This document discusses confined space entry training. It defines confined spaces and the roles of entrants, attendants, and safety representatives. It outlines hazards like oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, and mechanical/electrical dangers. It emphasizes the need for a permit system where safety representatives evaluate hazards and issue permits before confined space entry.
This document provides information about confined space entry training. It discusses why the training is required by OSHA, defines key roles like entrant and attendant, and outlines the goals and objectives of becoming familiar with confined space hazards and permit requirements. The document also describes various hazards like oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment, and mechanical/electrical dangers that can be present in confined spaces and the controls like ventilation, monitoring, PPE, lockout/tagout that should be implemented before entry.
This training presentation provides an overview of various workplace safety topics including hazard communication, personal protective equipment, respiratory protection, hazard analysis, fire safety, electrical safety lockout/tagout, and first aid. It reviews important concepts, definitions, and best practices for each topic to help create and maintain safe working conditions. Slides include information on chemical hazards, safety data sheets, respiratory protection types and limitations, PPE selection, fire classes and extinguishers, confined space entry requirements, and preventing temperature stress in hot and cold environments.
The greatest risk of excavation work is cave-ins. Employees can be protected from cave-ins through the use of protective systems like sloping, shielding, and shoring. A competent person must inspect excavations daily for hazards and ensure protective systems are adequately designed and installed. Other excavation hazards include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, water accumulation, falls, and mobile equipment.
An average of 92 workers are killed each year in confined space accidents. Magid Glove and Safety teamed up with MSA to create this presentation in effort to help reduce that number by informing you of these hazards and providing you simple solutions to better test your work environment.
This weekly inspection checklist documents an excavation site inspection. It lists the competent person who performed the inspection, the excavation location and date. It then lists 15 items that were checked for safety compliance, including daily inspections of the excavation and adjacent areas, use of proper PPE, adequate sloping or shoring of deep excavations, and protections from falling material, water accumulation, and cave-ins. Upon completion of the inspection, the contractor supervisor signs off to confirm the excavation meets safety standards.
Scaffolds are elevated temporary work platforms that come in three types - supported, suspended, and aerial lifts. Employees face hazards from falls, falling objects, electrocution, and scaffold collapse. Fall protection such as guardrails or personal fall arrest systems are required for scaffolds over 10 feet. Other requirements include stable construction, competent oversight, inspection, training, and protecting against falls, falling objects, and collapse.
The document defines work at height as any work performed 1.8 meters or more above ground level, including below ground. Work above 1.8 meters requires a permit and safety checklist. Fall distances increase rapidly with time, emphasizing the need for fall protection like railings, safety harnesses attached to lifelines, and safety nets. Proper planning, equipment, and rescue procedures are required for working at heights.
This document provides information about confined space entry training. It discusses why the training is required by OSHA, defines key roles like entrant and attendant, and outlines the goals and objectives of becoming familiar with confined space hazards and permit requirements. The document also describes various hazards like oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment, and mechanical/electrical dangers that can be present in confined spaces and the controls like ventilation, monitoring, PPE, lockout/tagout that should be implemented before entry.
This training presentation provides an overview of various workplace safety topics including hazard communication, personal protective equipment, respiratory protection, hazard analysis, fire safety, electrical safety lockout/tagout, and first aid. It reviews important concepts, definitions, and best practices for each topic to help create and maintain safe working conditions. Slides include information on chemical hazards, safety data sheets, respiratory protection types and limitations, PPE selection, fire classes and extinguishers, confined space entry requirements, and preventing temperature stress in hot and cold environments.
The greatest risk of excavation work is cave-ins. Employees can be protected from cave-ins through the use of protective systems like sloping, shielding, and shoring. A competent person must inspect excavations daily for hazards and ensure protective systems are adequately designed and installed. Other excavation hazards include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, water accumulation, falls, and mobile equipment.
An average of 92 workers are killed each year in confined space accidents. Magid Glove and Safety teamed up with MSA to create this presentation in effort to help reduce that number by informing you of these hazards and providing you simple solutions to better test your work environment.
This weekly inspection checklist documents an excavation site inspection. It lists the competent person who performed the inspection, the excavation location and date. It then lists 15 items that were checked for safety compliance, including daily inspections of the excavation and adjacent areas, use of proper PPE, adequate sloping or shoring of deep excavations, and protections from falling material, water accumulation, and cave-ins. Upon completion of the inspection, the contractor supervisor signs off to confirm the excavation meets safety standards.
Scaffolds are elevated temporary work platforms that come in three types - supported, suspended, and aerial lifts. Employees face hazards from falls, falling objects, electrocution, and scaffold collapse. Fall protection such as guardrails or personal fall arrest systems are required for scaffolds over 10 feet. Other requirements include stable construction, competent oversight, inspection, training, and protecting against falls, falling objects, and collapse.
