The document provides an overview of confined space awareness and rescue. It defines a confined space and permit-required confined space. It discusses hazards such as hazardous atmospheres, engulfment, and entrapment. It outlines the history of confined space fatalities, regulations including OSHA and NFPA standards, required training and equipment for confined space entry and rescue, atmospheric monitoring, ventilation, communication methods, and rescue considerations.

2. Confined Space Awareness Captain Mo Johnson CRFA

3. Objectives Recognize a Confined Space Recognize a Permit Required C.S. History of Confined Space Fatalities Understand OSHA, NFPA and C.S. Recognize the hazards of a C.S. Required components

4. A Confined Space is… An area large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter to perform assigned work and: Has limited or restricted means for entry/egress and; Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

5. A Permit Required Confined Space… Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere or , Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant or , Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could become trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section or , Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard

6. Silos Industrial or Agricultural

8. Manholes Sanitary or Storm

9. Types of Confined Spaces Sewers Railroads Cars Vaults and pits Vessels, silos, storage bins Hoppers, pipelines

10. Reason for Entering A Confined Space Cleaning Inspections Maintenance Training Rescue

11. 1-13 1-13

12. 1-12 1-12

13. 1-10 1-10

14. 1-9 1-9

15. 1-8 1-8

16. Industrial Storage Tanks

27. Precious Time

28. NIOSH “139 Fatalities in 2 years …” 100% had no detector or ventilation 95% had no Confined Space training 89% Management said “it’s safe to enter.” 80% employees “we always did it this way” 66% involved water/wastewater 60% were rescuers

29. Recognize the Danger: A major cause of confined space injuries/fatalities is the failure to recognize the incident for what it is…. A CONFINED SPACE INCIDENT !

30. Why is Confined Space Awareness Important? OSHA/NFPA compliant Service to Community Rescuer(s) Deaths

31. Always keep in mind Assess Survival Profile of Victim !!!!! According to statistic we are going after victims not patients Provision for non-entry rescue Every C.S. incident will be investigated by OSHA. Entry into a C.S. is mission specific

32. OSHA will be looking for… The C.S. to determine if it meets the requirements for a Permit Required Confined Space (p.r.s.c.) Two permits Training records (authorized) Provision(s) for non-entry rescue

33. 3 Most Common OSHA Citations issued in Calif. Failure to provide hazard(s) communication to rescuers Failure to provide appropriate equipment Failure to provide training on equipment

34. Regulations vs. Standards OSHA 1910.146 (Federal level) (CCR) Title 8 sec. 5157 (State level) NFPA 1670 ( Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents)

35. Regulations AB 111 “ be a manager – go to jail” AB 1127 “The Big One” Jan. 2000 Title 8 CCR GISO 5156, 5157 & 5158 NFPA 1670, 1006

36. AB 1127 “$$” ■ Enacted in January 2000. Says we show up, allow something to happen, somebody gets injured/killed, we share responsibility. ■ Employers, managers, or supervisors can be held liable Is Prosecuted as a Felony!!

37. AB 1127 cont’d ■ State, County, Districts no longer exempt from civil penalties levied due to Cal-OSHA ■ Time to file increased from 30 to 180 days ■ Increase in fines for misdemeanors from $5,000 to $15,000 ■ Prison terms from 6 months to one year

38. AB 1127 cont’d Willful misdemeanor or felony violations causing death or permanent or prolonged impairment - From $70,000 to $250,000 - Prison terms from 6 months to 3 years - Repeat penalty $5,000 - $70,000 - Failure to abate up to $30,000 per day

39. Title 8 CCR GISO 5156 - 8 exclusions 5157 – how to enter a C.S. 5158 - minimum standards for those 8 exclusions

40. Title 8 CCR, 5156… Grants an exclusion to Construction operations Agricultural operations Marine terminal operations Shipyard operations Telecommunications manholes/Vaults Grain handling facilities Natural gas distribution Electrical utility operations underground vaults

41. Title 8 CCR, 5157… Specific requirements on how to enter a Permit Required Confined Space. Applies to Rescue Companies Lists the mandatory components Includes appendices that may be enforceable by OSHA

42. Title 8 CCR, 5158… Lists requirements for those 8 industries that are exempted under 5156(b) (2)

43. NFPA 1670 - Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents 1006 Standard for Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications

44. Hazards to Rescuers…. 65% Atmosphere 13% Engulfment 7% Struck by Falling Objects 6% Heat Stress/Exposure 4% All Others

45. Reasons for Monitoring Assess the survival profile of the victim Atmospheres are the #1 killer of C.S. occupants

46. Hazardous Atmospheres Oxygen levels below 19.5% or above 23.5% Atmosphere at or above 10% of the LEL Airborne combustible dusts which reduce vision to 5’ or less Atmosphere with products/vapors at or above their IDLH levels.

