected for this assignment,
consider the following questions:
professional life?
The article chosen must meet the following requirements;
e to the concepts within this course; (Construction-
related Fall Accidents)
155. The Article Review to be submitted must meet the following
requirements:
The APA rules for formatting, quoting, paraphrasing, citing,
and listing of sources are to be
utilized for this Article Review.
Use 12-point double-spaced Times Roman font, and provide in-
text citations and references to
support your paper. Include an APA style reference for all in-
text citations and references that
you use to avoid plagiarism.
mailto:[email protected]