The document defines work at height as any work performed 1.8 meters or more above ground level, including below ground. Work above 1.8 meters requires a permit and safety checklist. Fall distances increase rapidly with time, emphasizing the need for fall protection like railings, safety harnesses attached to lifelines, and safety nets. Proper planning, equipment, and rescue procedures are required for working at heights.
This document provides information on scaffolding safety. It defines common scaffolding components and outlines proper inspection, erection, use, and tagging procedures. Workers must inspect scaffolds before each shift and not exceed the design capacity. The document emphasizes keeping scaffolding plumb, securing all components, using fall protection, and maintaining good housekeeping.
A confined space training PowerPoint covering the basics including a definition of a confined space, ventilation, gas monitoring, rescue and retrieval and more.
Demolition of building and its precautionary measures as per IS codejaimin1702
The document discusses safety measures for demolition of buildings. It outlines necessary safety precautions to take when demolishing structures, including wearing protective equipment like goggles and gloves, installing screens and catch platforms, controlling dust and noise, and ensuring proper exits and supports. Temporary supports may be needed to handle loads from machinery, debris, and impacts during demolition. The document also notes environmental concerns like waste recycling and disposal, and controlling dust, noise, and water pollution.
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling and storageImran Bokhari
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of Propane and Butanes, with Propane content of 30 to 60 percent and Butanes content of 40 to 70 percent. LPG can exist in liquid state at moderate pressure at ambient temperature. It is colorless, odorless, highly volatile and heavier than air (even at ambient conditions) substance. It easily forms combustible/explosive mixture when released in air, thus posing unique safety issues. Besides being a combustible substance posing fire hazard, LPG due to its nature also poses threats of cold burns and suffocation. LPG is being extensively used as fuel in homes, restaurants, transportation and some industries. In this presentation we have discussed in detail a major HSE related incident that have occurred in the past and mitigation strategies for the same. The required safety devices and their engineering design features in LPG extraction plant to avoid accidents are also discussed.
The document discusses a work permit system used in industries that handle hazardous materials. The permit system is intended to prevent injuries, protect property from damage, and ensure work is done safely. Different colored permits are required for different types of work, such as hot work, vehicle entry, excavation, and work at heights. The permits specify the safe conditions and procedures for the work. Authorized personnel who have knowledge of the work and conditions issue and execute the permits.
This document discusses work permit systems and their importance for safety. It outlines the key aspects that work permits address like nature of work, equipment, location, hazards. Work permits are used to authorize specific jobs in defined areas and times. They aim to prevent accidents by clearly identifying responsibilities and hazards. The document also discusses types of work permits for hot work, confined space entry, excavation and their associated precautions to minimize risks.
This document discusses confined space entry and safety. It defines a confined space as a space large enough for entry, with limited means of entry/exit, not meant for continuous occupancy. Examples include boilers, sewers and bins. Hazards include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment and process hazards. Proper entry procedures require isolating, ventilating and testing the atmosphere of the space, using permits and attendants to monitor entrants. Rescue procedures and emergency planning are also vital parts of safe confined space work.
This document provides safety guidelines for operating mounted boom concrete pumps. It lists several hazards to avoid such as booming over wires, maintaining clearance from wires, not relying on depth perception with electric wires, and being aware of overhead power lines. It also recommends proper communication before starting, using clear hand signals, staying out of the boom path, and not exceeding the maximum weight allowed to hang from the boom.
This training module provides information on proper dust mask use and safety. It explains that dust masks filter out airborne particles when worn correctly, but have limitations and may not protect against chemicals, gases, or heavy dust. It stresses that dust masks must form a tight seal on the face, and be replaced daily or when soiled to be effective. Only NIOSH-approved dust masks should be used to ensure adequate respiratory protection.
Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) and Mond IndexEvonne MunYee
Introduction on Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) & Mond Index. Explain the objectives of the index and steps to obtain the index. Mond Index is an extension of Dow F&EI.
This document outlines requirements and safety procedures for working at heights. It discusses proper fall protection equipment like harnesses and lifelines, as well as safety protocols like hazard identification checklists and permits. Temporary anchor points must be approved and capable of withstanding significant loads. Proper PPE like hard hats is required, and workers must be trained before working alone or using fall arrest vs. restraint systems.
Cave-ins pose the greatest risk in excavations. Other hazards include asphyxiation, toxic fumes, fire, and moving machinery. Protective systems like sloping, shielding, and shoring must be used to protect employees. A competent person must inspect excavations and protective systems daily and after any changes in conditions to ensure employee safety.
