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Session Overview
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Conservation agriculture in Zambia and Malawi; the opportunities and constraints to adoption
1. Jens B. Aune
Department of International Environment and
Development Studies, Noragric
Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Conservation agriculture in Zambia and
Malawi - the opportunities and
constraints to adoption
2. 2
Noragric research on conservation
agriculture (CA)
• Malawi (Chidedze Research Station)
• Zambia (Conservaton Farming Unit, GART,
University of Zambia)
• Ethiopia (Hawassa University)
Results presented today are based on our
experiences in Zambia and Malawi
3. Planting basins (CFU method in
Zambia)
• Planting basins 30 cm long , 15
cm wide and 15 cm deep • Chaka hoe
Photo: B.B. Umar
4. Planting basins
Advantages
• Increased yields (more
than 100%)
• Good economic return
• Works well under dry
conditions.
• More efficient utilisation of
inputs
Disadvantages
• High labour demand-
comparable to general
hoe tillage
• Women find it hard to
use the chaka hoe
• Waterlogging under
flooding conditions
• Basins alone do not
improve soil organic
matter
Source: Umar et al. 2012
6. Ripping
Advantage
• Low labour demand
• Lower traction
demand than
ploughing
• Expanding faster in
Zambia than planting
basins
• Farmers that plough
turn to ripping
Disadvantage
• No yield benefit
compared to
ploughing
• Farmers unwilling to
use animals in the
dry season
Source: Aune et al. 2012,
Umar et al. 2012
7. Use of the planting stick (dibble stick) in Malawi
-Low drudgery
-Fast
-Shallow tillage
-Timely sowing
-Mulching
-Increased organic
matter
-N input needed
Photo: Amos Ngwira
10. Traditional
tillage
Planting basins
Ripping
CA with mulch
and trees
Productivity
Level of CA
In 2009/2010 season in Zambia the area under
CA was 26% of the total cultivated area .
Land area under CA for adopters in Malawi was
30% (Ngwira et al. 2014)
Partial adoption
11. Why partial adoption of CA
- It takes time to change traditions
- Reduce risk. CA may work in dry years, traditional
tillage in humid years
- Spread of labour. CA reduces time for land
preparation, but increases time for weeding.
Opposite effect in traditional tillage
- Capital requirements. CA is more capital
demanding. Fertiliser and herbicides more in use
in CA. New equipement is needed.
- Tactical reasons in order to achieve continued
support from CA projects
16. Ecological benefits of recycling of
organic matter in CA
• 31% more organic matter in CA plots as
compared to convention plots in Zambia
(Thierfelder et al. 2013)
• 41% more water infiltrated in CA plots with mulch
in Malawi (Ngwira et al. 2012)
• 10 times more earthworms per m2 in Malawi
(Ngwira et al. 2012)
• 50% reduction weed infestion with mulch in
Malawi (4 tons/ha) (Ngwira et al. 2014 in press)
• Less yield variability in CA as compared to
traditional tillage (Ngwira et al. 2014 in press)
17. How to reap the ecological and
economic benefits of CA
• Increase production and produce more mulch-
CA without fertilisers in not sustainable.
• Recycle mulch and integrate trees
• Integrate livestock in CA programs
• - fodder production
• - improved feeding
• - grazing management
18. Conclusions
• Partial adoption observed
• There can be good reasons for partial
adoption
• The ecological benefits of CA are connected to
the recylcing of organic matter
• CA should not be promoted under the low-
input label as CA without fertiliser is not
beneficial.