47. What are we monitoring for ? Oxygen Flammable/Explosive atmospheres Selected toxics Usually CO & H2S

48. Oxygen Recorded as a % OSHA says 19.5% - 23.5% is acceptable entry range -Oxygen is always checked first

49. Percent Oxygen Physiological Effect 19.5% - 16% No visible effect 16% - 12% Respiration , heartbeat , thinking, attention & coordination 14% - 10% Bad judgement, poor muscular coordination, fatigue, respiration 10% - 6% Nausea, vomitting, slow to move Below 6% Difficulty breathing, unconsciousness, death

50. Flammable or Explosive atmospheres Usually recorded as % LEL, ppm or % gas 10% of the LEL is the upper limit for entry Difference between LEL 100% & vapor 100%

51. Automobile analogy

52. Hydrogen Sulfide H2S Colorless, odor of rotten eggs Destroys olfactory senses 10 ppm entry limit Flammable & explosive in high %

53. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Colorless, odorless, explosive ppm 25 ppm is limit for entry

59. Monitor care Calibration – known gas, monthly Bump test – Daily to check alarm points of monitor Don’t immerse in fluids

60. How we monitor Prior to entry (approach monitoring) Continuously during entry At 4’ intervals Document!!

61. Stratification Methane Gas Carbon Monoxide + Air ?

62. Real world… You are on the scene of a confined space rescue for a report of a man down in a rail tank car. Witnesses on scene stated the man was cleaning the tank and hasn’t been heard from in 20 minutes. You are sitting on top of the tank car with a 4 gas indicator and your initial readings are 0 for CO, H2S and LEL. O2 reads 21.9%. A few minutes later you have 0 for CO, H2S and LEL and 20.9% O2. Is the atmosphere safe to breath?

65. OSHA Says these are Mandatory Positions Entry Supervisor Attendant Entrant Back-up entrant

66. Entry Supervisor Know the hazards that may be faced during entry and work Verify the appropriate entries have been made on the permit Terminate the entry Verify rescue services are available Deny unauthorized individuals from entering C.S. Determine entry/work is consistent with permit

67. Attendant Know the hazards that may be faced during entry and work Know the behavioral effects of exposure Maintain accountability of entrants Communicate with entrants Initiate rescue procedures if needed Prevent unauthorized entry Perform non-entry rescues Perform no conflicting duties

68. Entrant Know the hazards that may be faced during entry and work Know the behavioral effects of exposure Communicate with Attendant Alert Attendant of changing conditions

69. Entry The action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit required confined space, and includes ensuing work activities in that space Considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrants body breaks the plane of an opening into the space

70. Back-up Entrant Know the hazards that may be faced during entry and work Know the behavioral effects of exposure Communicate with Attendant Alert Attendant of changing conditions Be properly equipped and ready to enter if necessary.

72. Mandatory Components for a C.S. entry Written Policy (including Permit) Lock out/Tag out Provide rescue/standby Atmospheric monitoring Communications Ventilation (unless it increases hazard) Retrieval Line (provision for non-entry rescue) Appropriate harness Mechanical Advantage if > 5’ fall

73. Written Policy includes Department SOPs* for C. S. Incidents General outline of operations Procedures Responsibilities Minimum Safety requirements Includes permit * Must be flexible

74. Entry Permit The written or printed document provided by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) to allow and control entry to a permit space

75. A permit is simply a checklist Not issued by the Federal, State or Local government Minimum contents set by OSHA Many formats

76. Permit Entry Confined Space Procedure Use of the Permit Entry Confined Space Program: Prevents unauthorized entry Identifies and evaluates hazards before entry

77. The Entry Permit must provide the following information: Permit Space(s) to be entered Purpose of entry Date and authorized duration of entry permit Authorized entrants Attendants Entry Supervisors, by printed name and signature

78. Hazards of the permit space Measures required to control hazards of the space Acceptable entry conditions Test results with signature or initials of tester(s) Rescue services, and the means to summon them

79. Communication procedures and equipment are on site All special equipment and procedures, including personal protective equipment and rescue equipment Any other information needed to ensure safe entry

84. Lock out/Tag out Procedures performed to isolate any potential energy source that may adversely impact the entrant

85. Lock out/Tag out The key to a successful lockout/tagout is retaining someone intimately familiar with the electrical and mechanical systems in the area, plant or space you are making entry. Allow personnel to brief you on their systems!!

87. Establish Safe Practices… Isolation Purging Inerting Ventilation Barricades Lock-out/Tag-out

88. Isolation The process by which a permit required confined space is removed from service and completely protected against the release of energy and/or material into the confined space by such means as: Blanking and bleeding Removing sections of lines, pipes or ducts Double block and bleed Lock-out, tag-out, or tryout of all sources of energy Blocking or disconnecting of all linkages

90. Lock-Out/Tag-Out Kit Padlocks Hasps & tags Plug &valve covers Chain Electrical Tester

92. Padlocks & Hasps/Tags

93. Covers & Limiting Devices

94. Locking Out a Plug

95. Lock-Out & Tag-Out of Electrical Disconnect Switch

97. Use of limiting device on quarter-turn valve

98. Use of chain to limit operation

99. When Lock-Out is not possible

100. Removing belt and chain drives, mechanical linkages when possible A computer from a remote location can turn on equipment or release a product Blanking and bleeding - pneumatic and hydraulic lines Securing - mechanical moving parts within a confined space with chains, bars, chocks, blocks and other devices Double block and bleed