Roles, duties and responsibilities of a stand-by Man working in a confined spaceEMMANUEL ESSEN
The document discusses the roles, duties, and responsibilities of a standby man for confined space work. A standby man is a competent person assigned to remain outside a confined space to monitor workers inside, communicate with them, operate safety equipment, and initiate emergency procedures if needed. The document outlines the objectives and definitions around confined spaces and standby men. It describes examples of confined spaces and lists the duties of standby men, which include continuously monitoring entrants, maintaining communication, summoning help if needed, and ordering evacuations when hazards are detected.
The document defines various terms related to work permits and safety procedures in Saudi Aramco. It provides definitions for work permits, confined spaces, excavation, lifting, scaffolding, fire safety, gas monitoring, and emergency response. It also lists common abbreviations used in safety documentation like JSA, PPE, LOTO, and PASS.
The correct action for working on a live panel or process pipeline is to follow all the steps listed:
A. Permit to Work
B. Manage System Risk Assessment
C. Isolate the energy sources
D. Lockout/Tagout the energy isolating devices
E. Drain the pipeline if required
F. Test that the power/energy is isolated using a multimeter for panels
G. Ensure only competent and authorized staff perform the work
H. All of the above steps should be followed to safely isolate, control and verify isolation of hazardous energy sources.
This document provides information on various types of breathing apparatus used to provide breathable air in dangerous atmospheres. It discusses the physiology of respiration and lung volumes. It also describes specific apparatus like SCBA and their parts like cylinders, regulators, hoses, masks. Hazards of elevated temperature, oxygen deficiency, toxic gases are explained. Donning, use, and doffing procedures are outlined to correctly operate the equipment.
The document provides information on basic scaffolding, including an introduction, course content, types of scaffolds, scaffolding materials, tools, safety harnesses, and scafftags. The course content section outlines topics that will be covered, including what a scaffold is, different types of scaffolds, materials, tools, safety harnesses, and safe erection and dismantling procedures. It then provides descriptions and details about independent tied scaffolds, putlog scaffolds, bird cage tower scaffolds, roof saddle and stack scaffolds, and suspended scaffolds. The document also lists and describes common scaffolding materials and tools.
http://sandblaster-parts.com/?gclid=CNSIx_2P-cQCFQSUfgodjxIAWA | Safety is critical in any field, but especially a key factor of importance for sandblasting jobs. Our presentations will teach you how to protect yourself from harm on the job.
This training document covers confined space entry hazards and procedures. It defines key roles like entrant, attendant, and safety representative. Hazards discussed include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment, and mechanical/electrical dangers. The document stresses the importance of permits, atmospheric testing, ventilation, monitoring, rescue equipment, and only allowing trained personnel to enter confined spaces.
This document provides an overview of confined space entry safety training. It discusses the hazards of confined spaces like oxygen deficiency and toxic gases. It outlines the roles of entrants, attendants, and safety representatives in the permit process. Proper ventilation, atmospheric testing, protective equipment, rescue procedures, and signage are described as required elements for safe confined space entry. The goal is to familiarize workers with confined space hazards and permit requirements.
This document provides information on scaffolding safety. It defines common scaffolding components and outlines proper inspection, erection, use, and tagging procedures. Workers must inspect scaffolds before each shift and not exceed the design capacity. The document emphasizes keeping scaffolding plumb, securing all components, using fall protection, and maintaining good housekeeping.
A confined space training PowerPoint covering the basics including a definition of a confined space, ventilation, gas monitoring, rescue and retrieval and more.
Demolition of building and its precautionary measures as per IS codejaimin1702
The document discusses safety measures for demolition of buildings. It outlines necessary safety precautions to take when demolishing structures, including wearing protective equipment like goggles and gloves, installing screens and catch platforms, controlling dust and noise, and ensuring proper exits and supports. Temporary supports may be needed to handle loads from machinery, debris, and impacts during demolition. The document also notes environmental concerns like waste recycling and disposal, and controlling dust, noise, and water pollution.
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling and storageImran Bokhari
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of Propane and Butanes, with Propane content of 30 to 60 percent and Butanes content of 40 to 70 percent. LPG can exist in liquid state at moderate pressure at ambient temperature. It is colorless, odorless, highly volatile and heavier than air (even at ambient conditions) substance. It easily forms combustible/explosive mixture when released in air, thus posing unique safety issues. Besides being a combustible substance posing fire hazard, LPG due to its nature also poses threats of cold burns and suffocation. LPG is being extensively used as fuel in homes, restaurants, transportation and some industries. In this presentation we have discussed in detail a major HSE related incident that have occurred in the past and mitigation strategies for the same. The required safety devices and their engineering design features in LPG extraction plant to avoid accidents are also discussed.
The document discusses a work permit system used in industries that handle hazardous materials. The permit system is intended to prevent injuries, protect property from damage, and ensure work is done safely. Different colored permits are required for different types of work, such as hot work, vehicle entry, excavation, and work at heights. The permits specify the safe conditions and procedures for the work. Authorized personnel who have knowledge of the work and conditions issue and execute the permits.
