This document discusses confined space entry training. It defines confined spaces and the roles of entrants, attendants, and safety representatives. It outlines hazards like oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, and mechanical/electrical dangers. It emphasizes the need for a permit system where safety representatives evaluate hazards and issue permits before confined space entry.

1. Confined Space Entry
Environmetal Safety & Health - Safety Center
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 1

2. Confined Space Entry
Why are we here?
OSHA and this company require that all employees who
must enter into confined spaces receive training as to the
hazards, procedures and equipment required to do so
safely.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 2

3. Confined Space Entry
Definitions:
The entrant is the person who enters a confined space.
The attendant is the person who stays with the entrant
outside the confined space, and is responsible for assisting
the entrant in exiting the confined space, and calling for
emergency assistance when required.
The safety representative is the qualified person who
evaluates the hazards, prescribes required equipment
and precautions and issues the Confined Space Entry Permit.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 3

4. Confined Space Entry
Goals and Objectives:
At the end of this session you will:
o be familiar with the hazards and requirements
of “safe” confined space entry.
o pass a 10 question quiz with a score of 100%.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 4

5. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
O2 Both animal and plant life
require oxygen to live. One of the
primary hazards of entering
confined spaces is oxygen
deficiency.
When oxygen is present in O2
concentrations less than 19.5%
the atmosphere is said to be
oxygen deficient.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 5

6. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen can also be present
in concentrations that are
too high.
Oxygen in concentrations
greater than 23% is too
oxygen rich and can cause
combustible materials to
ignite very quickly.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 6

7. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen deficiency can be caused by several
processes:
Consumption: oxygen is used up by the person who is in the
confined space and turned into carbon
dioxide.
Displacement: denser materials push the oxygen out of
the occupied space.
Reaction: oxygen is reacted with other materials
to make other compounds.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 7

8. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
CO2 O2
After oxygen is delivered The human body requires
to body organs and used oxygen to carry out cellular
by organ cells, it reacts metabolism. Oxygen is
with carbon to make brought in through the lungs
carbon dioxide. Red and transported to cells of
blood cells carrying body organs by the red
carbon dioxide turn blood cells. When blood is
blue. Carbon dioxide is rich in oxygen it turns red.
carried back to the lungs
by the red blood cells
and exhaled into the
surrounding atmosphere.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 8

9. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
O2 Given a fixed amount of oxygen
as you would have in a confined
space, respiration of oxygen
causes carbon dioxide to
increase. When oxygen
CO2 decreases to less than 19.5%.
the atmosphere is said to be oxygen
deficient, putting occupants of
the confined space at risk of
losing consciousness and death.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 9

10. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
CO2 NOx Processes which operate by the
principle of combustion use up
H20 oxygen much faster than the
CO human respiration.
Products of combustion vary
with the fuel that is present and
the temperature of the combustion
O2 reaction. Welding, burning natural
fuel gas, propane, gasoline, and diesel
engines are examples of combustion
processes.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 10

11. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Manholes often remain Manholes may also
covered for long periods accumulate highly
of time. Naturally flammable gasses
H2 S
occurring toxins, such such as methane
as hydrogen sulfide and ethane. Unlike
can accumulate inside of the gas we receive at
manholes. home, we cannot detect
CH4 some of these gases with
our sense of smell.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 11

12. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Toxic and flammable Material can leach
materials are sometimes through soil from
illegally put into sanitary ?? many miles
and storm sewers. away.
Leaking tanks or spills
may migrate under ??
ground causing seepage
into manholes. ??
??
??
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 12

13. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Sudden releases of
fluid solids, such as When torrential forces
granulated salt, sugar, are suddenly released,
or sand, liquids, and people may be struck
dense gases can cause by moving objects , or
engulfment of persons be pushed helplessly
inside underground downstream.
tanks, or pits.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 13

14. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Trenches, ravines and other
excavations may also
be considered confined
spaces, if there is a
potential for accumulation
of toxic gases, engulfment ?
and/or the depletion of
oxygen.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 14

15. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Many confined space
entries involve a
complex set of exposures
to mechanical, electrical,
pressure and chemical
hazards.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 15

16. Confined Space Entry
The entry of a confined space begins with a
Confined Space Entry Permit.
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit The permit system requires
Location and Description of Confined Space:
Location and Description of Confined Space: that a qualified safety
Reason for Entry:
Reason for Entry: representative visit the
Permit Issued to (Name of Company/Organization):
Permit Issued to (Name of Company/Organization): work location and evaluate
the conditions under which
entry will be made.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 16

17. Confined Space Entry
Each process hazard to which
the entrant may be exposed,
adjacent operations or processes,
and scheduled activity
are reviewed. For each hazard
identified, countermeasures
are detailed on the Confined
Space Entry Permit.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 17

18. Confined Space Entry
The safety representative
tests the space for
hazardous concentrations
of known harmful
substances, such as
hydrogen sulfide,
carbon monoxide, and
flammable liquid or gas.
The concentration
of oxygen is measured
at the same time.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 18

19. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Fresh Air
If concentrations of
materials are found to Fresh outside
Fresh outside
be at harmful levels, air is blown into
air is blown into
??
the confined space the space to dilute
the space to dilute
must be ventilated to and remove
and remove
remove them before contaminants, and
contaminants, and
O2 ??
entry. supply oxygen.
supply oxygen.
??
O2
?? O2
O2
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 19

20. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Fresh Air
Should the concentration
Should the concentration
of contaminants remain ??
of contaminants remain
at harmful levels,
at harmful levels,
respirators may have to
respirators may have to
be worn to assure aasafe O2 ??
be worn to assure safe
air supply.
air supply. ??
O2
?? O2
O2
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 20

21. Confined Space Entry
Means of emergency rescue
must be readily available
to the confined space
entry attendant for
emergency
extrication of
entrants.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 21

22. Confined
Space Entry
A means must be provided
for both safe normal entry
or exit , and emergency
extrication. Tripods with hoist,
lifeline, and full body harness
are often used for emergency
extrication. Ladders may be
used for ordinary entry and
exit.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 22

23. Confined
Space Entry
Barriers to prevent passers-by
and the curious from falling
into the opening must be put
in place.
Holes and openings must be
closed or guarded when not
attended.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 23

24. Confined
Space Entry
Place warning signs where
CAUTION pedestrians can see them.
Opening in Ground
Keep Out !
Signs must state the hazard
and the required action.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 24

25. Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Required countermeasures include
Requirements
personal protective equipment
Eye protection yes no
Eye protection
Respiratory protection
Respiratory protection
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
for hazards expected to be found
Continuous Ventilation yes no
Continuous Ventilation
Body Protection
yes
yes
no
no
within the confined space.
Body Protection yes no
Hand Protection yes no
Hand Protection yes no
Foot Protection yes no
Foot Protection
Weather Protection
Weather Protection
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
Eye and head injuries are always
a potential, therefore safety glasses
and hard hats are required wear
for entrants.
Other conditions may require the
use of respirators, safety shoes,
protective gloves, and other
personal protective equipment.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 25

26. Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Required countermeasures also
Requirements
include prevention of electrical
Ground Fault Interruption yes no
Ground Fault Interruption
Lockout of Hazardous
Lockout of Hazardous
yes no
shock hazards due to loss of
Energy Sources yes no
Energy Sources yes no earth ground for portable tools.
GFCI’s are required for portable
electric tooling.
o
o
There may also be a need to
Danger
Danger lockout and tag equipment both
in the confined space and on
adjacent equipment and processes.
Do not use!
Do not use!
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 26

