The document discusses various artificial construction materials including bricks, tiles, cement, precast concrete products, and glass. It provides details on the composition, manufacturing processes, properties and uses of each material. For bricks, it describes the typical composition of clay used, different types and classes of bricks based on manufacturing and quality. It also outlines the properties and uses of cement in construction. For tiles, it discusses the characteristics of good tiles and different flooring options. It provides an overview of precast concrete products and their benefits. Finally, it lists the various types of glass and their general properties.

1. ARTIFICIAL CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
By
P.D.PATIL
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2. Artificial Construction
Materials
 Bricks
 Tiles
 Cement
 Pre cast concrete products
 Glass

3. Bricks

4. Brick
Bricks are rectangular blocks made from clay.
 Composition of brick:
The clay should be free from pebbles, gravel, alkalies, organic matter,
vegetation and iron pyrites.
20 – 30% Alumina
50 – 60 % Silica
<5 % Lime
0.1% Magnesia
5 – 6 % Iron oxide

5. Types of bricks
(1) Conventional / Traditional bricks: Size: 23 cm X 11.4 cm X 7.6 cm
(2) Standard / Modular : Size : 19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm
 Bricks are classified as per manufacturing:
(1) Hand moulded (ground or table moulded)
(2) Machine moulded (wire cut)
 Bricks are classified as per quality and utility:
(1)1st class (grade A)
(2) 2nd class (grade B)
(3) 3rd class (grade C)
(4) 4th class (grade D)

6. Uses of brick
 Bricks are used in wall masonry construction of building.
 Bricks are used in brick lintel construction.
 Bats of bricks are used in concrete in foundation work.

7. Properties of Bricks
 Properties of brick
Physical mechanical thermal Durability
Shape size colour density
porosity
compressive flexural water
strength strength absorption
heat sound
insulation insulation

8. Tiles
CHARACTERISTICSOF A GOODTILES
• It should be durable
• It should be easy to clean
• Noiseless
• Have Good Appearance
• Free from dampness
• Fire Resistant
• Low Maintenance cost

9. TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES
• Resilient floor finishes
• Hard floor finishes
• Smooth floor finishes

10. HARD FLOOR FINISHES
Natural stone floor finish
Granite
Granite is a form of
Igneous rock made up
of feldspar quartz and
mica.
This is a luxury floor
covering as it is an
expensive product
It is long lasting, as it is
hardwearing and resistant to
chemicals and has a timeless
look.
If highly polished it is
slippery, but a honed finish
provides a more manageable
finish.
It comes in limited colors -

11. Marble
This is a form of
metamorphic rock,
·It is made up of calcium
carbonate; it comes in
numerous colors, white,
grey, green, ochre, beige
and is usually veined.
·It is a hardwearing
beautiful product,
expensive to purchase and
lay as it is heavy and
comes in slab form.
Marble used of floor and
walls of a hotel bathroom,
very stylish.
Like granite it has a
timeless quality.

12. Slate
Slate is a foliated
metamorphic rock. It occurs
as a result of shale rock
undergoing metamorphosis.
It is normally grey
in colour. However, it can
still occur in other colours:
Purple, green cyan (This can
be found in North Wales).
It can be slippery when
used in external locations
subject to rain.

13. Limestone
and
Sandstone
These are derived from
sedimentary rocks
· Limestone is rarely used
for floors today as it
becomes slippery when it is
worn.
It is grey or beige in
color.
·
Sandstone is used more in
outdoor paving than indoor, but
looks great in an area that
flows to the outdoors such as a
conservatory.
· Its irregular natural
pattern is its best feature and
can range from a grainy timber
look to stripes and speckles.
· It is beige, brown,

14. Mosaic
This is a superior
type of flooring used
in bathrooms and
kitchens of
residential buildings
and in hospitals,
sanatoriums and
temples
Places where extra
cleanliness is
essential
They are laid in different
sizes usually in rectangular
and
square shapes.
They are long lasting
They are slippery when polished

15. CEMENT
Definition: “Cement is a crystalline compound of
calcium silicates and other calcium compounds
having hydraulic properties” (Macfadyen, 2006).

16. History
Lime and clay have been used as
cementing material on constructions
through many centuries.
Romans are commonly given the credit
for the development of hydraulic cement,
the most significant incorporation of the
Roman’s was the use of pozzolan-lime
cement by mixing volcanic ash from the
Mt. Vesuvius with lime.
Best know surviving example is the
Pantheon in Rome
In 1824 Joseph Aspdin from England
invented the Portland cement

17. Cements are considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden
under or with excess water through the hydration of the cement’s chemical
compounds or minerals
There are two types:
Those that activate with the addition of water
And pozzolanic that develop hydraulic properties when the
interact with hydrated lime Ca(OH)2
Pozzolanic: any siliceous material that develops hydraulic cementitious properties when
interacted with hydrated lime.
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made from calcination of
clay-rich limestones.
Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made from argillaceous
limestones or interbedded limestone and clay or shale, with few raw materials.
Because they were found to be inferior to portland, most plants switched.
Types of Cement

18. Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing clinker with gypsum
in a 95:5 ratio.
Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to 35%) of ground
limestone have been added as a filler to a portland cement base.
Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or more SCM
(supplementary cemetitious materials) like pozzolanic additives.
Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Only a small quantity is
manufactured in the U.S. Mix of pozzolans with lime.
Masonry cements: Portland cement where other materials have been added
primarily to impart plasticity.
Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the main raw materials.
Used for refractory applications (such as cementing furnace bricks) and certain
applications where rapid hardening is required. It is more expensive than portland.
There is only one producing facility in the U.S.
(http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/2005-1152.pdf)
(Macfadyen, 2006).

19. PROCESSING

20. Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
Modern uses
Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar, panels, plaster)
Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels, parking, etc.)
Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles, pylons, fencing)
Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)
USES

21. Pre cast concrete products
Benefits
 Design Flexibility
 Controlled Production
 PCI-Certified Quality
 Safety & Security
 Sustainability
• Layout Flexibility
• Low Maintenance
• Acoustical Control
• Mold Resistance
• Controlled Environments
• Expansion Capabilities
• Economy

22. Exterior finish materials
Design Flexibility
 Stucco
 Paint
 Ceramic tiles
 Brick veneer
 Stone veneer
 Terra cotta

23. • More control over final appearance
• Tighter tolerances
• Precaster as team member
• Elimination of several trades and materials
• Production regardless of weather conditions
Casting components under factory-controlled
conditions benefits a project in many ways:
Controlled Production

24. Safety and Security
 Fire Resistance
 Earthquake Resistance
 Vermin Resistance
 Blast/Wind Resistance
A precast structure can increase the safety and
security of its occupants:

25. Glass

26. (C) Dept of Applied Chemistry - SVCE 26
General Properties of glass
 Amorphous Solid
 No definite melting point
 Very brittle
 Softens on heating
 Can absorb, reflect and transmit light
 Good electrical insulator
 Affected by alkalis
 Not affected by air,water,acid or chemical reagents . But soluble in HF which
converts into SiF4
 Possesses high compressive strength and since it doesn’t have any crystalline
structure , no slippage between planes can occur
 Light in weight because it has homogeneous internal structure similar to liquids

27. 27
Types of glasses
1. Soda-lime or soda glass
2. Potash lime or hard glass
3. Lead glass or Flint glass
4. Borosilicate glass or Pyrex glass or Jena glass
5. Alumina silicate glass
6. Optical or Crookes glass
7. Glass wool
8. Quartz glass
9. Opal glass
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