This document discusses work permit systems and their importance for safety. It outlines the key aspects that work permits address like nature of work, equipment, location, hazards. Work permits are used to authorize specific jobs in defined areas and times. They aim to prevent accidents by clearly identifying responsibilities and hazards. The document also discusses types of work permits for hot work, confined space entry, excavation and their associated precautions to minimize risks.
This document discusses confined space entry and safety. It defines a confined space as a space large enough for entry, with limited means of entry/exit, not meant for continuous occupancy. Examples include boilers, sewers and bins. Hazards include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment and process hazards. Proper entry procedures require isolating, ventilating and testing the atmosphere of the space, using permits and attendants to monitor entrants. Rescue procedures and emergency planning are also vital parts of safe confined space work.
This document provides safety guidelines for operating mounted boom concrete pumps. It lists several hazards to avoid such as booming over wires, maintaining clearance from wires, not relying on depth perception with electric wires, and being aware of overhead power lines. It also recommends proper communication before starting, using clear hand signals, staying out of the boom path, and not exceeding the maximum weight allowed to hang from the boom.
This training module provides information on proper dust mask use and safety. It explains that dust masks filter out airborne particles when worn correctly, but have limitations and may not protect against chemicals, gases, or heavy dust. It stresses that dust masks must form a tight seal on the face, and be replaced daily or when soiled to be effective. Only NIOSH-approved dust masks should be used to ensure adequate respiratory protection.
Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) and Mond IndexEvonne MunYee
Introduction on Dow Fire and Explosion Index (Dow F&EI) & Mond Index. Explain the objectives of the index and steps to obtain the index. Mond Index is an extension of Dow F&EI.
This document outlines requirements and safety procedures for working at heights. It discusses proper fall protection equipment like harnesses and lifelines, as well as safety protocols like hazard identification checklists and permits. Temporary anchor points must be approved and capable of withstanding significant loads. Proper PPE like hard hats is required, and workers must be trained before working alone or using fall arrest vs. restraint systems.
Cave-ins pose the greatest risk in excavations. Other hazards include asphyxiation, toxic fumes, fire, and moving machinery. Protective systems like sloping, shielding, and shoring must be used to protect employees. A competent person must inspect excavations and protective systems daily and after any changes in conditions to ensure employee safety.
Roles, duties and responsibilities of a stand-by Man working in a confined spaceEMMANUEL ESSEN
The document discusses the roles, duties, and responsibilities of a standby man for confined space work. A standby man is a competent person assigned to remain outside a confined space to monitor workers inside, communicate with them, operate safety equipment, and initiate emergency procedures if needed. The document outlines the objectives and definitions around confined spaces and standby men. It describes examples of confined spaces and lists the duties of standby men, which include continuously monitoring entrants, maintaining communication, summoning help if needed, and ordering evacuations when hazards are detected.
The document defines various terms related to work permits and safety procedures in Saudi Aramco. It provides definitions for work permits, confined spaces, excavation, lifting, scaffolding, fire safety, gas monitoring, and emergency response. It also lists common abbreviations used in safety documentation like JSA, PPE, LOTO, and PASS.
The correct action for working on a live panel or process pipeline is to follow all the steps listed:
A. Permit to Work
B. Manage System Risk Assessment
C. Isolate the energy sources
D. Lockout/Tagout the energy isolating devices
E. Drain the pipeline if required
F. Test that the power/energy is isolated using a multimeter for panels
G. Ensure only competent and authorized staff perform the work
H. All of the above steps should be followed to safely isolate, control and verify isolation of hazardous energy sources.
This document provides information on various types of breathing apparatus used to provide breathable air in dangerous atmospheres. It discusses the physiology of respiration and lung volumes. It also describes specific apparatus like SCBA and their parts like cylinders, regulators, hoses, masks. Hazards of elevated temperature, oxygen deficiency, toxic gases are explained. Donning, use, and doffing procedures are outlined to correctly operate the equipment.
The document provides information on basic scaffolding, including an introduction, course content, types of scaffolds, scaffolding materials, tools, safety harnesses, and scafftags. The course content section outlines topics that will be covered, including what a scaffold is, different types of scaffolds, materials, tools, safety harnesses, and safe erection and dismantling procedures. It then provides descriptions and details about independent tied scaffolds, putlog scaffolds, bird cage tower scaffolds, roof saddle and stack scaffolds, and suspended scaffolds. The document also lists and describes common scaffolding materials and tools.
http://sandblaster-parts.com/?gclid=CNSIx_2P-cQCFQSUfgodjxIAWA | Safety is critical in any field, but especially a key factor of importance for sandblasting jobs. Our presentations will teach you how to protect yourself from harm on the job.
