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Conjunctions lecture 2
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- 2. Rule 1 Correlative conjunctions—Inclusive both…and Rememberthat both…and are correlative conjunctions. They are used together to include two parallel structures (two nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs).
- 3. Incorrect: She speaksboth English as well as Spanish at home. Incorrect: She speaks both English and Spanish at home.
- 4. Rule 2 Correlative conjunctions—Inclusiveboth…and…as well as These are correlative conjunctions. They must be used in sequence to include two or three parallel structures (two nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs). e.g. He is both intelligent and artistic as well as athletic. He is both intelligent as well as athletic.
- 5. Rule 3 Correlative conjunctions—Exclusivesnot…but These are used together to exclude the structure that follows not (two nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs) and include the structure that follows but. Avoid using only instead of but.
- 6. Incorrect: To judgeyour friends, you should not listen to what they say only observe what they do. Correct: To judge your friends, you should not listen to what they say but observe what they do.
- 7. Rule 4 Affirmative Agreement–so and too Remember that so, too, and also have the same meaning, but so is used before auxiliary verbs and too and also are used after auxiliary verbs. Avoid using also instated of so.
- 8. Incorrect: We aregoing to the concert, and so do they. Correct: We are going to the concert, and so are they. Or Correct: We are going to the concert, and they are too. Or Correct: We are going to the concert, and they are also.
- 9. Rule 5 Negative Agreement—Neitherand Either Remember that neither and either have the same meaning, but neither is used before auxiliary verbs and either is used after auxiliary verbs and not.
- 10. Incorrect: She hasn’tfinished the assignment yet, and neither I have. Correct: She hasn’t finished the assignment yet, and neither have I. Or Correct: She hasn’t finished the assignment yet, and I haven’t either.
- 11. Incorrect: She isnot in agreement, and neither do I. Correct: She is not in agreement, and neither am I. Or Correct: She is not in agreement, and I’m not either.
- 12. Rule 5 Planned Result—Sothat Avoid suing so instead of so that as a purpose connector in written English. Note: In spoken English, so instead of so that is often used. In written English, so that is preferred. e.g. Incorrect: He borrowed money so he could finish his education. Correct: He borrowed money so that he could finish his education.
- 13. Rule 6 Indirect Questions Rememberthat question words can be used as conjunctions. Question words introduce a clause of indirect question. Question words include the following: Who why what how What time how long when How many where how much
- 14. Avoid using do,does or did after the question word. Avoid using the verb before the subject after the question word. Incorrect: I didn’t understand what did he say. Correct: I didn’t understand what he said.
- 15. Incorrect: Do youknow how much do they cost? Correct: Do you know how much they cost? Incorrect: I wonder when is her birthday. Correct: I wonder when her birthday is.
- 16. Rule 7 Question Wordswith –ever Remember that -ever means any. Whoever and whomever means anyone Whatever means anything Wherever means anywhere Whenever means anytime However means anyway The –ever words may be used as conjunctions to introduce clauses.
- 17. Incorrect: We canleave ever when Ahmad is ready. Correct: We can leave whenever when Ahmad is ready. Incorrect: Order any what you like. Correct: Order whatever you like.
- 18. Incorrect: The representativewill vote for whom the membership supports. Correct: The representative will vote for whomever the membership supports.
- 19. Rule 8 The conjunctionso....as / as....as is used to make comparison between two persons and things. so as is used in negative sentences. E.g. He is not so good as you.
- 20. But as....as isused in both affirmative and negative sentences E.g. He is as good as you. He is not as good as you.
- 21. Rule 9 Although/ Thoughis followed by yet or a comma(,) E.g. Though he worked hard, he failed. Although these books are costly yet the students buy them because these are useful.
- 22. Rule 10 Always usethe correct pair No sooner........than Hardly.... when or before Scarcely.... when or before Barely.... when or before
- 23. E.g. No soonerhad he solved the riddle than he was applauded. Hardly had I come out of the room before I saw him dying. Scarcely had he asked the question when Agnes slapped him. Barely had he bought the car before it was stolen.
- 24. Hardly, scarcely, andbarely are negative words. Do not use not, no, never with the clause containing these words. If a sentences starts with a negative word, use inversion form i.e. helping verb before the subject.
- 25. Rule 11 Lest isfollowed by should or first from of verb. Lest is a negative word. Do not use not, never, no with lest. E.g. Walk carefully lest he should fall. Walk carefully lest he fall.
- 26. Rule 12 Until istime oriented and unless is action oriented. Until and unless are negative words. Do not use not, never , no, with the clause containing these words. E.g. Wait here until I return. Unless you work hard, you will not pass.
- 27. Rule 13 In affirmativesentences doubt and doubtful are followed by if/ whether. In negative or interrogative sentences doubt and doubtful are followed by that. E.g. I doubt if he will come. I do not doubt that he will come.
- 28. Rule 14 Always usethe correct pair not only....but also. E.g. He cheated not only his friends but also his parents.
- 29. Rule 15 Between isfollowed by and From is followed by to. E.g. You will have to choose between good and bad. She keeps singing from morning to evening.
- 30. Rule 16 Do notuse seldom or ever in place of seldom or never. E.g. The national network seldom or never telecasts good programmers.
- 31. Rule 17 After rather/other, the subordinating conjunction than should be used. E.g. He has no other object than to get a handsome job. I would rather buy a scooter than a cycle.