The document explains the use of linking words (conjunctions) like 'because,' 'and,' 'so,' 'but,' and 'when,' highlighting their roles in connecting clauses and forming longer sentences. It provides examples of usage across different grammatical types and contexts, demonstrating how these connectors can articulate reasons, contrasts, and sequences in action. Additionally, it includes practice exercises and a writing activity to reinforce the understanding of linking words.

1. connecting
words
because, - and – so –but -
when

2. We use linking words
(conjunctions)
to join two sentences.
They make one longer sentence
from
two shorter sentences
called clauses:

3. BECAUS
E
It’s used when the reason is the most important part of
the sentences. The because clause usually comes at the
end:
Example:
Thomas was really hungry this morning because he
didn’t eat breakfast.
Alice went shopping because she needed to buy bread.

4. AN
D
It’s used to connect two words, phrases, clauses or prefixes
together.
Example:
• Television and computers are dominating our daily life. (noun
+ noun)
• I have to shower and change. (verb+ verb)
• The photos are black and White. (adjective+ adjective)
• My best friend and my father’s father both come from Wales.
(phrase+ phrase)
• I sent Mary and email, and she answered me. (clause+ clause)

5. SO
The word so expresses a result and sometimes is
preceded by a comma.
Example:
 She was ill in bed, so she didn’t go to school
 He was late for work, so he took a taxi.
 My best friend didn’t study so she failed the exam.
 I am busy so I can’t go to the party

6. BU
T
It’s used to link items which are the same
grammatical type. It is used to connect ideas that
contrast.
Example:
 I love fruit but I am allergic to strawberries.
 They bought a house in Manchester but they still
haven’t sold their house in London.

7. WHEN
When means at the time that something happened or
happens.
● Example
● We were in the English class when I talked to her.
● I played basketball every Sunday when I was a kid

8. UNTIL
It’s used to connect an action or and event to a point in
time. It’s used to express how long a situation
continues. We normally put the until-clause before
the main clause.
Example:
 Let’s wait here until the rain stops.
 No one left the room until the talk ended.
 I can’t wait until the summer holidays begin.

9. Look at this example:
We cannot start until she arrives
This means that first, she must arrive, and then we can
start.
Action 2 + until + action 1
With "until", action 1 must be finished before action 2
can happen.
We cannot finish the report until we have more
information.

10. Connecting words
PRACTICE

11. My leg hurts
_____ I walk.
when
while
because
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

12. We’ll have to
borrow some
money _____
We need to pay
but
when
because
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

13. I haven’t seen
her _____ she
left the town.
but
when
because
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

14. You’ll have to
wait ______ Sue
when
until
and
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

15. I booked a
babysitter,
_______ I could
until
so
when
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

16. The country was
nice _____ the
weather was awful.
when
so
but
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

17. I took a taxi
_______ I was
late.
but
when
because
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

18. They stayed at
home _____
watched tv
so
and
but
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

19. The water in
the river wasn’t
clear ____ we
didn’t swim
because
when
so
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

20. It’s a lovely
apartment _____
it doesn’t have a
balcony.
and
but
until
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

21. I was listening
to music ______
the doorbell
rang.
but
when
so
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

22. Lily turned off
the light _____
went to bed.
so
and
but
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

23. The electricity
went off _____
we were
watching a
but
when
so
LINKING WORDS
choose from the three given

24. WRITING ACTIVITY
Imagine you are on holidays in another city or
country with your family or friends. Write about the
things you did there, describe some places you
visited, what you like or dislike about the place
or the holidays and also a brief description of the
place. Use as many linking words as you can such
as: but, and, so, because, when and until.

25. my family and I went on a holiday to Mexico City, we were there
for two weeks. We visited many places such as, the zocalo square,
the city center, some shopping malls, and restaurants. My sister
and I took pictures at the zocalo, but my parents didn’t because
there was too many people. We walked in the city center, and we
bought some souvenirs and things at some local stores until we
had no more money, so we needed to go to an ATM to get more
money. When we get to the bank, we noticed there was a lot of
people waiting in line, so we decided to go to another one…

26. https://www.liveworksheets.com/tt1010785fe