This training document covers confined space entry hazards and procedures. It defines key roles like entrant, attendant, and safety representative. Hazards discussed include oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, engulfment, and mechanical/electrical dangers. The document stresses the importance of permits, atmospheric testing, ventilation, monitoring, rescue equipment, and only allowing trained personnel to enter confined spaces.
This document provides an overview of confined space entry safety training. It discusses the hazards of confined spaces like oxygen deficiency and toxic gases. It outlines the roles of entrants, attendants, and safety representatives in the permit process. Proper ventilation, atmospheric testing, protective equipment, rescue procedures, and signage are described as required elements for safe confined space entry. The goal is to familiarize workers with confined space hazards and permit requirements.
The document discusses confined space entry hazards and procedures. It notes that confined spaces can contain toxic gases, insufficient oxygen, or combustible gases. It also describes the permit system used to evaluate hazards and ensure proper precautions, such as ventilation, atmospheric monitoring, protective equipment, and emergency response measures, are in place before entry is allowed. The overall goal is to familiarize workers with confined space hazards and the requirements for safe entry.
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution. It provides definitions for key terms related to pollution such as pollutant, contaminant, receptor, and sinks. The major types of air pollutants discussed are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulates. The sources and effects of these pollutants are described, as well as various approaches to control pollution, such as catalytic converters and scrubbers. The formation of acid rain from nitrogen and sulfur pollutants is also summarized.
This document discusses several inorganic toxicants and their sources and effects. It describes how heavy metals like arsenic, chromium, and lead from industrial and agricultural activities can pollute the environment and harm human health. Specific toxic metals mentioned include arsenic, which causes cancer from long-term exposure, and lead, which can damage the nervous system and cause developmental issues in children. The document also examines air pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emitted from fossil fuel combustion in vehicles, power plants, and industry.
Chapter 18 – air pollution and global changesAnnie cox
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Notes ii -the ozone layger and the ozone holeTed Banner
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Organisms and Environment Exercise - MH-CET 2015Ednexa
i. Carbon dioxide plays a crucial role in global warming by trapping infrared radiation in the atmosphere and increasing temperatures. CO2 levels have increased 50% over the last 50 years due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.
ii. Agrochemicals kill beneficial soil microbes and cause pest resistance, pollution, bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals, and health issues for farmers. Only 15% of chemicals hit targets, while the rest pollutes nearby areas.
iii. The carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, plants, animals and fossil fuels through photosynthesis, respiration, and the weathering of carbonate rocks. Human activity like burning fossil fuels is greatly interfering with the natural carbon cycle
Protecting the Ozone Layer and Global Warming - Daniel Ong.pptxLarryMostoles1
This document provides information about various topics related to air pollution and climate change, including the ozone layer, greenhouse gases, smog, acid rain, and global warming. It discusses how CFCs deplete the ozone layer through chain reactions, and how the Montreal Protocol has led to banning CFCs. The effects of increased UV radiation due to ozone depletion include skin cancer and damage to organisms. Climate change is caused by a buildup of greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels.
This lecture note document provides an overview of air pollution and environmental science. It defines air pollution and lists various air pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. Primary pollutants are directly emitted while secondary pollutants form when primary pollutants react. Major sources of air pollution include industries, vehicles, agriculture, and natural sources like volcanoes. Air pollutants can harm human health and plants. Control methods aim to destroy or remove pollutants using devices like cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers.
Ozone Depletion Potential of Different RefrigerantsHaroon Rashid
Ozone depletion occurs when CFCs and HCFCs released into the atmosphere reach the stratosphere. Ultraviolet radiation causes these compounds to break down and release chlorine atoms which then catalyze the breakdown of over 100,000 ozone molecules each. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led countries to phase out ozone depleting substances and strengthen protections for the ozone layer.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone layer. It defines ozone and how it forms, and describes the ozone layer's location and role in protecting the Earth. It then discusses the discovery of the ozone hole, the causes of ozone depletion including CFCs, and solutions implemented through the Montreal Protocol to phase out ozone-depleting substances and allow the ozone layer to recover by 2050.
Ecology & pollution control in textile industryDEVNARAYAN YADAV
This document outlines a course on ecology and pollution control in the textile industry. It covers 5 units: (1) an introduction to environmental pollution and pollutants from the textile industry, (2) air pollution including sources and effects, (3) water pollution and wastewater treatment, (4) other pollution treatment methods, and (5) noise pollution challenges. Key topics include classifying air and water pollutants, sources of pollution in textile mills, effluent treatment plants, and standards for textile processing effluents. Reference books on related environmental engineering topics are also listed.