27. Confined Space Entry
Entrants must constantly monitor
Entrants must leave the
Entrants must leave the
the confined space for toxic gases,
confined space when the
confined space when the
oxygen, and combustible gases.
monitor alarm is activated.
monitor alarm is activated.
Entrants will be issued a personal H2 S
monitor to wear O2 It is the attendant’s
It is the attendant’s
for this
responsibility to see that
responsibility to see that
purpose. CO
HCN the entrant leaves the
the entrant leaves the
CH4 space during an alarm.
space during an alarm.
CO2
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 27

28. Confined Space Entry
Should conditions develop
Should conditions develop
which require extrication,
which require extrication,
and the entrant cannot
and the entrant cannot
get out of the confined
get out of the confined
space on their own,
space on their own,
the attendant must
the attendant must
call for emergency
call for emergency
assistance at once!
assistance at once!
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 28

29. Confined Space Entry
The attendant should
The attendant should
attempt to remove the
attempt to remove the
entrant from the confined
entrant from the confined
space using tripods, hoist, and
space using tripods, hoist, and
lifelines. Attendants are NOT
lifelines. Attendants are NOT
TO ENTER CONFINED
TO ENTER CONFINED
SPACES. Lethal hazards may
SPACES. Lethal hazards may
be present within the confined
be present within the confined
space. Only properly
space. Only properly
equipped
equipped
and trained emergency rescue
and trained emergency rescue
personnel may enter confined
personnel may enter confined
spaces to make rescues.
spaces to make rescues.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 29

30. Confined Space Entry - Summary
Confined space entry hazards can include:
- the presence of toxic substances
- insufficient oxygen, or too much oxygen
- engulfment
- presence of combustible gases and liquids
- process or equipment related hazards.
- conditions changing from nonhazardous
to hazardous.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 30

31. Confined Space Entry - Summary
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit Required countermeasures are
Location and description of confined space:
Reason for and description of confined space:
Location entry:
Permit issuedentry:
Reason for to:
determined by a qualified safety
Permit issued to:
Supervisor’s Name:
Supervisor’s Name:
Attendant’s name:
professional.
Attendant’s name:
Permit issuer’s name:
Permit issuer’s name: lower explosive limit:
% oxygen: % ppm CO: H2S:
% oxygen: % lower explosive limit: ppm CO: H2S:
Requirements
Requirements
Once the required countermeasures
Emergency Rescuer
Emergency Rescuer
Continuous Gas Monitor
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
are in place, a permit is issued by
Barrier for ground Monitor
Continuous Gas openings yes no
Barrier for ground openings
Warning Signs
Warning Signs
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
the safety representative and the
Safety Harness with
life line Harness with
Safety
life line
Tripod / Hoist / Pulley
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
confined space may be safely
Tripod / Hoist / Pulley yes no
Access (ladders/other)yes
Access (ladders/other)yes
Eye protection
Eye protection
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
entered.
Respiratory protection yes no
Respiratory protection
Continuous Ventilation yes
yes no
no
Continuous Ventilation
Body Protection yes
yes no
no
Body Protection yes no
Hand Protection
Hand Protection
Foot Protection
Foot Protection
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
Should an emergency arise during
Weather Protection yes no
Weather Protection
Ground Fault Circuit
Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupters
yes
yes
no
no
the entry, the attendant notifies
Interrupters yes no
Lockout of Hazardous
Energy of Hazardous
Lockout
Energy
yes
yes
no
no
an emergency response team and
attempts to extricate the entrant.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 31

32. Confined Space Entry -Summary
CAUTION
Confined Space
Safe Work Permit Required
Confined spaces are required to be labeled. Some spaces
may have been overlooked. Contact your safety representative
when in doubt. It is up to you to obey signs and to follow
permit procedures before entry.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 32

33. Where to Get Help?
The supervisor of a confined space entry should be contacted
for any equipment necessary to complete the task at hand.
Safety Representatives are responsible for answering questions
about the confined space entry permit, countermeasures,
sampling methods, and instrumentation.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 33

34. References and Sources for
More Information
OSHA 29CFR 1910.146 Permit - Required Confined Spaces
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 34