102. Methods of Communication

103. Communications 5157 states mandatory between Attendant & Entrant Radio Hardwired Rope signals O.A.T.H.

104. Radios Won't turn corners Difficulty in thick cement structures Difficulty underground May need to be intrinsically safe

105. Life Line “OATH” O - OK, 1 pull of rope A - Advance line, 2 pulls of rope T - Take up slake, 3 pulls of rope H - HELP! 4 or more pulls of rope

106. Hand signals Sight Voice

107. Ventilation The planned and systematic release and removal of gases and the replacement of these gases with a supply of fresh air The same objective as at a structure fire

108. Ventilation Increases survivability profile - reduces LEL’s to safe levels - temperature conducive for human habitation Replaces contaminated air Air exchanges Reduces explosion chances

109. Types of Ventilation Positive pressure Negative pressure Positive/negative pressure Micro atmosphere

110. Consider Characteristics of Gases Vapor densities Stratification

111. Recirculation Clean Air Exhaust Air Contaminated air

112. Blower considerations CFM (usually stamped on blower) The length of blower hose and the number of bends will affect the CFM achieved Tubing in hole should not obstruct exhaust gases, should allow one person to enter and exit The blower should not be closer than 5 feet to confined space opening

115. What does this mean…. 15’ duct w/ 1 90 º = 60% 25’ duct w/ 1 90 º = 55% 15’ duct w/ 2 90 º = 54% 25’ duct w/ 2 90 º = 49%

116. Retrieval System The equipment including a retrieval line, class III harness, wristlets, if appropriate, (and lifting device) used for non-entry rescue of workers from a permit-required confined space

117. Retrieval Line & Harness Rope attached to M.A. or fixed point outside of C.S. Harness - full body type with connection at center of back at shoulder level. “Smallest possible profile” “ Rules of Dis-engagement”

118. Each entrant shall use chest or full body harness, with retrieval line attached at the center of their back near shoulder level, or above their head

120. Mechanical Advantage Required for vertical C.S. more than 5’ deep Hand operated, approved winch w/ cable Rope and pulleys with brake Not considered the retrieval line

123. Optional C.S. Positions Monitoring officer Rigger Air Supply Officer Line tender Ventilation officer Safety officer*

124. Respiratory Protection When is it mandatory?

125. Types of Respiratory Protection APR - Air Purifying Respirator SCBA – Self Contained Breathing Apparatus SAR - Supplied Air Respirator

126. SCBA and Supplied Air Units Compatible air system with supplied air systems Supplied air system 10 minute escape bottle recommended One person with the main system Keep short distances for possible kinking of hose 300 foot maximum

130. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Any condition that: Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life Would cause irreversible adverse health effects Would interfere with an individuals ability to self-rescue from a permit space

131. Weather The environment for time of season and day is extremely influencing: Rain Snow Heat Cold Extremes in Humidity

132. Recognize overexposure to yourself and co-workers Headache Dizziness Nausea Smell or rotten eggs Euphoria

133. Personal Protective Equipment Components Hard hats Lights Radios Boots Eye and Hearing protection Splash protection SCBA Turn-outs (fire gear) Hazardous materials protection

134. Record keeping Types of records Training Permits Incidents Medical surveillance - can use OSHA's Hazardous Materials Regulations for this Equipment maintenance

135. Record Retention Must be kept for a minimum of one year (Permits) Exposure records must be kept for 40 years or for 30 years after employment termination

136. Fire/Rescue Emergency Response Procedures

137. Initial Operations Recognize it as a Confined Space! Institute Incident Command System Call for appropriate resources Prevent unauthorized personnel from entering area Determine survivability profile of victim

138. Set-up zones Cold Warm Hot

139. Hot = Operations zone is within 15 feet of victim. No person allowed except rescuers approved by operations officer. Warm = Control zone is within 50 feet of victim. All rescuer staging occurs in this area. No apparatus allowed in control zone. Cold = Exclusion zone is 150 feet of victim. Apparatus and media are staged in this area. Public is held outside exclusion zone.

140. Perimeters designated by barricade tape or rope and police guard Cold Warm Hot Zone distances may be adjusted as appropriate or circumstances allow

141. Protect portal Visually check for hazards from outside Monitor air quality with meter Ventilate confined space Set-up tri-pod or other fixed point Set-up retrieval system and tag lines Proper PPE Provide adequate lighting Establish communications methods

142. Re-evaluate the plan when …. Conditions change within the space New hazards are discovered Crews are fatigued Constantly

143. Planning Establish a confined space training program Make personnel aware of hazards Train personnel in tasks that your department can perform safely Preplan a confined space rescue response Develop a procedure for first in companies Develop a response plan with local area fire departments and industry

144. The End Any Questions?