This document discusses various topics related to air pollution and the environment. It begins with a section on acid rain that describes its causes as emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the use of coal, smelting, and vehicle combustion. These pollutants are converted into acids that can travel long distances and return to earth as acid rain, snow, or fog, harming wildlife, plants, and infrastructure. Subsequent sections cover agricultural burning regulations and effects, how to file an air pollution complaint, health effects of carbon monoxide, CFCs and their impact on the ozone layer, ultra low sulfur diesel fuel standards, diesel particulate matter health risks, and the differences between stratospheric and ground level ozone.
This document discusses five major air pollution disasters around the world: the Bhopal gas tragedy in India, the Chernobyl disaster in Russia, the Seveso disaster in Italy, the London smog in the UK, and regional haze affecting the Grand Canyon in the US. It provides details on the causes and impacts of each event, with the Bhopal gas tragedy ranked as the third worst air pollution disaster globally. Effects on humans, vegetation, animals, and cultural artifacts are outlined. Classification of air pollutants by chemical composition, origin, and physical state is also summarized.
Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerantsharanadhreddy2
The document discusses ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants and the mechanisms by which CFCs and HCFCs damage the ozone layer when they reach the stratosphere. It explains that chlorine atoms released from these refrigerants can break down over 100,000 ozone molecules each. It also provides details on common types of refrigerants like CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and their ozone depletion potentials.
Here are the answers:
1. (a) Carbon monoxide, methane
(b) Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides
2. (a) Sulphur dioxide
(b) Methane
(c) Carbon monoxide
(d) Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides
3. (a) O3
(b) (i) A layer of ozone surrounds the Earth at high altitudes and protects us from the harmful radiation of the Sun.
(ii) At ground level, ozone is a harmful pollutant that causes irritation to the eyes and throat. It also causes breathing difficulties and asthma attacks.
This document discusses dimensions of pollution control and ethics regarding the environment. It covers the concepts of environmental ethics, different types of pollution including air and water pollution, their causes and impacts on health and the environment. The key causes of air pollution discussed are emissions from industries, vehicles, and biomass burning. Air pollutants covered are particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and ozone. The document also discusses acid rain and smog formation due to air pollution. Regarding water pollution, the major sources discussed are domestic and industrial sewage, agricultural run-off and effects of contaminated water.
Effect of pollutants, human health and possible genetic effects. recent case ...Digvijaysinh Gohil
This case study examines the effects of air pollution on the Taj Mahal in India. Rising levels of sulfur dioxide emissions from nearby industries have led to corrosion and discoloration of the white marble mausoleum. Environmental activists filed a court case in 1984 citing pollution and regulatory failure as responsible for damaging the monument. The Supreme Court later ordered the closure of polluting factories in Agra. However, industry groups have resisted compliance, arguing economic impacts. The Taj Mahal's deterioration shows the threats pollution poses to cultural heritage sites.
Effect of pollutants, human health and possible genetic effects. recent case ...
Confined space entry
1. Confined Space Entry
Environmetal Safety & Health - Safety Center
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 1
2. Confined Space Entry
Why are we here?
OSHA and this company require that all employees who
must enter into confined spaces receive training as to the
hazards, procedures and equipment required to do so
safely.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 2
3. Confined Space Entry
Definitions:
The entrant is the person who enters a confined space.
The attendant is the person who stays with the entrant
outside the confined space, and is responsible for assisting
the entrant in exiting the confined space, and calling for
emergency assistance when required.
The safety representative is the qualified person who
evaluates the hazards, prescribes required equipment
and precautions and issues the Confined Space Entry Permit.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 3
4. Confined Space Entry
Goals and Objectives:
At the end of this session you will:
o be familiar with the hazards and requirements
of “safe” confined space entry.
o pass a 10 question quiz with a score of 100%.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 4
5. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
O2 Both animal and plant life
require oxygen to live. One of the
primary hazards of entering
confined spaces is oxygen
deficiency.
When oxygen is present in O2
concentrations less than 19.5%
the atmosphere is said to be
oxygen deficient.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 5
6. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen can also be present
in concentrations that are
too high.
Oxygen in concentrations
greater than 23% is too
oxygen rich and can cause
combustible materials to
ignite very quickly.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 6
7. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen deficiency can be caused by several
processes:
Consumption: oxygen is used up by the person who is in the
confined space and turned into carbon
dioxide.
Displacement: denser materials push the oxygen out of
the occupied space.
Reaction: oxygen is reacted with other materials
to make other compounds.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 7
8. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
CO2 O2
After oxygen is delivered The human body requires
to body organs and used oxygen to carry out cellular
by organ cells, it reacts metabolism. Oxygen is
with carbon to make brought in through the lungs
carbon dioxide. Red and transported to cells of
blood cells carrying body organs by the red
carbon dioxide turn blood cells. When blood is
blue. Carbon dioxide is rich in oxygen it turns red.
carried back to the lungs
by the red blood cells
and exhaled into the
surrounding atmosphere.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 8
9. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
O2 Given a fixed amount of oxygen
as you would have in a confined
space, respiration of oxygen
causes carbon dioxide to
increase. When oxygen
CO2 decreases to less than 19.5%.
the atmosphere is said to be oxygen
deficient, putting occupants of
the confined space at risk of
losing consciousness and death.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 9
10. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
CO2 NOx Processes which operate by the
principle of combustion use up
H20 oxygen much faster than the
CO human respiration.
Products of combustion vary
with the fuel that is present and
the temperature of the combustion
O2 reaction. Welding, burning natural
fuel gas, propane, gasoline, and diesel
engines are examples of combustion
processes.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 10
11. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Manholes often remain Manholes may also
covered for long periods accumulate highly
of time. Naturally flammable gasses
H2 S
occurring toxins, such such as methane
as hydrogen sulfide and ethane. Unlike
can accumulate inside of the gas we receive at
manholes. home, we cannot detect
CH4 some of these gases with
our sense of smell.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 11
12. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Toxic and flammable Material can leach
materials are sometimes through soil from
illegally put into sanitary ?? many miles
and storm sewers. away.
Leaking tanks or spills
may migrate under ??
ground causing seepage
into manholes. ??
??
??
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 12
13. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Sudden releases of
fluid solids, such as When torrential forces
granulated salt, sugar, are suddenly released,
or sand, liquids, and people may be struck
dense gases can cause by moving objects , or
engulfment of persons be pushed helplessly
inside underground downstream.
tanks, or pits.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 13
14. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Trenches, ravines and other
excavations may also
be considered confined
spaces, if there is a
potential for accumulation
of toxic gases, engulfment ?
and/or the depletion of
oxygen.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 14
15. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Many confined space
entries involve a
complex set of exposures
to mechanical, electrical,
pressure and chemical
hazards.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 15
16. Confined Space Entry
The entry of a confined space begins with a
Confined Space Entry Permit.
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit The permit system requires
Location and Description of Confined Space:
Location and Description of Confined Space: that a qualified safety
Reason for Entry:
Reason for Entry: representative visit the
Permit Issued to (Name of Company/Organization):
Permit Issued to (Name of Company/Organization): work location and evaluate
the conditions under which
entry will be made.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 16
17. Confined Space Entry
Each process hazard to which
the entrant may be exposed,
adjacent operations or processes,
and scheduled activity
are reviewed. For each hazard
identified, countermeasures
are detailed on the Confined
Space Entry Permit.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 17
18. Confined Space Entry
The safety representative
tests the space for
hazardous concentrations
of known harmful
substances, such as
hydrogen sulfide,
carbon monoxide, and
flammable liquid or gas.
The concentration
of oxygen is measured
at the same time.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 18
19. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Fresh Air
If concentrations of
materials are found to Fresh outside
Fresh outside
be at harmful levels, air is blown into
air is blown into
??
the confined space the space to dilute
the space to dilute
must be ventilated to and remove
and remove
remove them before contaminants, and
contaminants, and
O2 ??
entry. supply oxygen.
supply oxygen.
??
O2
?? O2
O2
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 19
20. Confined Space Entry - Hazards
Fresh Air
Should the concentration
Should the concentration
of contaminants remain ??
of contaminants remain
at harmful levels,
at harmful levels,
respirators may have to
respirators may have to
be worn to assure aasafe O2 ??
be worn to assure safe
air supply.
air supply. ??
O2
?? O2
O2
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 20
21. Confined Space Entry
Means of emergency rescue
must be readily available
to the confined space
entry attendant for
emergency
extrication of
entrants.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 21
22. Confined
Space Entry
A means must be provided
for both safe normal entry
or exit , and emergency
extrication. Tripods with hoist,
lifeline, and full body harness
are often used for emergency
extrication. Ladders may be
used for ordinary entry and
exit.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 22
23. Confined
Space Entry
Barriers to prevent passers-by
and the curious from falling
into the opening must be put
in place.
Holes and openings must be
closed or guarded when not
attended.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 23
24. Confined
Space Entry
Place warning signs where
CAUTION pedestrians can see them.
Opening in Ground
Keep Out !
Signs must state the hazard
and the required action.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 24
25. Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Required countermeasures include
Requirements
personal protective equipment
Eye protection yes no
Eye protection
Respiratory protection
Respiratory protection
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
for hazards expected to be found
Continuous Ventilation yes no
Continuous Ventilation
Body Protection
yes
yes
no
no
within the confined space.
Body Protection yes no
Hand Protection yes no
Hand Protection yes no
Foot Protection yes no
Foot Protection
Weather Protection
Weather Protection
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
Eye and head injuries are always
a potential, therefore safety glasses
and hard hats are required wear
for entrants.
Other conditions may require the
use of respirators, safety shoes,
protective gloves, and other
personal protective equipment.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 25
26. Confined Space Entry
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Required countermeasures also
Requirements
include prevention of electrical
Ground Fault Interruption yes no
Ground Fault Interruption
Lockout of Hazardous
Lockout of Hazardous
yes no
shock hazards due to loss of
Energy Sources yes no
Energy Sources yes no earth ground for portable tools.
GFCI’s are required for portable
electric tooling.
o
o
There may also be a need to
Danger
Danger lockout and tag equipment both
in the confined space and on
adjacent equipment and processes.
Do not use!
Do not use!
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 26
27. Confined Space Entry
Entrants must constantly monitor
Entrants must leave the
Entrants must leave the
the confined space for toxic gases,
confined space when the
confined space when the
oxygen, and combustible gases.
monitor alarm is activated.
monitor alarm is activated.
Entrants will be issued a personal H2 S
monitor to wear O2 It is the attendant’s
It is the attendant’s
for this
responsibility to see that
responsibility to see that
purpose. CO
HCN the entrant leaves the
the entrant leaves the
CH4 space during an alarm.
space during an alarm.
CO2
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 27
28. Confined Space Entry
Should conditions develop
Should conditions develop
which require extrication,
which require extrication,
and the entrant cannot
and the entrant cannot
get out of the confined
get out of the confined
space on their own,
space on their own,
the attendant must
the attendant must
call for emergency
call for emergency
assistance at once!
assistance at once!
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 28
29. Confined Space Entry
The attendant should
The attendant should
attempt to remove the
attempt to remove the
entrant from the confined
entrant from the confined
space using tripods, hoist, and
space using tripods, hoist, and
lifelines. Attendants are NOT
lifelines. Attendants are NOT
TO ENTER CONFINED
TO ENTER CONFINED
SPACES. Lethal hazards may
SPACES. Lethal hazards may
be present within the confined
be present within the confined
space. Only properly
space. Only properly
equipped
equipped
and trained emergency rescue
and trained emergency rescue
personnel may enter confined
personnel may enter confined
spaces to make rescues.
spaces to make rescues.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 29
30. Confined Space Entry - Summary
Confined space entry hazards can include:
- the presence of toxic substances
- insufficient oxygen, or too much oxygen
- engulfment
- presence of combustible gases and liquids
- process or equipment related hazards.
- conditions changing from nonhazardous
to hazardous.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 30
31. Confined Space Entry - Summary
Confined Space Entry Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit Required countermeasures are
Location and description of confined space:
Reason for and description of confined space:
Location entry:
Permit issuedentry:
Reason for to:
determined by a qualified safety
Permit issued to:
Supervisor’s Name:
Supervisor’s Name:
Attendant’s name:
professional.
Attendant’s name:
Permit issuer’s name:
Permit issuer’s name: lower explosive limit:
% oxygen: % ppm CO: H2S:
% oxygen: % lower explosive limit: ppm CO: H2S:
Requirements
Requirements
Once the required countermeasures
Emergency Rescuer
Emergency Rescuer
Continuous Gas Monitor
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
are in place, a permit is issued by
Barrier for ground Monitor
Continuous Gas openings yes no
Barrier for ground openings
Warning Signs
Warning Signs
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
the safety representative and the
Safety Harness with
life line Harness with
Safety
life line
Tripod / Hoist / Pulley
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
confined space may be safely
Tripod / Hoist / Pulley yes no
Access (ladders/other)yes
Access (ladders/other)yes
Eye protection
Eye protection
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
entered.
Respiratory protection yes no
Respiratory protection
Continuous Ventilation yes
yes no
no
Continuous Ventilation
Body Protection yes
yes no
no
Body Protection yes no
Hand Protection
Hand Protection
Foot Protection
Foot Protection
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
Should an emergency arise during
Weather Protection yes no
Weather Protection
Ground Fault Circuit
Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupters
yes
yes
no
no
the entry, the attendant notifies
Interrupters yes no
Lockout of Hazardous
Energy of Hazardous
Lockout
Energy
yes
yes
no
no
an emergency response team and
attempts to extricate the entrant.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 31
32. Confined Space Entry -Summary
CAUTION
Confined Space
Safe Work Permit Required
Confined spaces are required to be labeled. Some spaces
may have been overlooked. Contact your safety representative
when in doubt. It is up to you to obey signs and to follow
permit procedures before entry.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 32
33. Where to Get Help?
The supervisor of a confined space entry should be contacted
for any equipment necessary to complete the task at hand.
Safety Representatives are responsible for answering questions
about the confined space entry permit, countermeasures,
sampling methods, and instrumentation.
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 33
34. References and Sources for
More Information
OSHA 29CFR 1910.146 Permit - Required Confined Spaces
Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 34